Abstract: There is provided a method for encoding a picture. The method comprises, for each picture on either side of the current picture with a distance of one or two away from the current picture, computing a first error value, E, wherein the first error value, E, is computed for each block of a set of blocks of a first block size of the current picture and is based on the respective block of the current picture and a corresponding block in the picture. The method comprises, for each picture on either side of the current picture with a distance of one or two away from the current picture, aggregating the first error value, E, over a block of a second block size for each block of the set of blocks of the first block size contained in the block of the second block size to generate a second error value, E?, corresponding to the picture.

Abstract: A device and method for using a remote computing system, such as a smartphone or tablet, to convert speech to text through software residing on the system, transmitting the processed text wirelessly and privately to a peripheral, and having the peripheral interface with a destination computing system and appear as a generic human interface device, such as a keyboard, in order to transmit keyboard character codes through the interface to be entered into text boxes or fields on the destination computing system. By appearing to be a keyboard, the peripheral would not be locked out of the destination computing systems, even if the destination computing system is secured against software and hardware installations, restrictions by which other peripheral devices would be limited.

Abstract: A device and method for using a remote computing system, such as a smartphone or tablet, to convert speech to text through software residing on the system, transmitting the processed text wirelessly and privately to a peripheral, and having the peripheral interface with a destination computing system and appear as a generic human interface device, such as a keyboard, in order to transmit keyboard character codes through the interface to be entered into text boxes or fields on the destination computing system. By appearing to be a keyboard, the peripheral would not be locked out of the destination computing systems, even if the destination computing system is secured against software and hardware installations, restrictions by which other peripheral devices would be limited.

Abstract: A lighting apparatus including an LED light emitter having an axis. The apparatus comprising a first lens over the emitter a second lens spaced over the first lens. The first lens is configured to direct LED-emitted light primarily toward a preferential radial side with respect to the emitter axis. The first lens may be an asymmetric primary lens. The first lens may have a centerline which is offset from the emitter axis toward the preferential radial side. Alternatively or in addition, the first lens may have an outer surface configured to direct LED-emitted light primarily toward the preferential radial side. The second lens may be asymmetric and be configured to further direct the light primarily toward the preferential radial side. The secondary lens may include inner and outer surfaces each shaped to direct received light primarily toward the preferential side.

Abstract: A lens for distribution of light predominantly toward a preferential side from a light emitter having an emitter axis. The lens includes an outer surface, a reflecting inner surface and a reflecting back surface. The reflecting inner surface is positioned and configured for total internal reflection (TIR) of received light toward the lens outer surface. The reflecting back surface is positioned and configured for total internal reflection (TIR) of received light toward the preferential side.

Abstract: A lens for distribution of light predominantly toward a preferential side from a light emitter having an emitter axis and defining an emitter plane. The lens has an emitter-adjacent base end forming an emitter-receiving opening to an emitter-surrounding cavity defined by an inner surface which includes a front sector centered on the preferential side and a back sector centered on the non-preferential side radially opposite the preferential side. The front and back sectors differ in their respective configurations for refracting light from the emitter. The lens further includes an primary back surface positioned to receive light from at least a portion of the inner-surface back sector and configured for total internal reflection (TIR) thereof. The inner-surface back sector and the primary back surface extend along substantially elliptical cross-sections in planes substantially parallel to the emitter plane.

Abstract: LED lighting apparatus including (1) a plurality of primary lenses each over a corresponding one of LED arrays spaced on a circuit board, and (2) a one-piece lensing member over the circuit board and having a plurality of secondary lenses each spaced over one of the primary lenses on the circuit board, the circuit board and lensing member having first and second mating features positioned and configured for inter-engagement for high-precision lens alignment. The circuit board and one-piece lensing member are each joined to a mounting surface of a heat-conductive member, and such assembly, while facilitating high-efficiency assembly, does not interfere with high-precision lens alignment.

Abstract: A lighting apparatus including an LED light emitter having an axis. The apparatus comprising a first lens over the emitter a second lens spaced over the first lens. The first lens is configured to direct LED-emitted light primarily toward a preferential radial side with respect to the emitter axis. The first lens may be an asymmetric primary lens. The first lens may have a centerline which is offset from the emitter axis toward the preferential radial side. Alternatively or in addition, the first lens may have an outer surface configured to direct LED-emitted light primarily toward the preferential radial side. The second lens may be asymmetric and be configured to further direct the light primarily toward the preferential radial side. The secondary lens may include inner and outer surfaces each shaped to direct received light primarily toward the preferential side.

Abstract: Lighting apparatus having a first lens over the LED emitter and a second lens over the first lens, and including: a first optical surface which is a first-lens outer surface configured to refract light from the emitter; a second optical surface which is a second-lens inner surface spaced from the first optical surface; and a third optical surface which is a second-lens outer surface configured to refract light from the second optical surface toward a preferential side. One embodiment includes asymmetric primary and secondary lenses.

Abstract: A lens for distribution of light predominantly toward a preferential side from a light emitter having an emitter axis. The lens includes an outer surface, a reflecting inner surface and a reflecting back surface. The reflecting inner surface is positioned and configured for total internal reflection (TIR) of received light toward the lens outer surface. The reflecting back surface is positioned and configured for total internal reflection (TIR) of received light toward the preferential side.

Abstract: A lens for distribution of light predominantly toward a preferential side from a light emitter having an emitter axis and defining an emitter plane. The lens has an emitter-adjacent base end forming an emitter-receiving opening to an emitter-surrounding cavity defined by an inner surface which includes a front sector centered on the preferential side and a back sector centered on the non-preferential side radially opposite the preferential side. The front and back sectors differ in their respective configurations for refracting light from the emitter. The lens further includes an primary back surface positioned to receive light from at least a portion of the inner-surface back sector and configured for total internal reflection (TIR) thereof. The inner-surface back sector and the primary back surface extend along substantially elliptical cross-sections in planes substantially parallel to the emitter plane.

Abstract: A lens for distribution of light predominantly toward a preferential side from a light emitter having an emitter axis and defining an emitter plane. The lens has an emitter-adjacent base end forming an emitter-receiving opening to an emitter-surrounding cavity defined by an inner surface which includes a front sector centered on the preferential side and a back sector centered on the non-preferential side radially opposite the preferential side. The front and back sectors differ in their respective configurations for refracting light from the emitter. The lens further includes an primary back surface positioned to receive light from at least a portion of the inner-surface back sector and configured for total internal reflection (TIR) thereof. The inner-surface back sector and the primary back surface extend along substantially elliptical cross-sections in planes substantially parallel to the emitter plane.

Abstract: A lens for distribution of light predominantly toward a preferential side from a light emitter having an emitter axis and defining an emitter plane. The lens has an emitter-adjacent base end forming an emitter-receiving opening to an emitter-surrounding cavity defined by an inner surface which includes a front sector centered on the preferential side and a back sector centered on the non-preferential side radially opposite the preferential side. The front and back sectors differ in their respective configurations for refracting light from the emitter. The lens further includes an primary back surface positioned to receive light from at least a portion of the inner-surface back sector and configured for total internal reflection (TIR) thereof. The inner-surface back sector and the primary back surface extend along substantially elliptical cross-sections in planes substantially parallel to the emitter plane.

Abstract: Lighting apparatus having a first lens over the LED emitter and a second lens over the first lens, and including: a first optical surface which is a first-lens outer surface configured to refract light from the emitter; a second optical surface which is a second-lens inner surface spaced from the first optical surface; and a third optical surface which is a second-lens outer surface configured to refract light from the second optical surface toward a preferential side. One embodiment includes asymmetric primary and secondary lenses.

Abstract: LED lighting apparatus including (1) a plurality of primary lenses each over a corresponding one of LED arrays spaced on a circuit board, and (2) a one-piece lensing member over the circuit board and having a plurality of secondary lenses each spaced over one of the primary lenses on the circuit board, the circuit board and lensing member having first and second mating features positioned and configured for inter-engagement for high-precision lens alignment. The circuit board and one-piece lensing member are each joined to a mounting surface of a heat-conductive member, and such assembly, while facilitating high-efficiency assembly, does not interfere with high-precision lens alignment.

Abstract: A lens for distribution of light predominantly toward a preferential side from a light emitter having an emitter axis and defining an emitter plane. The lens has an emitter-adjacent base end forming an emitter-receiving opening to an emitter-surrounding cavity defined by an inner surface which includes a front sector centered on the preferential side and a back sector centered on the non-preferential side radially opposite the preferential side. The front and back sectors differ in their respective configurations for refracting light from the emitter. The lens further includes an primary back surface positioned to receive light from at least a portion of the inner-surface back sector and configured for total internal reflection (TIR) thereof. The inner-surface back sector and the primary back surface extend along substantially elliptical cross-sections in planes substantially parallel to the emitter plane.

Abstract: A method of fabrication of a medical balloon, and a balloon device useful for various medical balloon procedures, such as gastrointestinal, vascular, reproductive system, urinary system and pulmonary applications. At least two layers of a thermoplastic film are sealed at their peripheral edges and heat sealed at one or more locations inside an area enclosed by the sealed edges at predetermined locations, in one implementation of the balloon device. Such configuration enables the balloon to articulate to a desired shape upon inflation, with the desired shape being selected to accommodate a specific medical application.