Galectin-Immunoglobulin Chimeric Molecules
Described are Galectin-1/Ig fusion constructs and methods of use thereof, e.g., in diagnostic and biomedical assays, and as therapeutic agents for the treatment of conditions associated with immune dysfunction, e.g., autoimmune diseases, and cancers.
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This application claims the benefit of U.S. Patent Application Ser. No. 61/219,531, filed on Jun. 23, 2009, the entire contents of which are hereby incorporated by reference.
FEDERALLY SPONSORED RESEARCH OR DEVELOPMENTThis invention was made with Government support under Grant No. ROI AT004628-01A1 awarded by the National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine at the National Institutes of Health. The Government has certain rights in the invention.
TECHNICAL FIELDThis invention relates to Galectin-Immunoglobulin Chimeric Molecules, and methods of use thereof.
BACKGROUNDOver the last twenty years, the study of carbohydrate-binding proteins (lectins) and their significance in immunology has intensified. Galectins, for example, embody a group of 15 β-galactoside-binding proteins that profoundly impact the differentiation of T lymphocytes (T cells) to help shape the strength of T cell-mediated inflammation, including autoimmune responses. In fact, galectin-1 can lower the level of effector T helper (Th) 1 and Th17 cell subsets, while promoting the survival of T regulatory (Treg) cell and generation of a Th2 cell profile. Controlling T cell differentiation in this manner yields an anti-inflammatory phenotype, thus effective galectin-1 molecules are useful as anti-inflammatory therapeutics.
SUMMARYAt least in part, the present invention is based on the development of novel Galectin-Ig fusion constructs. These fusion proteins have the ability to behave as a stable, high-affinity receptor that binds native ligands on cells (or in cell lysates), and as an anti-IgG Fc probe in immuno-detection assays, including Western blotting, flow cytometry, and immunohistochemistry. These new glycobiological probes have therapeutic application for biomedical research and clinical utility. Although the present description will use Galectin-1 as an example, other Galectins could be used.
Thus in one aspect the invention features isolated Galactin-1-Ig (Gal-Ig) fusion constructs. The constructs include a first portion comprising a Galectin-1 polypeptide, and a second portion comprising an Fc fragment of an immunoglobulin, linked in frame with the first portion, optionally with a linker sequence between the first and second portions. In some embodiments, the fusion construct has the same glycan binding profile as the mouse Galectin-1, and is able to induce apoptosis in activated T cells. In some embodiments, the Galectin-1 polypeptide is a mouse Galectin-1 polypeptide (mGal); an exemplary mouse Galectin-1 polypeptide is at least 95% identical to SEQ ID NO:1 or 2. In some embodiments, the Fc fragment is from a human immunoglobulin, e.g., a human IgG1, e.g., a human IgG1 that is at least 95% identical to SEQ ID NO:4.
In another aspect, the invention features nucleic acids encoding the isolated fusion constructs described herein, vectors including those nucleic acids, and host cells including (and optionally expressing) those vectors. In some embodiments, the host cell is from a cell line, e.g., a mammalian cell line, e.g., a human or mouse cell line, e.g., a J558L mouse haemocytoma cell line.
In another aspect, the invention provides method of obtaining a preparation comprising a Gal-Ig fusion construct as described herein. The methods include culturing the host cells described herein under conditions sufficient for expression of the Gal-Ig fusion construct, and isolating the Gal-Ig fusion construct from the cells, thereby obtaining a preparation comprising the Gal-Ig fusion construct.
In a further aspect, the invention features pharmaceutical compositions including the Gal-Ig fusion constructs described herein, and a physiologically acceptable carrier.
A further aspect of the invention features methods for treating a subject having an autoimmune disorder, the method comprising administering to the subject a therapeutically effective amount of a Gal-Ig fusion construct described herein, e.g., in a pharmaceutical composition as described herein. The methods can be used to treat, e.g., multiple sclerosis or autoimmune rheumatoid arthritis.
Yet another aspect of the invention provides methods for treating a subject having a cancer characterized by abnormal proliferation of cells expressing a Galactin-1 ligand on the cell surface. The methods include administering to the subject a therapeutically effective amount of t a Gal-Ig fusion construct described herein, e.g., in a pharmaceutical composition as described herein. The methods can be used to treat, e.g., hematologic cancers such as leukemia or lymphoma.
Unless otherwise defined, all technical and scientific terms used herein have the same meaning as commonly understood by one of ordinary skill in the art to which this invention belongs. Methods and materials are described herein for use in the present invention; other, suitable methods and materials known in the art can also be used. The materials, methods, and examples are illustrative only and not intended to be limiting. All publications, patent applications, patents, sequences, database entries, and other references mentioned herein are incorporated by reference in their entirety. In case of conflict, the present specification, including definitions, will control.
Other features and advantages of the invention will be apparent from the following detailed description and figures, and from the claims.
337 GlcNAcα1-4Galβ 1-4GlcNAcβ 1-3Galβ 1-4(Fucα1-3)GlcNAc
253 NeuAcα2-3Galβ-1-4Glcb
351 [6OSO3]GlcNAcβ1-3Galβ 1-4GlcNac-b-Sp0
413 Fucα1-2Galβ 1-4(Fucα1-3) GlcNAcβ 1-3Galβ 1-4GlcNAc
25 [3OSO3] Galβ 1-4[6OSO3]Glcb-Sp8
350 Galβ 1-3(Fucα1-4)GlcNAcb1-2Man α1-3 Galβ 1-3GlcNAc
166 GlcNAcβ1-2Galβ1-3GalNAca-Sp8
288 6-H2PO3Glcb-Sp10
230 NeuAcα2-3Galβ 1-3 (Fucα1-4)GlcNAcβ 1-3Galβ 1,4GlcNAc
178 GlcNAc β1-4 Galβ 1-4GlcNAcb-Sp8
42 [6OSO3] Galβ 1-4[6OSO3]Glcb-Sp8
20 [3OSO3]G alβ 1-4[6OSO3]GlcNAcb-Sp0
117 Gal α1-6Glcb-Sp8
139 Galβ 1-3GlcNAcβ 1-3Galβ 1-4Glcb-Sp10
31 [3OSO3][6OSO3] Galβ 1-4[6OSO3]GlcNAcb-Sp0
165 GlcNAc α1-6 Galβ 1-4GlcNAcb-Sp8
305 HOOC(H3)CH-3-O-GlcNAc β1-4GlcNAcb-Sp10
286 [3OSO3][4OSO3] Galβ 1-4GlcNAcb-Sp0
32 [3OSO3] Galβ 1-4[6OSO3]GlcNAcb-Sp8
36 [4OSO3][6OSO3] Galβ 1-4GlcNAcb-Sp0
The role of lectin-mediated control mechanisms in immunity has more recently been expanded to include a class of lectins called galectins.
Mammalian gene expression and recombinant protein technology have opened new directions in the development of innovative fusion proteins for use in diagnostic, therapeutic, and biochemical assaying methods. One useful fusion protein partner is the Fc (Ig) portion of immunoglobulin heavy chain (Walz et al., Science. 250(4984):1132-5 (1990)). When genetically-linked to a protein of interest, the resultant protein-of-interest-Ig fusion protein can dimerize and form a bivalent binding receptor. These fusion proteins have the ability to behave as a stable, high-affinity receptor that binds native ligands on cells (or in cell lysates), and as an anti-IgG Fc probe in immuno-detection assays, including Western blotting, flow cytometry, and immunohistochemistry. These new glycobiological probes have therapeutic application for biomedical research and clinical utility.
Galectin-1 (Gal-1) has not been extensively evaluated as a potential anti-inflammatory therapeutic in humans in part due to its inherent destabilizing properties, which ultimately affect its structure and thus its glycan-binding function and pro-apoptotic activity. Most studies using bacterial recombinant Gal-1 require the addition of reducing agents, e.g., DTT or β-mercaptoethanol, in assay media to prevent galectin-1 oxidation, destabilization and loss of function. Described herein is a Gal-Ig construct that, unlike the commercially-available bacterial recombinant mouse and human versions of Gal-1 (e.g., from R&D Systems, Inc.), retains all of the native traits of Gal-1 ligand-binding function, while maintaining long-term stability and pro-apoptotic-inducing activity without the use of reducing agents or other alkylation, structure stabilizing approaches. This Gal-1-IG construct is suitable for performance of preclinical glycobiologic, apoptotic and anti-inflammatory studies or of anti-inflammatory trials in humans.
The Gal-Ig fusion constructs described herein have a number of advantages, including at least the following: (1) stable multimeric forms of Gal-Ig can be produced in large quantities and efficiently isolated, e.g., using the transfectant mammalian hematopoietic J558L cell line; (2) Gal-Ig preparations do not require the addition of reducing agents to help stabilize and maintain Gal-1 ligand-binding and pro-apoptotic activity of Gal-Ig; (3) Gal-Ig can be used as a Gal-1 ligand probe in flow cytometry, cell binding, Western blotting or immunohistochemistry assays: (4) Gal-1 ligand binding properties of Gal-Ig follow the same biochemical binding characteristics as native Gal-1; (5) Gal-Ig can be used as a probe to ascertain whether 4-F-GlcNAc treatment diminishes Gal-1 ligand expression on T cell line models and on native T cells; (6) Gal-Ig-binding induces phosphatidyl serine (PS) exposure and PI uptake, while PS exposure is reversed after the inclusion of lactose; and (7) Gal-Ig-binding causes apoptosis in activated Th cells incubated without the addition of any reducing or alkylating agent.
Unlike other previously described recombinant forms of Gal-1, including a human Gal-1 linked to a mutant form of human IgG1 Fc1 chimeric molecule (Tsai et al., J. Immunol. 2008 Oct. 1; 181(7):4570-9 (2008)), the Gal-Ig constructs described herein are effective in the absence of exogenous reducing agents or structure stabilizing approaches in the context of Gal-1 ligand interactions. The Gal-Ig constructs described herein are useful, e.g., as probes in glycobiology studies as well as in clinical applications, e.g., for induction of apoptosis in inflammatory T cells and to help ameliorate cellular mediators in a variety of inflammatory disorders, including autoimmune disorders.
Galectins
Galectins belong to a novel family of carbohydrate binding proteins with affinity for β-galactosides (G. A. Rabinovich, F. T. Liu, M. Hirashima et al., Scand J Immunol 66 (2-3), 143 (2007)). To date, the galectin family includes 15 members, divided in 3 different groups according to the number of carbohydrate recognition domains. Most of them exist in monomeric and non-covalent multimeric forms, secreted by a non-classical pathway that resembles the Na+/K+-ATPase pump (R. C. Hughes, Biochimie 83 (7), 667 (2001); W. Nickel, Traffic 6 (8), 607 (2005)). Galectin-1 (Gal-1, galaptin, LGALS1 lectin) was the first to be described and has been widely studied in the context of both adaptive and innate immune activities (S. H. Barondes, V. Castronovo, D. N. Cooper et al., Cell 76 (4), 597 (1994)). Gal-1 in its monomeric form is a 14.3 kDa protein, encoded by the LSGALS1 gene located on chromosome 22q12. The full-length gene product is comprised of the splicing of four exons and encodes a 135 amino acid protein with a single carbohydrate recognition domain (CRD) specific for binding to glycoconjugates bearing N-acetyllactosamine (LacNAc) Type 1 (Galβ1,3GlcNAc) or Type 2 (Galβ1-4GlcNAc) disaccharides, with increased avidity for poly-LacNAc chains (
Human Gal-1 exists as a homodimer in solution (M. F. Lopez-Lucendo, D. Solis, S. Andre et al., J Mol Biol 343 (4), 957 (2004)). The stability of this dimer (dGal-1) is maintained by interactions between the monomers at the interface and through the well-conserved phobic core. However, when concentrations drop below 7 μM, dGal-1 spontaneously dissociates into monomeric elements that are still able to bind carbohydrates, but with a significantly lower affinity (M. Cho and R. D. Cummings, J Biol Chem 270 (10), 5198 (1995); A. Leppanen, S. Stowell, O. Blixt et al., J Biol Chem 280 (7), 5549 (2005)). Gal-1, similar with many other lectins, mediate binding interactions through carbohydrate moieties on glycoconjugates on other cells or extracellular matrices (
In the cell, Gal-1 regulates cell growth via activation/inhibition of the Ras-MEK-ERK pathway (C. Fischer, H. Sanchez-Ruderisch, M. Welzel et al., J Biol Chem 280 (44), 37266 (2005); J. Kopitz, S. Andre, C. von Reitzenstein et al., Oncogene 22 (40), 6277 (2003)), and it also increases cell motility by reorganizing the cytoskeleton via induction of RhoA expression (N. Tinari, I. Kuwabara, M. E. Huflejt et al., Int J Cancer 91 (2), 167 (2001); S. Harvey, Y. Zhang, F. Landry et al., Physiol Genomics 5 (3), 129 (2001)). Out of the cell, Gal-1 lines the surfaces of epithelial, stromal and hematopoietic cells and is a component of basement membranes and extracellular matrices, where it binds to proteoglycans to help mediate cell adhesion, migration and growth-regulatory activities (J. He and L. G. Baum, J Biol Chem 279 (6), 4705 (2004)). Among well-characterized carbohydrate ligands, Gal-1 interacts with various leukocyte surface molecules, such as β1 integrins, CD45, CD43, CD7, CD4, CD2 and CD3, through van der Waals forces and hydrogen bond formation in the carbohydrate recognition domain (K. E. Pace, C. Lee, P. L. Stewart et al., J Immunol 163 (7), 3801 (1999); H. Walzel, M. Blach, J. Hirabayashi et al., Glycobiology 10 (2), 131 (2000); N. L. Perillo, K. E. Pace, J. J. Seilhamer et al., Nature 378 (6558), 736 (1995); E. P. Moiseeva, B. Williams, A. H. Goodall et al., Biochem Biophys Res Commun 310 (3), 1010 (2003); O. Avni, Z. Pur, E. Yefenof et al., J Immunol 160 (12), 6151 (1998)).
Gal-1 has a number of regulatory activities on the function of effector T cells. It has been shown that Gal-1 intervenes in the T cell maturation process in the thymus (N. L. Perillo, C. H. Uittenbogaart, J. T. Nguyen et al., J Exp Med 185 (10), 1851 (1997)), the preservation of fetomaternal tolerance (S. M. Blois, J. M. Ilarregui, M. Tometten et al., Nat Med 13 (12), 1450 (2007)), and the establishment of cancer “immune privilege” sites (E. P. Moiseeva, E. L. Spring, J. H. Baron et al., J Vasc Res 36 (1), 47 (1999); N. Clausse, F. van den Brute, D. Waltregny et al., Angiogenesis 3 (4), 317 (1999)). Immunoregulatory effects of Gal-1 include the downregulation of pro-inflammatory cytokines IFN-γ and IL-17 (M. A. Toscano, G A. Bianco, J. M. Ilarregui et al., Nat Immunol 8 (8), 825 (2007)) and skewing T cell development towards a Th2 cytokine profile (C. C. Motran, K. M. Molinder, S. D. Liu et al., Eur J Immunol 38 (11), 3015 (2008)). Moreover, Gal-1 increases IL-10 production via stimulation of TR-1 cells (S. M. Blois, J. M. Ilarregui, M. Tometten et al., Nat Med 13 (12), 1450 (2007)), and it also induces expansion of CD4+CD25+FOXP3+ regulatory T cells (M. A. Toscana, A. G. Commodaro, J. M. Ilarregui et al., J Immunol 176 (10), 6323 (2006)) (
Data supporting the pro-apoptotic theory indicates that Gal-1-binding generates the formation of CD45/CD43/CD7 membrane microdomains that triggers the activation of the transcription factor AP-1, of caspases and cytochrome C-associated death pathways, and increased sensitization to FasL-mediated cell death (G. A. Rabinovich, F. T. Liu, M. Hirashima et al., Scand J Immunol 66 (2-3), 143 (2007); P. Matarrese, A. Tinari, E. Mormon et al., J Biol Chem 280 (8), 6969 (2005)). Additionally, evidence indicates that a caspase-independent apoptotic pathway involving rapid nuclear translocation of endonuclease G from the mitochondria due to Gal-1 ligand binding (H. P. Hahn, M. Pang, J. He et al., Cell Death Differ 11 (12), 1277 (2004)). To the contrary, an alternative view shows that Gal-1 can induce reversible externalization of phosphatydilserine (PS) to the outer membrane evidenced by Annexin V staining, but does not trigger morphological changes in the mitochondria or the nucleus (S. R. Stowell, Y. Qian, S. Karmakar et al., J Immunol 180 (5), 3091 (2008)). The contrasting difference between these death-inducing data is likely due to the method of cell death assays, in which most laboratories use dithiothreitol (DTT) to prevent oxidative inactivation and stabilize Gal-1. DTT blocks the formation of intra and extracellular disulfide bonds within Gal-1. However, the use of this reducing agent itself significantly sensitizes activated T cells to undergo apoptosis. This effect was not noted when Gal-1 preparations were artificially polymerized with alkylating agents, such as iodoacetamide (S. R. Stowell, S. Karmakar, C. M. Arthur et al., Mol Biol Cell (2008)). Furthermore, the immunological effects of Gal-1 in vivo have not been fully understood, due to the lack of a phenotype in the Gal-1 null mouse, suggesting redundancy in function among members of the galectin family. Additionally, this protein is highly susceptible to oxidative inactivation, limiting its effects and necessity of reducing agents to stabilize Gal-I preparations.
In some embodiments, the Galectin-1 comprises the mouse Galectin-1, the sequence of which is available in GenBank under Accession No. NM—008495.2 (nucleic acid; nucleotides 11-132 are the coding region) and NP—032521.1 (amino acid). In some embodiments, the sequence of Gal-1 is or comprises SEQ ID NO: 1:
Although in some embodiments, the Galectin-1 used is a mouse Galectin-1, the Galectin-1 can also be human; the sequence of the human Gal-1 is available in GenBank under Accession Nos. NM—002305.3 (nucleic acid; nucleotides 11-132 are the coding region) and NP—002296.1 (amino acid). In some embodiments, the sequence of Gal-1 is or comprises SEQ ID NO:2:
In some embodiments, a variant of the mouse Gal-1 can be created to enhance or reduce (inhibit) any antigenicity experienced, so long as the variant retains the activity of the Gal-1-Ig fusion construct described herein, i.e., the same glycan binding profile (i.e., the same ability to bind or not bind to specific glycans) as the mGal-Ig fusion protein described herein, e.g., to mutated mouse Gal-1-Ig, which exhibits diminished binding to Gal-1 ligands and induction of apoptosis in T cells.
The following is an alignment of the mouse (top row) and human (bottom row) Gal-1 sequences. The middle row is a consensus sequence; bold type indicates differences. Variants useful in the present constructs can include sequences with variations at the positions indicated. In some embodiments, the variant comprises the mouse sequence with mutations at residues outside of the sugar binding pocket, e.g., not mutated at amino acids 45, 47, 49, 60, 62, 69, 72, or 74, or not mutated in any of the amino acids from 45-74. In some embodiments, the variant only has conservative mutations at amino acids 45, 47, 49, 60, 62, 69, 72, or 74, or in any of the amino acids from 45-74. In some embodiments, the variant has one or more, two or more, three or more, four or more, five or more, six or more, seven or more, eight or more, nine or more, or ten or more mutations, e.g., conservative mutations or mutations that make the residue the same as in a sequence from another species, e.g., a mutation in the mouse sequence that replaces an amino acid with the corresponding amino acid in the human sequence, or vice verse. In some embodiments, the Gal-1 is a human Gal-1 with the sugar-binding sequence from the mouse Gal-1, e.g., mutations made at amino acids 45, 47, 49, 60, 62, 69, 72, or 74, to the mouse sequence, or the amino acids from 45-74. As an example, Tsai et al., J. Immunol. 2008 Oct. 1; 181(7):4570-9 (2008), described a mutated human Gal-1-Ig in which a tryptophan at position 69 is replaced with a glycine and thus did not bind Gal-1 ligands.
A “conservative amino acid substitution” is one in which the amino acid residue is replaced with an amino acid residue having a similar side chain. Families of amino acid residues having similar side chains have been defined in the art. These families include amino acids with basic side chains (e.g., lysine, arginine, histidine), acidic side chains (e.g., aspartic acid, glutamic acid), uncharged polar side chains (e.g., glycine, asparagine, glutamine, serine, threonine, tyrosine, cysteine), nonpolar side chains (e.g., alanine, valine, leucine, isoleucine, proline, phenylalanine, methionine, tryptophan), beta-branched side chains (e.g., threonine, valine, isoleucine) and aromatic side chains (e.g., tyrosine, phenylalanine, tryptophan, histidine). Thus, a predicted nonessential amino acid residue in a Gal-1 variant protein is preferably replaced with another amino acid residue from the same side chain family. Following mutagenesis, the encoded protein can be expressed recombinantly and the activity of the protein can be determined using methods described herein or known in the art.
In some embodiments, the variant is at least about 90%, 95%, 99%, or 100% identical to a reference Gal-1 sequence described herein, e.g., SEQ ID NO: 1 (mouse) or 2 (human).
To determine the percent identity of two amino acid sequences, or of two nucleic acid sequences, the sequences are aligned for optimal comparison purposes (e.g., gaps can be introduced in one or both of a first and a second amino acid or nucleic acid sequence for optimal alignment and non-homologous sequences can be disregarded for comparison purposes). In a preferred embodiment, the length of a reference sequence aligned for comparison purposes is at least 80% of the length of the reference sequence, and in some embodiments is at least 90% or 100%. The amino acid residues or nucleotides at corresponding amino acid positions or nucleotide positions are then compared. When a position in the first sequence is occupied by the same amino acid residue or nucleotide as the corresponding position in the second sequence, then the molecules are identical at that position (as used herein amino acid or nucleic acid “identity” is equivalent to amino acid or nucleic acid “homology”). The percent identity between the two sequences is a function of the number of identical positions shared by the sequences, taking into account the number of gaps, and the length of each gap, which need to be introduced for optimal alignment of the two sequences.
The comparison of sequences and determination of percent identity between two sequences can be accomplished using a mathematical algorithm. For example, the percent identity between two amino acid sequences can determined using the Needleman and Wunsch ((1970) J. Mol. Biol. 48:444-453) algorithm which has been incorporated into the GAP program in the GCG software package (available on the world wide web at gcg.com), using the default parameters, e.g., a Blossum 62 scoring matrix with a gap penalty of 12, a gap extend penalty of 4, and a frameshift gap penalty of 5.
Although the above discussion focused on Gal-1, other galectins can also be used, e.g., as shown in Table 1.
Fc Regions
The Fc region comprises the CH2 and CH3 domains of the immunoglobulin heavy chain and the hinge region. The hinge serves as a flexible spacer between the two parts of the Fc-fusion protein, allowing each part of the molecule to function independently.
In general, an Fc region from a human IgG will be used. In humans, there are four IgG isotypes: IgG1, IgG2, IgG3 and IgG4. The Fc region mediates effector functions, such as antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC) and complement-dependent cytotoxicity (CDC). IgG isoforms exert different levels of effector functions increasing in the order of IgG4<IgG2<IgG1<IgG3. Human IgG1 displays high ADCC and CDC, and is the most suitable for therapeutic use against pathogens and cancer cells. In some embodiments, a functional Fc region that binds the Fc receptor and allows antibody and complement-mediated cytotoxicity is used. In some embodiments, a mutated Fc region that is incapable of binding the Fc receptor is used. Variants of the Fc receptor can be used, e.g., as known in the art, so long as the fusion construct retains the ability to form multimers (i.e., dimers, tetramers, or both), and to induce apoptosis in activated T cells.
In some embodiments, the Fc region comprises SEQ ID NO:4:
In some embodiments, the variant is at least about 90%, 95%, 99%, or 100% identical to a reference Fc sequence described herein, e.g., SEQ ID NO:4.
Linkers
In some embodiments, the fusion constructs include a linker between the Fc region and the Gal-1. A linker can include at least one amino acid, and should not interfere with dimerization or function of the protein. In some embodiments, the linker is a flexible linker, e.g., includes amino acids that allow flexion at the joint between the Fc and the Gal-1. In some embodiments, the linker comprises, e.g., a sequence of 2 to 12, e.g., 5 to 10, or 6 to 8 amino acids. In some embodiments, the linker comprises the sequence RS (i.e., Arginine-Serine).
In some embodiments, the sequence of the Gal-Ig fusion protein is as shown in
Isolated Nucleic Acid Molecules, Vectors, and Host Cells
In one aspect, the invention provides isolated or purified nucleic acid molecules that encode the Gal-Ig fusion constructs described herein. In some embodiments, the sequences include the human or mouse “wild type” sequences. In some embodiments, the sequences are altered to be species specific, e.g., to use codons that are more commonly used in a particular species, e.g., humanized.
The nucleic acid molecules encoding a Gal-Ig fusion protein as described herein can be alone or in a vector, e.g., an expression vector. As used herein, the term “vector” refers to a nucleic acid molecule capable of transporting another nucleic acid to which it has been linked and can include a plasmid, cosmid or viral vector. The vector can be capable of autonomous replication or it can integrate into a host DNA. Viral vectors include, e.g., replication defective retroviruses, adenoviruses and adeno-associated viruses.
A vector can include a Gal-Ig nucleic acid in a form suitable for expression of the nucleic acid in a host cell. The recombinant expression vector can include one or more regulatory sequences operatively linked to the nucleic acid sequence to be expressed. The term “regulatory sequence” includes promoters, enhancers and other expression control elements (e.g., polyadenylation signals). Regulatory sequences include those which direct constitutive expression of a nucleotide sequence, as well as tissue-specific regulatory and/or inducible sequences. The design of the expression vector can depend on such factors as the choice of the host cell to be transformed, the level of expression of protein desired, and the like. When used in mammalian cells, for example, the expression vector's control functions are often provided by viral regulatory elements. For example, commonly used promoters are derived from polyoma, Adenovirus 2, cytomegalovirus and Simian Virus 40. The expression vectors of the invention can be introduced into host cells to thereby produce Gal-Ig fusion proteins as described herein.
The recombinant expression vectors of the invention can be designed for expression of Gal-Ig fusion proteins in prokaryotic or eukaryotic cells. For example, polypeptides of the invention can be expressed in E. coli, insect cells (e.g., using baculovirus expression vectors), yeast cells or mammalian cells. Suitable host cells are discussed further in Goeddel, (1990) Gene Expression Technology: Methods in Enzymology 185, Academic Press, San Diego, Calif. Alternatively, the recombinant expression vector can be transcribed and translated in vitro, for example using T7 promoter regulatory sequences and T7 polymerase.
Purified fusion proteins can be used, e.g., in the glycobiological assays as known in the art, or as the active agent in a Gal-Ig therapeutic composition as described herein.
To maximize recombinant protein expression in E. coli is to express the protein in a host bacteria with an impaired capacity to proteolytically cleave the recombinant protein (Gottesman, Gene Expression Technology: Methods in Enzymology 185, Academic Press, San Diego, Calif., pp. 119-128 (1990)). Another strategy is to alter the nucleic acid sequence of the nucleic acid to be inserted into an expression vector so that the individual codons for each amino acid are those preferentially utilized in the cell type which is being used, e.g., E. coli (Wada et al., (1992) Nucleic Acids Res. 20:2111-2118). Such alteration of nucleic acid sequences of the invention can be carried out by standard DNA synthesis techniques.
The expression vector can be a yeast expression vector, a vector for expression in insect cells, e.g., a baculovirus expression vector or a vector suitable for expression in mammalian cells.
A host cell can be any prokaryotic or eukaryotic cell. For example, a Gal-Ig fusion protein can be expressed in bacterial cells such as E. coli, insect cells, yeast or mammalian cells (such as Chinese hamster ovary cells (CHO) or COS cells). Other suitable host cells are known to those skilled in the art. In some embodiments, the host cells are cells that grow in high numbers in suspension and/or that are capable of producing antibodies in large amounts. An exemplary cell line is the mouse J558L plasmacytoma line, which lacks endogenous heavy chain immunoglobulin but, retains the capacity of producing and secreting ectopically-expressed immunoglobulin or immunoglobulin like-molecules, is available from ATCC, Inc.
Vector DNA can be introduced into host cells via conventional transformation or transfection techniques. As used herein, the terms “transformation” and “transfection” are intended to refer to a variety of art-recognized techniques for introducing foreign nucleic acid (e.g., DNA) into a host cell, including calcium phosphate or calcium chloride co-precipitation, DEAE-dextran-mediated transfection, lipofection, or electroporation.
A host cell of the invention can be used to produce (i.e., express) a Gal-Ig fusion protein. Accordingly, the invention further provides methods for producing a Gal-Ig fusion protein using host cells as described herein. In some embodiments, the methods include culturing a host cell (into which a recombinant expression vector encoding a Gal-Ig fusion protein has been introduced) in a suitable medium such that a Gal-Ig fusion protein is produced. In some embodiments, the method further includes isolating a Gal-Ig fusion protein from the medium or the host cell.
Also described herein are cells or purified preparation of cells that include a nucleic acid encoding a Gal-Ig fusion transgene. The cells can be human or non human cells, e.g., rodent cells, e.g., mouse or rat cells, rabbit cells, or pig cells.
Also provided are cells, preferably mammalian cells, e.g., mouse or human cells, in which the Gal-Ig fusion is stably expressed. In some embodiments, the cells are mouse J558L plasmacytoma cells (described in Krtiger-Krasagakes et al., Eur. J. Immunol., 23: 992-995, 1993).
Transgenic Animals
The invention provides non-human transgenic animals. Such animals are useful for producing large quantities of Gal-Ig fusion proteins. As used herein, a “transgenic animal” is a non-human animal, preferably a mammal, more preferably a rodent such as a rat or mouse, in which one or more of the cells of the animal includes a transgene. Other examples of transgenic animals include non-human primates, sheep, dogs, cows, goats, chickens, amphibians, and the like. A transgene is exogenous DNA or a rearrangement, e.g., a deletion of endogenous chromosomal DNA, which preferably is integrated into or occurs in the genome of the cells of a transgenic animal.
A tissue-specific regulatory sequence(s) can be operably linked to a transgene of the invention to direct expression of a Gal-Ig fusion protein to particular cells. A transgenic founder animal can be identified based upon the presence of a Gal-Ig fusion protein transgene in its genome and/or expression of Gal-Ig fusion mRNA in tissues or cells of the animals. A transgenic founder animal can then be used to breed additional animals carrying the transgene. Moreover, transgenic animals carrying a transgene encoding a Gal-Ig fusion protein can further be bred to other transgenic animals carrying other transgenes.
Gal-Ig fusion proteins or polypeptides can be expressed in transgenic animals or plants, e.g., a nucleic acid encoding the protein or polypeptide can be introduced into the genome of an animal. In preferred embodiments the nucleic acid is placed under the control of a tissue specific promoter, e.g., a milk or egg specific promoter, and recovered from the milk or eggs produced by the animal. Suitable animals are mice, pigs, cows, goats, and sheep.
The invention also includes a population of cells from a transgenic animal as described herein.
Gal-Ig Compounds as Glycobiological Probes
The Gal-Ig compounds described herein can be used in a number of assays, as a stable, high-affinity receptor that binds native ligands on cells (or in cell lysates), e.g., for cell separation or detection, and as an anti-IgG Fc probe in immunodetection assays, including Western blotting, flow cytometry, and immunohistochemistry. As one of skill in the art will appreciate, the Gal-Ig compounds can be used to detect the presence of any Galactin-1 ligand in a sample, whether the sample is an intact cell or tissue, or some portion thereof, e.g., a cell lysate or membrane preparation. A number of detection reagents are known in the art that can be used to detect the presence of the Gal-Ig compounds by binding to the Ig portion of the Gal-Ig compounds, e.g., anti-Ig antibodies or avid-conjugates recognizing biotinylated Gal-Ig versions.
The ability to detect Gal-1 ligand as well as to examine growth inhibitory activity in the absence of reducing agents will help clarify the authentic repertoire of Gal-1 ligands and more accurately depict the sensitivity and specificity of Gal-Ig binding on native T cell subsets in ex vivo-polarization models and in in vivo models of inflammation and cancer. The Gal-Ig constructs described herein are also useful as probes in glycobiology studies, e.g., for analyzing cell surface glycan expression.
Methods of Treating Subjects Using the Gal-Ig Compounds
The Gal-Ig compositions described herein can be administered to a subject to treat or prevent disorders associated with an overabundance of Galactin-1 ligand positive cells. Such cells can include activated T cells, in disorders associated with an abnormal or unwanted immune response, e.g., autoimmune disorders. Such cells can also include cancerous cells, e.g., cancerous hematopoietic cells, e.g., leukemic cells.
Methods of Treating Autoimmune Disorders
The Gal-Ig fusion proteins described herein can be used to treat autoimmune disorders, e.g., by affecting the functional properties of the circulating Th1/Th17 T cells (e.g., reducing their proliferative capacity) or by inducing regulatory cells. Examples of autoimmune disorders include, but are not limited to, Alopecia Areata, Lupus, Ankylosing Spondylitis, Meniere's Disease, Antiphospholipid Syndrome, Mixed Connective Tissue Disease, Autoimmune Addison's Disease, Multiple Sclerosis, Autoimmune Hemolytic Anemia, Myasthenia Gravis, Autoimmune Hepatitis, Pemphigus Vulgaris, Behçet's Disease, Pernicious Anemia, Bullous Pemphigoid, Polyarthritis Nodosa, Cardiomyopathy, Polychondritis, Celiac Sprue-Dermatitis, Polyglandular Syndromes, Chronic Fatigue Syndrome (CFIDS), Polymyalgia Rheumatica, Chronic Inflammatory Demyelinating, Polymyositis and Dermatomyositis, Chronic Inflammatory Polyneuropathy, Primary Agammaglobulinemia, Churg-Strauss Syndrome, Primary Biliary Cirrhosis, Cicatricial Pemphigoid, Psoriasis, CREST Syndrome, Raynaud's Phenomenon, Cold Agglutinin Disease, Reiter's Syndrome, Crohn's Disease, Rheumatic Fever, Discoid Lupus, Rheumatoid Arthritis, Essential Mixed, Cryoglobulinaemia Sarcoidosis, Fibromyalgia, Scleroderma, Grave's Disease, Sjögren's Syndrome, Guillain-Bane, Stiff-Man Syndrome, Hashimoto's Thyroiditis, Takayasu Arteritis, Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis, Temporal Arteritis/Giant Cell Arteritis, Idiopathic Thrombocytopenia Purpura (ITP), Ulcerative Colitis, IgA Nephropathy, Uveitis, Insulin Dependent Diabetes (Type 1), Vasculitis, and Vitiligo. The Gal-Ig compositions described herein can be administered to a subject to treat or prevent disorders associated with an abnormal or unwanted immune response associated with cell, tissue or organ transplantation, e.g., renal, hepatic, and cardiac transplantation, e.g., graft versus host disease (GVHD), or to prevent allograft rejection.
In some embodiments, a therapeutically effective amount of a Gal-Ig composition can be, e.g., the amount necessary to reduce T1/Th17 cell proliferation by about at least 20%. In some embodiments, T1/Th17 cell proliferation is reduced by at least about 30%, about 40%, about 50%, about 60%, about 70% about 80%, or about 90% from pre-treatment levels. In addition, concentrations of IL-10 and/or TGF-β, or levels of cells secreting these cytokines, can be measured in the peripheral blood, e.g., using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) or a cell-based assay such as FACS scanning, to monitor the induction of tolerance. In some embodiments, a therapeutically effective amount of a Gal-Ig composition is the amount necessary increase levels of cells secreting IL-10 and/or TGF-β as measured in the peripheral blood by about 20% or more. In some embodiments, levels of cells secreting IL-10 and/or TGF-β as measured in the peripheral blood are increased by at least about 60%, 70%, 80%, 90%, or 100%, e.g., doubled.
The methods of treatment or prevention typically include administering to a subject a Gal-Ig composition sufficient to stimulate the regulatory immune system. In some embodiments, the methods include administering a Gal-Ig composition sufficient to increase IL-10 and/or TGF-β production by T1/Th17 cells in the peripheral blood, e.g., regulatory T cells, e.g., by about 100%, 200%, 300% or more. In some embodiments, the methods include administering a Gal-Ig composition sufficient to decrease T cell proliferation in the peripheral blood, e.g., by about 20%; e.g., in some embodiments, by at least about 20%, 30%, 40%, 50%, 60%, 70%, 80%, 90%, or more. In some embodiments, the methods include administering a Gal-Ig composition sufficient to increase serum concentrations of IL-10 and/or TGF-β, e.g., measured using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), to monitor the induction of tolerance to the self-antigen. In some embodiments, the methods include administering an Gal-Ig composition sufficient to increase levels of regulatory cells in the serum. In some embodiments, the methods include administering a Gal-Ig composition sufficient to produce an improvement in one or more clinical markers of disability; for example, in multiple sclerosis, such markers could include gadolinium-enhancing lesions visualized by MRI, or Paty's, Fazekas' or Barkhof's MRI criteria, or McDonald's diagnostic criteria; in diabetes, such markers could include blood or plasma glucose levels, glucosuria, ketonuria, polyuria, polydipsia, weight loss with normal or even increased food intake, fatigue, and blurred vision.
Cytokine Release Syndrome (CRS) is not expected to be associated with Gal-Ig compositions, but the methods can include monitoring the subjects for signs and symptoms of Cytokine Release Syndrome, particularly after the first few doses but also after a treatment hiatus with resumption of therapy; such methods are particularly useful in determining the safety of oral or mucosal administration of the Gal-Ig compositions. CRS is associated with arthralgias, myalgias, fevers, chills, hypoxia, nausea, and vomiting; severe cytokine release syndrome can cause pulmonary edema and suffocation. In some embodiments, the methods include lowering the subject's temperature to less than about 37.8° C. (100° F.) before the administration of any dose of the Gal-Ig compositions. In some embodiments, the methods include screening the subject for clinical evidence of volume overload, uncontrolled hypertension, or uncompensated heart failure. In some embodiments, the methods include not administering the Gal-Ig compositions to subjects who have evidence of any of, volume overload, uncontrolled hypertension, or uncompensated heart failure. In some embodiments, the methods involve evaluating the subject's pulmonary function, and not administering the Gal-Ig compositions to subjects who do not have a clear chest X-ray. In some embodiments, the methods include monitoring T cell (Th1/Th17) clearance, plasma levels of IL-10 and/or plasma levels of TGF-beta, and/or levels of Treg, and adjusting the dosage of the Gal-Ig compositions accordingly.
In some embodiments, the methods include administering to the subject methylprednisolone sodium succinate 8.0 mg/kg, e.g., intravenously, e.g., 1 to 4 hours before administration of the Gal-Ig compositions. In some embodiments, the methods can include administering to the subject an anti-inflammatory agent, e.g., acetaminophen or antihistamine, before, concomitantly with, or after administration of the Gal-Ig compositions.
In some embodiments, the methods include evaluating and/or monitoring a subject for anti-mouse Gal-1 antibodies, and discontinuing administration of the Gal-Ig compositions if the subject has anti-mouse Gal-1 antibody titers of greater than about 1:1000.
In some embodiments, the Gal-Ig compositions are administered concurrently with one or more second therapeutic modalities, e.g., symptomatic treatment, high dose immunosuppressive therapy and/or autologous peripheral blood stem cell transplantation (HSCT). Such methods are known in the art and can include administration of agents useful for treating an autoimmune disorder, e.g., NSAIDs (including selective COX-2 inhibitors); other antibodies, e.g., anti-cytokine antibodies, e.g., antibodies to IFN-α, IFN-γ, and/or TNF-α; gold-containing compounds; heat shock proteins (e.g., as described in U.S. Pat. No. 6,007,821); immunosuppressive drugs (such as corticosteroids, e.g., prednisolone and methyl prednisolone; cyclophosphamide; azathioprine; mycophenolate mofetil (MMF); cyclosporin and tacrolimus; methotrexate; or cotrimoxazole) and therapeutic cell preparations, e.g., subject-specific cell therapy, hematopoietic stem cell therapy. In some embodiments, the methods include administering one or more treatments for multiple sclerosis, e.g., γ-interferons (e.g., interferon γ-1a, interferon γ-1b), mitoxantrone, or glatiramer acetate. In some embodiments, the methods include administering one or more non-Gal-Ig immunosuppressive drugs (such as corticosteroids, e.g., prednisolone and methyl prednisolone; cyclophosphamide; azathioprine; mycophenolate mofetil (MMF); cyclosporin and tacrolimus; methotrexate; or cotrimoxazole) to the subject, e.g., before, during, or after administration of the Gal-Ig compositions.
In some embodiments, the methods include administering one or more standard treatments for diabetes, e.g., administration of one or more agents useful in the treatment of diabetes, e.g., insulin, sulfonylureas (e.g., meglitinides and nateglinides), biguanides, thiazolidinediones, and alpha-glucosidase inhibitors, inter alia, as well as modification of diet or exercise regime.
Treatment or Prevention of Multiple Sclerosis
Multiple Sclerosis (MS) is typically characterized clinically by recurrent or chronically progressive neurologic dysfunction, caused by lesions in the CNS. Pathologically, the lesions include multiple areas of demyelination affecting the brain, optic nerves, and spinal cord. The underlying etiology is uncertain, but MS is widely believed to be at least partly an autoimmune or immune-mediated disease.
Thus, the invention includes methods of treating, delaying or preventing the onset of MS, by administering a Gal-Ig composition.
Included are methods wherein a subject who has or is at risk of having MS is administered Gal-Ig composition. In one aspect, the invention features methods of screening for subjects at risk for MS, e.g., by screening for one or more indicators of MS to evaluate if the subject is at risk for developing MS, and administering a Gal-Ig composition if the subject is determined to be at risk. As susceptibility to MS is at least partly familial, subjects who have a relative with MS can be considered at increased risk for developing MS.
In some embodiments, the methods include administering a therapeutically effective amount of a Gal-Ig composition to a subject diagnosed with MS. The diagnosis of MS is typically made on the basis of the clinical signs and symptoms, include heat sensitivity, internuclear ophthalmoplegia, optic neuritis, and Lhermitte symptom (see, e.g., McDonald et al., Recommended Diagnostic Criteria for Multiple Sclerosis: Guidelines From the International Panel on the Diagnosis of Multiple Sclerosis. Ann. Neurol. 50:121, 2001). A therapeutically effective amount can be an amount sufficient to prevent the onset of an acute episode or to shorten the duration of an acute episode, or to decrease the severity of one or more symptoms, e.g., heat sensitivity, internuclear ophthalmoplegia, optic neuritis, and Lhermitte symptom. In some embodiments, a therapeutically effective amount is an amount sufficient to prevent the appearance of or promote the healing of a demyelinated lesion in one or more of the brain, optic nerves, and spinal cord of the subject, e.g., as demonstrated on MRI.
In some embodiments, the Gal-Ig composition is administered in combination with a standard treatment for MS, e.g., administration of corticosteroid therapy, interferon beta-1b, Glatiramer, mitoxantrone, cannabis, or a combination thereof. In some embodiments, the Gal-Ig composition is administered in combination with a treatment for one or more symptoms of MS, e.g., depression and fatigue, bladder dysfunction, spasticity, pain, ataxia, and intention tremor; such treatments include pharmacological agents, exercise, and appropriate orthotics. Additional information on the diagnosis and treatment of MS can be found at the National MS Society website, on the world wide web at nationalmssociety.org, the contents of which are incorporated by reference herein.
The median time from onset of disease to disability severe enough for the subject to require aids for ambulation is about 15 years; thus, in some embodiments the invention includes a method of delaying the onset of disability due to MS comprising administering a therapeutically effective amount of a Gal-Ig composition.
Treatment of Autoimmune Arthritis
Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is the most common chronic inflammatory arthritis and affects about 1% of adults; it is two to three times more prevalent in women than in men. RA may begin as early as infancy, but onset typically occurs in the fifth or sixth decade. Diagnosis may be made according to the American Rheumatism Association Criteria for the Classification of Rheumatoid Arthritis. A therapeutically effective amount will cause an improvement in one or more of the following: the number of inflamed joints, the extent of swelling, and the range of joint motion. Laboratory measurements (e.g., ESR and hematocrit value) and assessments of subjective features (e.g., pain and morning stiffness) can also be made. The invention includes methods of treating autoimmune arthritis, e.g., RA, in a subject by administering to the subject a therapeutically effective amount of a Gal-Ig composition.
In some embodiments, the methods include the administration of a second therapeutic agent, e.g., for analgesia, to additionally control inflammation, and/or to alter the natural history of the disease. A number of such agents are known in the art. For example, one or more of NSAIDs, methotrexate, prednisone, TNF inhibitors, leflunomide, or sulfasalazine (with or without hydroxychloroquine) can be administered. Immunosuppressive agents such as azathioprine or cyclosporine can also be used.
Methods of Treating Autoimmune Disorders and Cancer
The Gal-Ig compositions described herein can also be used to treat autoimmune disorders and cancers, i.e., cancers associated with unwanted proliferation of cells that express a galactin-1 ligand on the cell surface. Such cells include activated or malignant leukocytes or solid cancer cells including but not limited to malignant melanoma, adenocarcinoma and sarcoma cancer cells, as well as hematologic malignancies (e.g. lymphomas and leukemias).
In some embodiments, a therapeutically effective amount of a Gal-Ig composition can be, e.g., the amount necessary to reduce cancer cell proliferation by about at least 20%. In some embodiments, cancer cell proliferation is reduced by at least about 30%, about 40%, about 50%, about 60%, about 70% about 80%, or about 90% from pre-treatment levels.
In some embodiments, a therapeutically effective amount of a Gal-Ig composition can be, e.g., the amount necessary to reduce cancer cell populations (i.e., the number of cancer cells in a tissue or subject) by about at least 20%. In some embodiments, cancer cell populations are reduced by at least about 30%, about 40%, about 50%, about 60%, about 70% about 80%, or about 90% from pre-treatment levels.
In some embodiments, the methods include administering one or more treatments for cancer, e.g., surgery, a chemotherapeutic agent or radiation therapy, in addition to the Gal-Ig composition.
In some embodiments, the Gal-Ig composition is administered systemically or locally to a cancerous tissue. In some embodiments, e.g., for the treatment of a hematopoietic cancer, the Gal-Ig is administered extracorporeally, e.g., as part of a plasmapheresis regimen, to remove cells that have the Gal-1 ligand on their surface.
Pharmaceutical Compositions and Methods of Administration
The methods described herein include the manufacture and use of pharmaceutical compositions, which include Gal-Ig fusion compounds described herein as active ingredients. Also included are the pharmaceutical compositions themselves.
Pharmaceutical compositions typically include a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier. As used herein the language “pharmaceutically acceptable carrier” includes saline, solvents, dispersion media, coatings, antibacterial and antifungal agents, isotonic and absorption delaying agents, and the like, compatible with pharmaceutical administration. Supplementary active compounds can also be incorporated into the compositions, e.g., anti-inflammatory compounds as known in the art and described herein.
Pharmaceutical compositions are typically formulated to be compatible with its intended route of administration. Examples of routes of administration include parenteral, e.g., intravenous, intradermal, subcutaneous, oral (e.g., inhalation), transdermal (topical), transmucosal, and rectal administration.
Methods of formulating suitable pharmaceutical compositions are known in the art, see, e.g., the books in the series Drugs and the Pharmaceutical Sciences: a Series of Textbooks and Monographs (Dekker, NY). For example, solutions or suspensions used for parenteral, intradermal, or subcutaneous application can include the following components: a sterile diluent such as water for injection, saline solution, fixed oils, polyethylene glycols, glycerine, propylene glycol or other synthetic solvents; antibacterial agents such as benzyl alcohol or methyl parabens; antioxidants such as ascorbic acid or sodium bisulfite; chelating agents such as ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid; buffers such as acetates, citrates or phosphates and agents for the adjustment of tonicity such as sodium chloride or dextrose. pH can be adjusted with acids or bases, such as hydrochloric acid or sodium hydroxide. The parenteral preparation can be enclosed in ampoules, disposable syringes or multiple dose vials made of glass or plastic.
Pharmaceutical compositions suitable for injectable use can include sterile aqueous solutions (where water soluble) or dispersions and sterile powders for the extemporaneous preparation of sterile injectable solutions or dispersion. For intravenous administration, suitable carriers include physiological saline, bacteriostatic water, Cremophor EL™ (BASF, Parsippany, N.J.) or phosphate buffered saline (PBS). In all cases, the composition must be sterile and should be fluid to the extent that easy syringability exists. It should be stable under the conditions of manufacture and storage and must be preserved against the contaminating action of microorganisms such as bacteria and fungi. The carrier can be a solvent or dispersion medium containing, for example, water, ethanol, polyol (for example, glycerol, propylene glycol, and liquid polyethylene glycol, and the like), and suitable mixtures thereof. The proper fluidity can be maintained, for example, by the use of a coating such as lecithin, by the maintenance of the required particle size in the case of dispersion and by the use of surfactants. Prevention of the action of microorganisms can be achieved by various antibacterial and antifungal agents, for example, parabens, chlorobutanol, phenol, ascorbic acid, thimerosal, and the like. In many cases, it will be preferable to include isotonic agents, for example, sugars, polyalcohols such as mannitol, sorbitol, sodium chloride in the composition. Prolonged absorption of the injectable compositions can be brought about by including in the composition an agent that delays absorption, for example, aluminum monostearate and gelatin.
Sterile injectable solutions can be prepared by incorporating the active compound in the required amount in an appropriate solvent with one or a combination of ingredients enumerated above, as required, followed by filtered sterilization. Generally, dispersions are prepared by incorporating the active compound into a sterile vehicle, which contains a basic dispersion medium and the required other ingredients from those enumerated above. In the case of sterile powders for the preparation of sterile injectable solutions, the preferred methods of preparation are vacuum drying and freeze-drying, which yield a powder of the active ingredient plus any additional desired ingredient from a previously sterile-filtered solution thereof.
Oral compositions generally include an inert diluent or an edible carrier. For the purpose of oral therapeutic administration, the active compound can be incorporated with excipients and used in the form of tablets, troches, or capsules, e.g., gelatin capsules. Oral compositions can also be prepared using a fluid carrier for use as a mouthwash. Pharmaceutically compatible binding agents, and/or adjuvant materials can be included as part of the composition. The tablets, pills, capsules, troches and the like can contain any of the following ingredients, or compounds of a similar nature: a binder such as microcrystalline cellulose, gum tragacanth or gelatin; an excipient such as starch or lactose, a disintegrating agent such as alginic acid, Primogel, or corn starch; a lubricant such as magnesium stearate or Sterotes; a glidant such as colloidal silicon dioxide; a sweetening agent such as sucrose or saccharin; or a flavoring agent such as peppermint, methyl salicylate, or orange flavoring.
For administration by inhalation, the compounds can be delivered in the form of an aerosol spray from a pressured container or dispenser that contains a suitable propellant, e.g., a gas such as carbon dioxide, or a nebulizer. Such methods include those described in U.S. Pat. No. 6,468,798.
Systemic administration of a therapeutic compound as described herein can also be by transmucosal or transdermal means. For transmucosal or transdermal administration, penetrants appropriate to the barrier to be permeated are used in the formulation. Such penetrants are generally known in the art, and include, for example, for transmucosal administration, detergents, bile salts, and fusidic acid derivatives. Transmucosal administration can be accomplished through the use of nasal sprays or suppositories. For transdermal administration, the active compounds are formulated into ointments, salves, gels, or creams as generally known in the art.
The pharmaceutical compositions can also be prepared in the form of suppositories (e.g., with conventional suppository bases such as cocoa butter and other glycerides) or retention enemas for rectal delivery.
Therapeutic compounds that are or include nucleic acids can be administered by any method suitable for administration of nucleic acid agents, such as a DNA vaccine. These methods include gene guns, bio injectors, and skin patches as well as needle-free methods such as the micro-particle DNA vaccine technology disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 6,194,389, and the mammalian transdermal needle-free vaccination with powder-form vaccine as disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 6,168,587. Additionally, intranasal delivery is possible, as described in, inter alia, Hamajima et al., Clin. Immunol. Immunopathol., 88(2), 205-10 (1998). Liposomes (e.g., as described in U.S. Pat. No. 6,472,375) and microencapsulation can also be used. Biodegradable targetable microparticle delivery systems can also be used (e.g., as described in U.S. Pat. No. 6,471,996).
In one embodiment, the therapeutic compounds are prepared with carriers that will protect the therapeutic compounds against rapid elimination from the body, such as a controlled release formulation, including implants and microencapsulated delivery systems. Biodegradable, biocompatible polymers can be used, such as ethylene vinyl acetate, polyanhydrides, polyglycolic acid, collagen, polyorthoesters, and polylactic acid. Such formulations can be prepared using standard techniques, or obtained commercially, e.g., from Alza Corporation and Nova Pharmaceuticals, Inc. Liposomal suspensions (including liposomes targeted to selected cells with monoclonal antibodies to cellular antigens) can also be used as pharmaceutically acceptable carriers. These can be prepared according to methods known to those skilled in the art, for example, as described in U.S. Pat. No. 4,522,811.
The pharmaceutical compositions can be included in a container, pack, or dispenser together with instructions for administration.
EXAMPLESThe invention is further described in the following examples, which do not limit the scope of the invention described in the claims. In the following, statistically significant comparisons were ascertained between groups using a paired t-test.
Example 1 Cloning of Gal-1 and Production of Mouse Gal-1-Human IgG Fc1 (Gal-Ig) Chimeric Fusion ProteinUsing chemical stabilization to help promote Gal-1 dimers from a monomer/dimer/multimer equilibrium is critical in Gal-1 research. Inclusion of DTT in rGal-1 preparations could potentially bias cell death-related conclusions and even underestimate Gal-1's effects on cytokine modulation.
To circumvent this pitfall, a chimeric protein was engineered wherein mouse Gal-1 cDNA was linked in frame to the Fc portion of human IgG1 using the pFUSE-hIgG1-Fc1 expression system (Gal-1hFc)
RT-PCR with the primers shown in Table 2 was used to clone mouse Gal-1 from spleen mRNA. The forward primer included a Kozak sequence (gccacc)
The sequence of the obtained Gal-1 cDNA was as follows (a signal peptide sequence is underlined, start and stop codons are in bold font, and restriction enzyme recognition sites are in upper case):
The obtained Gal-1 cDNA was ligated into a eukaryotic expression vector containing the Fc region of human IgG1 and the drug resistance gene for Zeocin (pFUSE-hIgG-Fc1; InvivoGen, Inc.) (
The following sequence data was obtained using a 5′ forward primer. The sequence for the Gal-1 portion is shown in bold, and the non-bolded sequence following is the IgG. N represents nucleotides that were not resolved in this sequencing assay.
To control for carbohydrate-binding activity of Gal-1hFc, genetic mutants were created in which a key tryptophan residue for carbohydrate recognition via van der Waals interactions in the 69th amino acid position was substituted for a glycine (mGal-1hFc) and a histidine also important for carbohydrate-binding through the formation of hydrogen bonds in the 45th position was substituted for a leucine (dmGal-1hFc). The sequences used were as follows:
Since J558L murine plasmacytoma cells are capable of producing greater amounts of ectopic fusion protein compared with CHO or HEK293 cells (Howard, M. R., A. P. Lodge, J. E. Reed, C. J. McNamee, and D. J. Moss. 2002. High-level expression of recombinant Fc chimeric proteins in suspension cultures of stably transfected J558L cells. Biotechniques 32:1282-1286, 1288), J558L cells were transfected, drug-selected, sub-cloned and assayed for Gal-1hFc expression by RT-PCR and Western blotting.
Using a LIPOFECTAMINE™ transfection method, murine plasmacytoma J558L cells from ATCC, Inc. were transfected with purified Gal-Ig plasmid and selected drug resistant cells with Zeocin. To confirm RNA and protein expression of Gal-Ig, Zeocin-resistant J558L cells were then harvested and RNA and protein were extracted for analysis by RT-PCR and Western blotting, respectively. When compared with J558L cells transfected with empty vector, RT-PCR analysis of Gal-Ig revealed that Gal-Ig-transfected J558L cells contain mRNA of Gal-Ig. Moreover, when compared to empty vector transfectant protein, protein from Gal-Ig-transfected J558L cells contained Gal-Ig as determined by Western blotting with anti-Gal-1 Abs.
Following expansion of Zeocin-resistant cells in 10% FBS containing medium, the transfectants were subsequently growth in serum-free conditions to help eliminate IgG present in the supernatant that could contaminate Gal-Ig isolates. Gal-Ig-transfected J558L serum free supernatants were harvested and subjected to protein-G affinity chromatography. Briefly, Gal-Ig-transfected J558L cell supernatants and protein-G-agarose were incubated, and then Gal-Ig bound to protein G was eluted using low pH conditions and neutralized. Gal-Ig expression was then confirmed by Western blotting with anti-Gal-1 moAb.
A mutated Gal-1hFc construct, wherein tryptophan-69 was substituted for a glycine (W69G Gal-1hFc or mGal-1hFc), was produced using the PCR-site directed mutagenesis GeneTailor System (Invitrogen) with the following primers: Forward 5′ ACCAAGGAAGATGGGACCGGGGGAACC GAACAC 3′ (SEQ ID NO: 11), Reverse 5′ GGTCCCATCTTCCTTGGTGTTACACACAAT 3′ (SEQ ID NO: 12). DH5α-T1r competent cells were transformed with the methylated Gal-1hFc PCR product, plasmid DNA was purified using a Plasmid mini kit, and further validated by DNA sequencing. Using the mGal-1hFc plasmid DNA as a template, a double mutant (W69G H45L Gal-1hFc or dmGal-1hFc) construct, wherein histidine-45 was substituted for a leucine, was produced as above with following primers: Forward 5′ACAACCTGTGCCTACTCTTCAAT CCTCGCT 3′ (SEQ ID NO: 13), Reverse 5′ GTAGGCACAGGTTGTTGCTGTCTCTTCCCA 3′ (SEQ ID NO: 14).
Stable clones secreted a Gal-1hFc and mutant protein, which was isolated by protein G affinity chromatography and resolved at the predicted sizes of 40.7 kDa and 81.4 kDa under reducing and non-reducing conditions, respectively (
To validate Gal-1hFc-binding function, binding assays were performed using mouse and human hematopoietic cells and solid tumor cell lines. Cells (1×106) previously incubated with a human FcγR-binding inhibitor (eBioscience, Inc., San Diego, Calif.) were subsequently incubated at 4° C. for 45 min with Gal-1hFc or mutants (all at 20 μg/mL) in the presence or absence of 50 mM lactose or sucrose. Then, cells were incubated for 30 min at 4° with APC-conjugated goat F(ab′)2 anti-human Fc, and analyzed by flow cytometry in a FACSCanto (BD Biosciences) and then using Flowjo 8.1 (Tree Star Inc., Ashland, Oreg.).
Gal-1hFc bound mouse WEHI-3 and human HL-60 leukemic cell lines and binding was inhibited by 50 mM lactose, but not sucrose (
To further characterize the specificity of glycan binding, Gal-1hFc-binding was assayed on 442 immobilized glycans as previously described (Tsai, C. M., Y. K. Chiu, T. L. Hsu, I. Y. Lin, S. L. Hsieh, and K. I. Lin. 2008. Galectin-1 promotes immunoglobulin production during plasma cell differentiation. J Immunol 181:4570-4579). Briefly, Gal-1hFc (200 μg/ml) or control hFc (200 μg/ml) in binding buffer (1% BSA, 150 mM NaCl, 2 mM CaCl2, 2 mM MgCl2, 0.05% Tween 20, and 20 mM Tris-HCL (pH 7.4) was incubated for 1 h at room temperature on the printed glycan array (Version 4.0) followed by a 1 h incubation with APC-conjugated goat F(ab′)2 anti-human Fc (5 ug/mL). After washing to remove excess reagents, the slides were dried and scanned at an excitation wavelength of 633 nm to detect the APC fluorophore. The array is comprised of glycans printed in replicates of 6 and relative fluorescence was reported as the average of 4 after removal of the highest and lowest point from each set of 6 replicates. Mean fluorescence intensities of Gal-1hFc-binding were normalized to control hFc binding and graphically represented as mean fold difference.
Due to the relative carbohydrate-binding properties of human IgG (von Gunten, S., D. F. Smith, R. D. Cummings, S. Riedel, S. Miescher, A. Schaub, R. G. Hamilton, and B. S. Bochner. 2009. Intravenous immunoglobulin contains a broad repertoire of anticarbohydrate antibodies that is not restricted to the IgG2 subclass. J Allergy Clin Immunol 123:1268-1276 e1215), Gal-1hFc binding was normalized to that of human IgG. As expected, Gal-1hFc exhibited highest affinity for structures bearing multiple type 1 (Galβ1,3) or type 2 (Galβ1,4) lactosaminyl moieties (
To determine whether Gal-Ig can recognize Gal-1 ligands on 4-F-GlcNAc-treated cells, human hematopoietic KG1a cells were treated with non-growth-inhibitory concentrations of 4-F-GlcNAc for 48 hr and then analyzed. Gal-ligand expression by flow cytometry with Gal-Ig. 4-F-GlcNAc elicited dose-dependent inhibition of Gal-1 ligand expression (
In an ex vivo cytokine-induced model of T cell polarization, we observed differential expression of Gal-1 ligands in ex vivo-generated Th1 and Th2 cells (
To solidify prior findings suggesting that α1,3 fucosylation dampens Gal-1 binding and dc-sialylation enhances Gal-1 binding, we analyzed human prostate tumor PC-3 cells stably transfected with human fucosyltransferase VII (FT7) or treated WEHI-3 cells with α2,3/α2,6 Vibrio cholerae neuraminidase. We found that FT7 expression reduced Gal-Ig-binding, while neuraminidase treatment augmented Gal-Ig binding (
To further characterize the binding properties of Gal-Ig and test its utility in other biochemical assays, Leukemic HL-60/Wehi-3 cell pellets or mouse LNs (unactivated or DNFB-activated) were fixed in 10% formalin, embedded in paraffin, sectioned and immunostained with Gal-1hFc or controls (hFc/dmGal-1hFc) and counterstained with hematoxylin. Bars=20 mm. The results are shown in
This is the first demonstration of a Gal-1 formulation used as an immunohistochemical tool for analysis of Gal-1 ligands. Non-specific binding through the Fc domain is controlled for by staining with hFc alone or with a non-binding lectin mutant, dmGal-1hFc.
In addition, Gal-1hFc can be used as a probe in Western Blotting methods. CD45 was immunoprecipitated from mouse activated Th cells with anti-CD45 mAb or isotype control, analyzed by SDS-PAGE/Western blotting and immunostained with anti-mouse CD45 or Gal-1hFc. Similar results were seen with both, with a clear band apparent at about 190 kDa, the expected size of CD45, a candidate Gal-1 ligand. These data confirm that Gal-1hFc can function as a Gal-1 ligand probe on Western blots, eliminating the burdensome creation of lectin affinity columns for the detection of authentic Gal-1 ligands. Noteworthy, this application is not easily attained with biotinylated recombinant Gal-1 due to cross-reactivity with avidin-reactive structures in protein lysates.
Finally, Gal-1hFc can be used to detect Gal-1 ligands in multi-color FACS methods, as analysis of Gal-1 ligands in Th subsets by 2-color flow cytometry was performed successfully. The results validated previously published data regarding presence of Gal-1 ligands on Th1 and Th17 cell subsets. While only a small percentage of Th2 cells bind to Gal-1hFc.
Gal-1hFc is a powerful tool to discern presence and relevance of Gal-1 ligands in mouse and human cells and tissue.
Example 4 Th1 and Th17 Cells are Susceptible to Gal-1hFc-Mediated ApoptosisPro-inflammatory Th1 and Th17 cell subsets share common glycan motifs, such as abundant asialocore-1 O-glycans along with small amounts of sialic acid α2,6-galactose residues on their surfaces (Toscano, M. A., G. A. Bianco, J. M. Ilarregui, D. O. Croci, J. Correale, J. D. Hernandez, N. W. Zwirner, F. Poirier, E. M. Riley, L. G Baum, and G. A. Rabinovich. 2007. Differential glycosylation of TH1, TH2 and TH-17 effector cells selectively regulates susceptibility to cell death. Nat Immunol 8:825-834). To determine whether Gal-1hFc can bind these Th subsets, mouse Th1, Th2 and Th17 subsets were polarized ex-vivo, their identity was confirmed by intracellular cytokine staining, and Gal-1hFc-binding activity was assayed.
Polarization was achieved as follows. Naïve CD4 T cells were isolated from 6-week old C57BL/6 mouse spleens by immunomagnetic bead positive selection (Miltenyi Biotec, Inc., Auburn, Calif.) and polarized into Th1, Th2, Th17 subsets as previously described (Toscano et al., 2007, supra). Briefly, cells were resuspended (1.5×106 cells/ml), and stimulated for 72 h with plate-bound anti-CD3 (5 μg/ml) and soluble anti-CD28 (1 μg/ml). For Th1 polarization, 10 ng/mL IL-12 and 40 U/mL anti-IL-4 were added; for Th2 polarization, 20 ng/ml IL-4, 2 μg/ml anti-IL-12, and 25 U/mL IL-2 were added; for Th17 polarization, 20 ng/ml IL-6, 10 ng/ml IL-23, 5 ng/ml TGF-beta1, 10 μg/ml anti-IFN-gamma, 10 μg/ml anti-IL-4, and 10 μg/ml anti-IL-2 were added. Th1 and Th2 cells were expanded with RPMI-1640 supplemented with 25 U/ml IL-2; and Th17 cells were expanded with 10 ng/ml IL-23 for 4 additional days. All cytokines and antibodies were purchased from BD Biosciences.
Th1 and Th17 cells expressed high levels of Gal-1 ligands as determined by Gal-1 hFc-binding, while Th2 cells showed poor binding activity as shown previously (
To further analyze the pro-apoptotic functions of Gal-Ig, growth-inhibitory effects on the Gal-1 ligand (+) J558L cells overexpressing Gal-Ig were investigated. Compared with control untransfected J558L cells, Gal-Ig-expressing J558L cells were actively exposing phosphatidylserine residues as evidenced by Annexin V staining. This feature was reversed by including 50 mM lactose in cultures.
This indicated that Gal-Ig, not only induced pro-apoptotic activity, but also triggered cell death. These effects were caused by Gal-Ig alone without any reducing agents and suggest that Gal-1-hFc can induce apoptosis on both Th1 and Th17 cells in the absence of reducing agents in vivo.
Example 5 Gal-Ig Induces Apoptosis on Human Leukemic HL-60 CellsTo evaluate the effect of the Gal-Ig construct on apoptosis in human leukemic cells, about 1×106 HL-60 cells were incubated in RPMI-1640 with 10% FBS, 1% Pen/Strep in the presence of Gal-Ig at concentrations of 10 mg/ml or 100 mg/ml, or vehicle (PBS). Apoptosis was assessed by flow cytometry with FITC-Annexin V and PI after 4 hours and at 24 hours post-incubation as follows. Synovial fluid cells, HL-60 cells or polarized mouse Th cell subsets (1.5×106 cells/ml) were incubated with Gal-1hFc at 10 μg/ml or 100 μg/ml (+/−50 mM lactose) or with molecular controls for 12 h or 24 h in RPMI-1640/10% FBS/1% penicillin/streptomycin. Apoptotic cells were identified by staining with FITC-conjugated Annexin V and propidium iodide (PI). Cell viability was also determined by Trypan blue dye exclusion and forward/side scatter plots.
After 24 hours of incubation in Gal-Ig, forward and side scatter analysis revealed morphological changes suggestive of cell death. A reduction in the numbers of cells in the red outlined gate, where viable cells characteristically reside, is shown in
In addition, the cells were analyzed by flow cytometry after 4 and 24 hours for pro-apoptotic changes (Annexin-V positivity) and for apoptosis (Annexin V and PI double positive cells. The results shown in
To determine whether this effect is specific, the effect of the Galectin-1-binding antagonist, lactose, on Gal-Ig-induced cell death was tested.
5×105 cells were incubated for 4 hours in the presence of 10 mg/ml or 100 mg/ml of Gal-Ig, then washed with cold PBS and resuspended in RPMI (10% FBS/1% Pen/strep) with or without 50 mM Lactose for 24 hours. Apoptosis was analyzed by FACS with Annexin V-FITC and PI. Experiments were done by triplicate, error bar showing S.D. The results, shown in
It is widely accepted that exogenous rGal-1 induces apoptosis on activated T cells and several hematopoietic cell lines after a short 4 h exposure (Perillo, N. L., K. E. Pace, J. J. Seilhamer, and L. G. Baum. 1995. Apoptosis of T cells mediated by galectin-1. Nature 378:736-739). However, more recently, this paradigm has been challenged, arguing that DTT, a reducing agent commonly added to culture conditions to prevent rGal-1 oxidative inactivation during cell death assays, is itself able to induce apoptosis. Moreover, studies show that while monomeric Gal-1 is unable to induce apoptosis, dimeric Gal-1 can induce transient phosphatidylserine (PS) exposure in leukocytes that is reversible upon Gal-1 removal or oxidative inactivation of the carbohydrate-recognition domain after a short 4 h incubation (Stowell, S. R., S. Karmakar, C. M. Arthur, T. Ju, L. C. Rodrigues, T. B. Riul, M. Dias-Baruffi, J. Miner, R. P. McEver, and R. D. Cummings. 2009. Galectin-1 induces reversible phosphatidylserine exposure at the plasma membrane. Mol Biol Cell 20:1408-1418; Stowell, S. R., M. Cho, C. L. Feasley, C. M. Arthur, X. Song, J. K. Colucci, S. Karmakar, P. Mehta, M. Dias-Baruffi, R. P. McEver, and R. D. Cummings. 2009. Ligand reduces galectin-1 sensitivity to oxidative inactivation by enhancing dimer formation. J Biol Chem 284:4989-4999). Importantly, data suggest that activated human T cells are resistant to Gal-1-mediated PS exposure when no DTT is present and that PS exposure does not lead to changes in the integrity of the plasma membrane, mitochondrial potential or nuclei, a scenario referred to as preaparesis (Stowell, S. R., S. Karmakar, C. J. Stowell, M. Dias-Baruffi, R. P. McEver, and R. D. Cummings. 2007. Human galectin-1, -2, and -4 induce surface exposure of phosphatidylserine in activated human neutrophils but not in activated T cells. Blood 109:219-227).
To help clarify these conflicting data, Gal-1hFc was compared with rGal-1 efficacy on cell death induction using human HL-60 leukemic cells. Incubations were performed at 100 ug/ml (˜7 μM rGal-1/Gal-1hFc), which enables rGal-1 homodimers to form, for a period of 4 or 24 hours in the presence or absence of DTT. At 4 h, rGal-1 caused marked PS exposure, as evidenced by Annexin V positivity, though PI staining was negative (
These results suggested that Gal-1hFc can engage cell surface ligands and trigger irreversible cell death, and provides evidence that Gal-Ig can control growth activities on human galectin-1 ligand+ cancer cells.
Example 6 Gal-1hFc Induces an Array of Immunomodulatory Molecules and Alters Th Cell Subset PolarityTypically, when investigating pro-apoptotic effects, high concentrations of Gal-1 (>7 μM) with DTT are needed to ensure dimerization and a functional lectin domain. Though DTT helps prevent intracellular disulfide bond formation and retain carbohydrate-binding activity, they favor monomer formation, which are significantly less avid than native homodimers. This biochemical relationship could, therefore, undermine Gal-1's effects on other non-death-related pathways at lower, more physiologic concentrations. Some insights on Gal-1-related cytokine modulation have been gleaned from studies of the pathophysiology of Hodgkin's lymphoma, and from using mouse models of autoimmune diseases wherein Gal-1 presence upregulates Th2 cytokines and IL-10 (Juszczynski, P., J. Ouyang, S. Monti, S. J. Rodig, K. Takeyama, J. Abramson, W. Chen, J. L. Kutok, G. A. Rabinovich, and M. A. Shipp. 2007. The AP1-dependent secretion of galectin-1 by Reed Sternberg cells fosters immune privilege in classical Hodgkin lymphoma. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 104:13134-13139; Perone, M. J., S. Bertera, W. J. Shufesky, S. J. Divito, A. Montecalvo, A. R. Mathers, A. T. Larregina, M. Pang, N. Seth, K. W. Wucherpfennig, M. Trucco, L. G. Baum, and A. E. Morelli. 2009. Suppression of autoimmune diabetes by soluble galectin-1. J Immunol 182:2641-2653). Similarly, studies using a leucine zipper-based Gal-1 homodimer showed 100-fold more secreted IL-10 than rGal-1 when incubated with human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (van der Leij, J., A. van den Berg, T. Blokzijl, G. Harms, H. van Goor, P. Zwiers, R. van Weeghel, S. Poppema, and L. Visser. 2004. Dimeric galectin-1 induces IL-10 production in T-lymphocytes: an important tool in the regulation of the immune response. J Pathol 204:511-518; van der Leij, J., A. van den Berg, G Harms, H. Eschbach, H. Vas, P. Zwiers, R. van Weeghel, H. Groen, S. Poppema, and L. Visser. 2007. Strongly enhanced IL-10 production using stable galectin-1 homodimers. Mol Immunol 44:506-513). To expand on Gal-1-induced upregulation of IL-10, we investigated Gal-1hFc effects on a number of cytokines and immunomodulatory molecules in immuno-purified mouse and human T cells.
Mouse T cell cytokine analysis was performed as follows. CD4+ T cells isolated from naïve 6-week old C57/BL6 mouse spleens by immunomagnetic bead technology (Miltenyi Biotec) were stimulated with plate bound anti-mouse CD3 and soluble anti-mouse CD28 for 72 h. Then, after a 24 h incubation with Gal-1hFc or its controls, supernatants were collected in triplicate and analyzed for cytokine levels by using a mouse cytokine array (R&D Systems). Blots were processed as indicated by the manufacturer, and developed by chemiluminescence. Signal intensities were analyzed by optic densitometry (OD), using ImageJ Software®. OD values were normalized to control hFc treated group. In parallel, cells were stimulated with PMA/ionomycin and brefeldin A for 6 h to analyze intracellular cytokine levels by flow cytometric analysis.
At 10-fold less Gal-1hFc used in death assays (10 μg/mL, 0.24 μM), activated mouse CD4+ T cells avidly bound Gal-1hFc, whereas naïve T cells did not express Gal-1 ligands (
To further explore Gal-1hFc-mediated IL-10 secretion and its potential of skewing T cell differentiation towards a Th2 profile, we studied Gal-1hFc effects on human skin-resident memory T cells. Normal healthy skin discarded from cosmetic surgeries was cultured on Cellfoam three-dimensional growth matrices in the presence of IL-2 and IL-15 for 21 days as previously described (Clark, R. A., B. F. Chong, N. Mirchandani, K. Yamanaka, G. F. Murphy, R. K. Dowgiert, and T. S. Kupper. 2006. A novel method for the isolation of skin resident T cells from normal and diseased human skin. J Invest Dermatol 126:1059-107). T cells were harvested from the matrices, washed with cold PBS and cultured for 24 h in the presence of Gal-1hFc (+/−50 mM lactose) or its molecular controls. Cells were stimulated with PMA/ionomycin and brefeldin A for 6 h before performing surface marker/cytokine/FOXP3 staining and analysis by flow cytometry.
Using human skin-explant cultures of skin-resident memory T cells (CD45RO+, CCR7−, cutaneous lymphocyte antigen (CLA+) (Clark, R. A., B. F. Chong, N. Mirchandani, K. Yamanaka, G. F. Murphy, R. K. Dowgiert, and T. S. Kupper. 2006. A novel method for the isolation of skin resident T cells from normal and diseased human skin. J Invest Dermatol 126:1059-107), we incubated Gal-1hFc for 24 h and analyzed cytokine levels by intracellular staining. This cell model characteristically produces high numbers of TNF-alpha/IL-17+ T cells (˜70%) and a relatively high presence of CD25high/FOXP3+ cells (Clark, R. A., B. F. Chong, N. Mirchandani, K. Yamanaka, G. F. Murphy, R. K. Dowgiert, and T. S. Kupper. 2006. A novel method for the isolation of skin resident T cells from normal and diseased human skin. J Invest Dermatol 126:1059-107: Clark, R. A., and T. S. Kupper. 2007. IL-15 and dermal fibroblasts induce proliferation of natural regulatory T cells isolated from human skin. Blood 109:194-202). Similar to mouse T cell data, when incubated with low concentrations of Gal-1hFc, a higher percentage of human skin-resident memory T cells expressed IL-4 and IL-10. To the contrary, a dramatically lower number of IL-17 producing T cells was observed, while TNF-alpha or IFN-gamma levels were largely unaffected. The number of CD25high/FOXP3+ regulatory T cells did not appear to be altered. Statistical analysis of data sets from 6 different donors showed the significance of Gal-1hFc-induction of IL-4+ and IL-10+ T cells (p<0.01) and downregulation of IL-17 T cells, indicating that Gal-1hFc can markedly affect cytokine production in human T cells (
Similar results were seen when naïve mouse T cells were activated ex vivo and incubated with low concentrations (0.2 μM) of Gal-1hFc or relevant controls. After 24 h, cells were stained IL-10/IL-4, IL-10/FoxP3, and IL-10/CD25. Gal-1hFc induced a Th2 cell phenotype and IL-10+ T cells that are IL-4 and FOXP3 negative (
Naïve mouse T cells were activated ex vivo and treated with Gal-1hFc or relevant controls for 8 hours. Total RNA from each group was extracted and reverse transcribed. Quantitative PCR (qRT-PCR) analysis to evaluate mRNA activity of GATA-3, IL-10 and T-bet transcripts was performed. The results, shown in
These data demonstrate that Galectin-1-Ig induces a regulatory (suppressive) phenotype, while promoting an anti-inflammatory phenotype.
Example 7 Granulocytes Infiltrating Synovial Fluid from RA Patients are Susceptible to Gal-1 hFc-Mediated Cell DeathSince Gal-1 plays a key regulatory molecule controlling the proliferation and viability of effector leukocytes, multiple researchers have tried to translate in vitro generated data to experimental animal models of inflammatory diseases. Prior data using mouse models of inflammation shows that Gal-1 can suppress experimental type 1 diabetes, autoimmune encephalomyelitis, uveitis, concanavalin A-induced hepatitis and graft-vs-host disease (Toscano, M. A., G. A. Bianco, J. M. Ilarregui, D. O. Croci, J. Correale, J. D. Hernandez, N. W. Zwirner, F. Poirier, E. M. Riley, L. G. Baum, and G. A. Rabinovich. 2007. Differential glycosylation of TH1, TH2 and TH-17 effector cells selectively regulates susceptibility to cell death. Nat Immunol 8:825-834; Perone, M. J., S. Bertera, W. J. Shufesky, S. J. Divito, A. Montecalvo, A. R. Mathers, A. T. Larregina, M. Pang, N. Seth, K. W. Wucherpfennig, M. Trucco, L. G Baum, and A. E. Morelli. 2009. Suppression of autoimmune diabetes by soluble galectin-1. J Immunol 182:2641-2653; Toscano, M. A., A. G Commodaro, J. M. Ilarregui, G A. Bianco, A. Liberman, H. M. Serra, J. Hirabayashi, L. V. Rizzo, and G. A. Rabinovich. 2006. Galectin-1 suppresses autoimmune retinal disease by promoting concomitant Th2- and T regulatory-mediated anti-inflammatory responses. J Immunol 176:6323-6332; Santucci, L., S. Fiorucci, F. Cammilleri, G. Servillo, B. Federici, and A. Morelli. 2000. Galectin-1 exerts immunomodulatory and protective effects on concanavalin A-induced hepatitis in mice. Hepatology 31:399-406; Baum, L. G., D. P. Blackall, S. Arias-Magallano, D. Nanigian, S. Y. Uh, J. M. Browne, D. Hoffmann, C. E. Emmanouilides, M. C. Territo, and G. C. Baldwin. 2003. Amelioration of graft versus host disease by galectin-1. Clin Immunol 109:295-307). Of note, while T cells play an important role in the development of these disorders, relatively little is known about the anti-inflammatory properties of Gal-1 on other key cellular constituents, such as B cells and granulocytes. RA is an autoimmune disease that includes many different effector cell types, including B cells, neutrophils, monocytes/macrophages and mast cells, which play key roles in both induction and maintenance of disease.
To investigate Gal-1 efficacy as a putative anti-inflammatory agent in patients with RA, assayed apoptotic induction properties of Gal-1hFc on freshly-isolated leukocytes infiltrating synovial fluids of RA patients and incubated Gal-1 hFc or control molecules.
Human knee synovial fluids were obtained as discarded material from patients with RA undergoing diagnostic or therapeutic arthrocentesis. RA was diagnosed by an American Board of Internal Medicine certified rheumatologist and/or by review of laboratory, radiologic and clinic notes and by applying ACR classification criteria (Arnett, F. C., S. M. Edworthy, D. A. Bloch, D. J. McShane, J. F. Fries, N. S. Cooper, L. A. Healey, S. R. Kaplan, M. H. Liang, H. S. Luthra, and et al. 1988. The American Rheumatism Association 1987 revised criteria for the classification of rheumatoid arthritis. Arthritis Rheum 31:315-324). All studies received Institutional Review Board approval. For FACS analyses and functional studies of cells contained in freshly-collected RA synovial fluids, cells were washed in cold PBS, stained with trypan blue for cell death exclusion, adjusted to 1×106 cells/100 μl FACS buffer, incubated for 20 min in FcγR-binding block and then subsequently stained for surface markers and analyzed by flow cytometry.
Infiltrates were freshly obtained and typically characterized by a moderate number of CD19+ B cells (12-20%) and abundant granulocytes (70-80%) identified by surface expression of CD15 (
These data suggest that, in addition to killing Th1 and Th17 subsets, Gal-1hFc can also be used to eliminate Gal-1 ligand (+) inflammatory granulocytes involved in arthritic conditions.
Example 8 In Vivo Gal-1 hFc Treatment Triggers the Production of Immunomodulatory Molecules and Helps Ameliorate Hapten-Mediated Contact HypersensitivityTo address whether Gal-1hFc can bind activation-induced Gal-1 ligands in vivo, Gal-1hFc binding to activated mouse T cells was assayed in LNs draining antigen-sensitized skin.
For in vivo studies, mouse Gal-1 cDNA was fused in frame to the pFUSE hIgG1e3-Fc2 plasmid (Invivogen, San Diego, Calif.) to produce Gal-1hFc2. This vector carries specific mutations in the Fc domain that prevents Fc receptor-binding and complement and antibody-mediated cytotoxicity. Briefly, Gal-1 was subcloned from the Gal-1hFc vector with the following primers: Forward 5′ ATTCGATATCTATGGC CTGTGGTCTGGTCGCCA 3′ (SEQ ID NO: 15), Reverse 5′ CCGAGATCTCTCAAAGGCCAC GCACTTAATCTT 3′ (SEQ ID NO: 16), then digested PCR product with EcoRV and Bgl II, dephosphorylated with shrimp alkaline phosphatase, gel purified and ligated in frame to EcoRV/Bgl II digested pFUSE-e3 vector.
Shaved abdomens of 6-week old from C57BL/6 mice were painted on day 0 and day 1 with 25 uL of 0.5% 2,4-dinitrofluorobenzene (DNFB) or with 1% oxazolone (Sigma) in a 4:1 acetone:olive oil vehicle. To assess T cell activation during the afferent phase, draining inguinal lymph nodes (LN) were harvested on day 3, minced with frosted slides, and cells were stained with Gal-1hFc (+/−50 mM lactose) and antibodies to CD4 and CD69 and analyzed by flow cytometry. In vivo treatments with Gal-1hFc2 were administered i.p. at 50 μg per 22 g mouse on days 2, 4 and 5. Mice were alternatively treated with human Fc at an identical dose and served as a treatment control. Hapten-induced inflammation was then induced on day 5 by challenging mice with 10 μl of 0.25% DNFB or 0.5% oxazolone on both sides of the right ear, and as a negative inflammatory control, mice received 10 μl of vehicle alone on both sides of the left car. Ear swelling responses were determined by calculating the difference in ear thickness between day 5 and day 6. To assess T cell cytokine levels, antigen-draining inguinal LNs were harvested and minced with frosted slides, and then lymphocytes were activated with PMA/ionomycin in the presence of brefeldin A for 6 h, stained for surface markers or intracellular cytokines and analyzed by flow cytometry. Following a 24 h challenge, ears were harvested, fixed in 10% formalin, embedded in paraffin, sectioned and stained with hematoxylin and eosin. Experiments were repeated 3-times.
Gal-1hFc bound lymphocytes from LNs draining antigen-sensitized skin (
To study Gal-1 specific effects in vivo, a Gal-1hFc variant, Gal-1hFc2, was developed as described above that contains a mutated Fc region that prevents binding to Fc receptors and minimize potential complement and antibody-dependent cytotoxicity. Gal-1hFc2 retained identical morphological and binding activity as Gal-1hFc (data not shown). To investigate Gal-1hFc2 anti-inflammatory efficacy, a model of hapten-mediated contact hypersensitivity was employed that consisted of oxazolone-sensitization on the abdomen on day 0 and 1 and oxazolone (or vehicle alone)-challenge on the ear on day 5. Gal-1hFc2 or hFc control (both at 50 μg/22 g mouse) was administered to mice on day 2, 4 and 5. On day 5, baseline ear thickness measurements were calculated on the right ear or vehicle alone on the left ear. After 24 h, to assess inflammation, ear thickness was re-measured and a mean change in ear thickness was computed. In addition, ear skin was analyzed for leukocytic infiltrate, and lymphocytes were harvested from oxazolone-draining LNs, enumerated and then analyzed for cytokine expression. Gal-1hFc2-treated mice exhibited a significantly lower level of lymphocytes in draining LNs compared with hFc-treated mice (p<0.01; paired t-test) (
These results indicate that in vivo administration of a Gal-1hFc fusion protein can be therapeutically useful in models of an autoimmune disease characterized by the presence of activated auto-reactive T cells.
ADDITIONAL REFERENCES
- M. J. Perone, S. Bertera, W. J. Shufesky et al., J Immunol 182 (5), 2641 (2009)
- L. G. Baum, D. P. Blackall, S. Arias-Magallano et al., Clin Immunol 109 (3), 295 (2003)
- C.-M. Tsai, Y.-K. Chiu, T.-L. Hsu et al., J. Immunology. 181(7):4570-4579 (2008)
It is to be understood that while the invention has been described in conjunction with the detailed description thereof, the foregoing description is intended to illustrate and not limit the scope of the invention, which is defined by the scope of the appended claims. Other aspects, advantages, and modifications are within the scope of the following claims.
Claims
1. An isolated Galactin-1-Ig (Gal-Ig) fusion construct, comprising:
- a first portion comprising a Galectin-1 polypeptide, and
- a second portion comprising an Fc fragment of an immunoglobulin or a variant thereof, linked in frame with the first portion, optionally with a linker sequence between the first and second portions.
2-16. (canceled)
Type: Application
Filed: Dec 2, 2013
Publication Date: Jun 19, 2014
Applicant: The Brigham and Women's Hospital, Inc. (Boston, MA)
Inventors: Charles J. Dimitroff (Hanover, MA), Filiberto Cedeno Laurent (Jamaica Plain, MA), Steven R. Barthel (Allston, MA)
Application Number: 14/094,543
International Classification: C07K 16/00 (20060101); C07K 14/47 (20060101);
