Abstract: A silicon carbide substrate includes a carbon-surface-side principal surface and a silicon-surface-side principal surface. The silicon carbide substrate has a diameter of 100 mm or greater and a thickness of 300 ?m or greater. An off angle of the carbon-surface-side principal surface and the silicon-surface-side principal surface relative to a {0001} plane is smaller than or equal to 4°. A nitrogen concentration in the carbon-surface-side principal surface is higher than a nitrogen concentration in the silicon-surface-side principal surface, and a difference in Raman peak shift between the carbon-surface-side principal surface and the silicon-surface-side principal surface is smaller than or equal to 0.2 cm?1.

Abstract: A silicon carbide single crystal substrate includes a first main surface and an orientation flat. The orientation flat extends in a <11-20> direction. The first main surface includes an end region extending by at most 5 mm from an outer periphery of the first main surface. In a direction perpendicular to the first main surface, an amount of warpage of the end region continuous to the orientation flat is not greater than 3 ?m.

Abstract: A bowed rotor prevention system for a gas turbine engine includes a bowed rotor prevention motor operable to drive rotation of the gas turbine engine through an engine accessory gearbox. The bowed rotor prevention system also includes a controller operable to engage the bowed rotor prevention motor and drive rotation of the gas turbine engine below an engine starting speed until a bowed rotor prevention threshold condition is met.

Abstract: A mill system broadly comprising a cutting system and a substrate feeder system. The cutting system broadly includes one or more bases, a mill frame, a mill housing, a motor, a power supply, a rotatable shaft, and a mill head. The mill frame supports the mill housing and may be vertically adjustable on the bases. The mill housing houses the motor, the rotatable shaft, and the mill head. The rotatable shaft transfers power from the motor to the mill head. The mill head may be a cylindrical drum or similar shape and includes a plurality of teeth formed of diamond carbide or similar material. The teeth may be positioned in a helical pattern around the mill head for evenly removing material from the substrate and may have different effective lengths for creating grooves in the substrate.

Abstract: Device for the artificial aging of stones with at least an aging channel arranged on a support, a vibration device to set the support in motion, and a conveying device to move the stone through the aging channel. The aging channel has at least a first and a second impacting surface, which apply the aging effect to the stone.

Abstract: A dressing blade for finishing and reconditioning new and used abrasive grinding and cutting tools has a slab-shaped shank with an extension protruding longitudinally from the shank. Superabrasive grains are disposed on the surface of the extension and held in place by a brazed metal composition. This composition is formed by brazing a powdered mixture of brazing metal components and active metal components. Specific extension configurations are provided which allow aligning the superabrasive grains in single layer arrangement for precise dressing and simple fabrication of the tool. The novel dressing tool exhibits excellent wear characteristics.

Abstract: A method for manufacturing a blazed diffraction grating made of a crystalline material comprising gallium phosphide (GaP) or gallium arsenide (GaAs) includes forming the blazed diffraction grating by forming a plurality of grating grooves on a machined surface of a workpiece by machining, wherein the grating grooves are formed so that a surface comprising a (110) plane is arranged to receive the most incident light among the surfaces that constitute each grating, where (110) describes a crystal orientation of the crystalline material.

Abstract: A method for manufacturing a blazed diffraction grating made of a crystalline material comprising zinc selenide (ZnSe) or zinc sulfide (ZnS) includes forming the blazed diffraction grating by forming a plurality of grating grooves on a machined surface of a workpiece by machining, wherein the grating grooves are formed so that a surface comprising a (110) plane is arranged to receive the most incident light among the surfaces that constitute each grating, where (110) describes a crystal orientation of the crystalline material.

Abstract: A sharpening apparatus having a slightly convexly or concavely curved abrasive surface, for use in sharpening woodworking tools or in other fields requiring such processing of precision parts or tools. The invention may further employ either cylindrical or conic abrasive surfaces. Cylindrical abrasive surfaces are desirable when a curvature of a fixed radius is desired, or where accuracy of the curvature radius is required. Conic or semi-conic surfaces may be used to enable a user, by means of short sharpening strokes, to achieve an approximate desired curvature among a range of possible curvatures provided along the length of the abrasive surface as the curvature radius progressively declines. In this way, one abrasive surface may be used to achieve a variety of curvatures.

Abstract: A universal dust shroud is mountable to many high speed gas powered concrete cutting saws while remaining strong and stable. The dust shroud is adjustable to properly fit the saw and effectively collect dust and debris.

Abstract: A method for manufacturing a silicon carbide substrate includes the steps of preparing an ingot of single crystal silicon carbide, obtaining a silicon carbide substrate by cutting the ingot, and forming a chamfer portion in a region including an outer peripheral surface of the silicon carbide substrate. In the step of obtaining the silicon carbide substrate, the ingot is cut such that a main surface of the silicon carbide substrate forms an angle of not less than 10° with respect to a {0001} plane.

Abstract: River rocks are used in a therapy regime whereby the river rocks are used to absorb excess oils from the skin of a user. In one method, river rocks are collected from a source (e.g., river or supplier), sorted for size and color, engraved with logo or other content, packaged and shipped to customers or retailers with instructions on use. Use comprises placement of the river rocks on oily portions of the user's skin for an appropriate time period allowing the river rock to absorb the excess oils. The river rocks are reusable after being washed with mild soap and water.

Abstract: A method and a plant are provided for calibrating surfaces of stone materials, suitable for working at least one slab (1) composed of an entry side and an exit side and of two parallel side edges; the slab (1) is pushed along the side edges through a conveyor belt and is subjected to the cutting action imparted by multiple tools equipped with a peripheral speed compatible with optimum cutting parameters for the stone material; the tools move along a predefined path along the surface of the slab (1), and the motion imparted by the conveyor belt and the predefined tool path is combined in order to completely cover the surface of the slab (1); the contact between the slab (1) and the tools is ensured simultaneously at least in one point on each of the two side edges of the slab (1).

Abstract: This invention relates to a process which may be automated for the manufacture of stone blocks for use as finished landscape stone blocks from quarry stone. The natural stone is quarried from the quarry and split into rectangular blocks, with squared ends and the top and bottom surfaces are ground with a plurality of grooves and ridges. The ridges are then removed and the blocks may be used to form an architectural wall. The process is also applicable to pavers, steps and coping stones.

Abstract: A golf putter head made of granite attached to a golf club shaft. The golf putter head may have a smooth polished front putter surface. The golf putter head may have center slot which is cut into the granite. The golf putter head may have a front, a rear, a right, and a left, wherein the golf putter head is tapered from the front to the rear, from the center to the left; and from the center to the right. The golf putter head may be made of single granite stone. The golf putter head may have a bore cut into the granite into which the shaft is inserted. The front putting surface may be formed by applying ultra fine sand paper in the range of 1000 to 1500 using the United States CAMI (Coated Abrasive Manufacturers Institute) grit designations. The method may further include cutting a slot into the golf putter head, wherein the slot is substantially perpendicular to the smooth front putting surface.

Abstract: A tool for creating uniform thickness around the edge of a stone slab for seaming or profiling thereof. The tool is used with portable routers or other handheld machines. A spindle side spacer, bearing assembly and blade side spacer establish a fixed depth at which the cutting blade is set from the base of the machine. This fixed depth creates a uniform thickness when the tool is used on the edge of a stone slab.

Abstract: Improperly mounted wafer saw blades can damage wafers cut or diced with the blades. Embodiments of this invention employ sensors to measure a distance to the blade to help indicate if the blade is improperly mounted. In one method of the invention, a the distance to the blade face is measured as the blade is rotated and a variance in this measured distance is determined. If the variance is no greater than a predetermined maximum, the blade may be used to cut the wafer. In one apparatus of the invention, a wafer saw include a blade and a sensor. The sensor is adapted to monitor a distance to a face of the rotating blade. A processor coupled to the sensor may indicate if the distance to the face of the blade as it rotates deviates too far from a baseline position of the blade face.

Abstract: A method to create blocks having a weathered and aged look by modifying the blocks before they are cured. Green blocks exiting a block forming machine are conveyed along a path past brush elements which scrub block mix from the upper longitudinal corners of the formed, uncured blocks. The blocks are also passed longitudinally over tooth elements which irregularly remove block mix from the lower longitudinal corners of the green blocks. The modified green blocks are moved to a kiln for curing.

Abstract: The facing machine for hard-fired ceramic tiles comprises: a structure for supporting, and setting the cutting depth of, at least one pair or rotary rollers at a grooving station, the axis of the rollers lying transverse to the infeed path of the tiles as carried on a belt transport; the rollers comprising a plurality of disks formed with diamond-tipped cutting teeth and a facing station comprising a plurality of vertical-axis grinding wheels with abrasive diamond-tipped tooling; the rollers are carried on a common supporting structure, being adjustable in height to set the tool cutting depth in the tile; the structure being pivotable about a parallel shaft to the work surface in a transverse direction to the feed direction of the surface, and being associated with a device for adjusting and inhibiting the pivotal movement of the structure in order to accommodate varying cutting diameters of the rollers at the station.

Abstract: Disclosed is a dual-cutting method devoid of useless strokes of cutting blades across a workpiece. The work piece has cross lines drawn in the form of lattice, and it is divided into the intermediate and opposite side zones. Two lines of substantially equal length are selected in the intermediate zone to be cut simultaneously every time the two cutting blades have been moved line-to-line distance for indexing. One of the two cutting blades is allotted to one of the opposite side zones, and the other cutting blade is allotted to the other side zone. As is the case with the cutting in the intermediate zone, two lines of substantially equal length are selected in the opposite side zones to be cut simultaneously every time the two cutting blades have been moved line-to-line distance for indexing.

Abstract: A method for dividing a semiconductor wafer into chips according to the present invention is a method for dividing a semiconductor wafer into a large number of semiconductor chips, the semiconductor wafer having a semiconductor layer formed on a substrate. A first method includes the step of forming a blast-resistant mask on a surface of the semiconductor wafer, the blast-resistant mask having a pattern for leaving a grid-like exposed portion as it is and the step of blasting a fine particular blast material to thereby form dividing grooves reaching a predetermined depth of the substrate in the grid-like exposed portion.

Abstract: A dressing center with a roller unit wherein a saw blade is smoothed. The saw blade is led centrically to an ideal plane between corresponding roller pairs. Each roller pair has a roller with a convex running surface and a roller with a concave running surface. The upper rollers are mounted in corresponding bearing blocks. The bearing blocks have threaded sleeves into which the threaded spindles engage. The threaded spindles are driven by stepper motors. The stepper motors are activated as a function of measured unevennesses. Movement of the upper rollers is achieved as a distance proportionally to the measured unevennesses. With a distance-proportional correction, the smoothing is practically achieved in one operating cycle, directly to a desired final measure. The continuously bearing roller pairs result in a method that functions with an extremely low noise level.

Abstract: A dressing center with a roller unit wherein a saw blade is smoothed. The saw blade is led centrically to an ideal plane between corresponding roller pairs. Each roller pair has a roller with a convex running surface and a roller with a concave running surface. The upper rollers are mounted in corresponding bearing blocks. The bearing blocks have threaded sleeves into which the threaded spindles engage. The threaded spindles are driven by stepper motors. The stepper motors are activated as a function of measured unevennesses. Movement of the upper rollers is achieved as a distance proportionally to the measured unevennesses. With a distance-proportional correction, the smoothing is practically achieved in one operating cycle, directly to a desired final measure. The continuously bearing roller pairs result in a method that functions with an extremely low noise level.

Abstract: The invention applies to a diamond dresser consisting of a rotary symmetric body on whose circumference and/or face is applied randomly distributed diamond particles. It is the task of the invention to use simple means to reduce the abrasion on the circumference of the dresser, and thus to achieve a substantial increase in the operational life of the dresser. The invention holds that closely-spaced radial running grooves that stretch to the circumferential edge of one face of the dresser in which oblong diamonds are inserted and fastened, or that in the circumferential edge tightly-spaced radial recesses are formed into which oblong diamonds are inserted and fastened. These oblong diamonds are radially arranged and their ends protrude beyond the circumference of the rotary symmetric body. The oblong diamonds substantially reduce abrasion to the circumference of the rotary symmetric body.

Abstract: A method for cutting a ceramic base plate with which the process efficiency is improved, a stable cutting resistance can be maintained during the cutting process, and excellent process precision can be achieved, a wherein supporting plate which is used for the cutting of the ceramic base plate has a structure of a sealed surface layer which has been impregnated with glass components into both surfaces of the sintered porous alumina body. The supporting plate is fixed on a stage of a cutting machine along a forward direction of the rotary cutting blade through a vacuum-absorption and the ceramic base plate as a work-piece is wax-bonded to the supporting plate. While rotating the rotary cutting blade, first of all, the supporting plate is cut so that the blade is dressed/sharpened with the sintered porous alumina body.

Abstract: A ceramics dress substrate of the present invention capable of both performances of cutting a cut material with a high accuracy and dressing a diamond cutting grindstone with an excellent cutting property and an reduced wearing amount of the grindstone. This ceramics dress substrate comprises sintering a mixture of ceramics grinding particles and a silicate mineral, The ceramics grinding particles are preferably uniformed and have a scratch hardness ranging from 6 to 10. Alumina grinding particles, silicon carbide and mullite are preferably used as the ceramics grinding particles, and a kaolin mineral, pyrophyllite, montmorillonite, sericite, talc and chlorite are preferably used as the silicate mineral. The ceramics dress substrate is preferably coated with glass.

Abstract: A photo-reactive grinding wheel 1 is irradiated with light by a light irradiation device 2 which is provided opposite to the grinding wheel, to bring about a chemical reaction and change in property, and dissolved/removed by a solution 4. Simultaneously, a workpiece 5 is processed by the photo-reactive grinding wheel 1. Thus, processing can be performed without causing clogging in the grinding wheel of a resin bond containing fine abrasive grains, high-grade surface roughness can be realized, and processing efficiency is relatively high. The controllability of the dressing is excellent, automation of dressing and in-process dressing can also be realized, a system which contains no metal ion in the whole processing can be designed, an expensive device is not required, and handling is easy.

Abstract: A concrete slab for forming blocks for a retaining wall comprises a prism having parallel top and bottom surfaces, and opposed parallel side walls, and end walls, the prism has an X axis in the longitudinal direction extending between the end walls, a Y axis in the width direction extending between the side walls, and a Z axis perpendicular to the X and Y axes extending between the top and bottom surfaces. A first dividing line extends parallel to the X axis from one end wall to the other end wall in order to define a separating plane bisecting the prism. At least a pair of dividing lines extend parallel to the Y axis of the prism from the first dividing line to each of the opposite side walls, wherein the second dividing lines are parallel to each other but offset therefrom, whereby upon separating the slab along the first and second dividing lines, at least four blocks in the form of rectilinear prisms having different dimensions in the X axis will be formed.

Abstract: A radius dresser is provided including a base removably secured to a recipient surface. Also included is a cutting tip holder rotatable and radially slidable with respect to the base. The holder is selectively fixed with respect to the base. The holder has a cutting tip situated along a radius which remains along a direction in which the cutting tip holder is slidable.

Abstract: Apparatus for holding and storing sharpening stones that includes a water-tight reservoir which is open at the top and contains an integral supporting lip, bars that span the open top of the reservoir and are received within recesses in the reservoir sides, clamps on the rod to securely hold a sharpening stone in place, a lapping plate that rests within the integral supporting lip of the reservoir, and a dust cover which fits securely over the open top of the reservoir.

Abstract: A machine for grinding large balls, in particular of natural or artificial stone, comprises a dish-shaped grinding tool and an arrangement for moving a ball blank in the grinding tool; the grinding tool is arranged vertically above the ball blank which is mounted and rotated on rollers; the ball blank and the grinding tool are pressed resiliently against each other.

Abstract: A low cost apparatus and method for centering a grinding and cutting apparatus on the face of the spigot or a bell of a reinforced or non-reinforced concrete pipe, manhole riser, or the like. It is mechanical to avoid the expense and uncertainty of hydraulic sensing systems. The four contact guides, one in each quadrant, are each mounted at the lower portion of one of four guide arms, each centrally pivoted to the rotatable support of the machine and each having an upper portion above the pivot connected by an elongated link to one of a pair of rotatable pivot plates. Hydraulic pistons and cylinders maintain a yieldable resistance to turning of the pivot plates.

Abstract: Method and apparatus for producing a concrete panel having a fractured rib finish is disclosed. A quantity of relatively low slump concrete mixture is cast upon a pallet in the form of a panel and is extruded to define projecting ribs and channels. The casting is permitted to harden until the concrete becomes rigid but not completely set. Thereafter an array of wedges secured to a carriage assembly is drawn along the length of the panel with each wedge disposed in shearing engagement with edge portions of an adjacent pair of ribs. Each wedge includes a shoulder portion wider than the channel for shearing and forcibly displacing portions of the ribs as the wedge is drawn through the channel. Means are provided for propelling the carriage assembly along the length of the panel and in a direction parallel to the orientation of the ribs. A concrete panel having a fractured rib finish produced by the method of the invention is similar in appearance to a concrete panel having a manually hammered rib finish.