Abstract: Semiautomatic food frying apparatus is disclosed which provides apparatus which may be easily and safely operated to prepare small portions of various food products. In one embodiment, the food frying apparatus includes an upright cabinet with a fan assembly mounted to exhaust air through the top of the cabinet while drawing air in, through and from the lower portion of the cabinet. A removable one-piece filter unit is positioned in the path of air flow to remove odors, gases, smoke, etc. . . . from the air before the air is exhausted back into the room. The removable filter includes a paper filter together with activated charcoal particles configured as an integral unit. In another embodiment, the fan assembly and filter unit are replaced by a closed-loop air cleaning system which does not discharge the internal air of the apparatus into the room. A container for holding a supply of cooking oil is located in the lower portion of the cabinet.

Abstract: This disclosure relates to an aircooled heat exchanger including first and second sets of tubes that carry a fluid to be cooled. One end of each tube is connected to an inlet header and the other end is connected to an outlet header. Each tube includes first and second longitudinal portions which are joined or connected by an intermediate bent portion. The tubes are arranged in the flow path of a cooling air flow. The first portions of the first set of tubes are located upstream, with respect to the direction of air flow, relative to the second portions of the first set and relative to the first portions of the second set, and the second portions of the second set are located upstream relative to the first portions of the second set and to the second portions of the first set. This offset relation of portions of the tubes substantially equalizes the heat exchange with the air.

Abstract: A heat exchange device is disclosed in the form of a condenser for vapors containing non-condensible gases. Mechanical shutter members in the form of air foils are pivotally mounted in the exhaust stacks of the condenser for selectively blocking the exhaust stack to prevent back draft through the condenser when the respective air circulation fan thereof is inoperative. In one form of the invention, the condenser includes air recirculation ducts which also can be selectively closed by dampers to prevent back draft through the return ducts when the respective air recirculation fan is inoperative.

Abstract: An assembly and method provide for the simultaneous heating of process inlet water from a clean water source, and condensing of a condensable gas using the process inlet water and a closed loop of condensing water. A plurality of pairs of condenser plates are disposed in an annular array in a vertical cylindrical vessel. First and second liquid inlets are disposed at the top of the vessel separated by a radially extending fixed baffle, and first and second liquid outlets are disposed at the bottom of the vessel separated by a radially extending fixed baffle. A condensable gas passes through the interiors of the pairs of condensing plates. Movable top and bottom baffles are rotatable through arcs to change the number of condensing plates operatively communicating the first liquid inlet with respect to the second liquid inlet, the liquid flowing between the first liquid inlet and outlet being always segregated from the liquid flowing between the second liquid inlet and outlet.

Abstract: There is disclosed a mechanical draft, vacuum steam condenser for use in steam turbine power plant service which permits the operator to turn selected air moving fans on or off in order to control the quantity of air flow over the tubes of the tube bundles without interfering with the removal of non-condensible gases from the bundles serviced by the other fans.

Abstract: In an air-cooled steam condenser (2, 2'), each tube of a bundle (8, 8') of finned heat exchange tubes, arranged parallel to each other and horizontally, and connecting a steam dispensing manifold (4, 4') to an outlet manifold (5, 5'), is in the form of a coil including three finned elements (12, 13, 14) which are arranged horizontally and parallel to each other in consecutive rows relative to the direction of the cooling air flow (11, 11'), and which are connected together by two elbow fittings (15, 16) positioned at an angle with a positive slope so as to facilitate the drainage of the condensate.

Abstract: Condensing exhaust steam by conveying a stream of the exhaust steam under vacuum to a base cooling tower to condense the steam so long as the heat rejection capacity of the base cooling tower is adequate to condense the steam; supplementing the base cooling tower, when it provides inadequate cooling, by contemporaneously also withdrawing cold cooling water from a cold water reservoir and injecting the cooling water into the stream of exhaust steam under vacuum to condense a portion of the steam to water such that the remaining portion of the steam is condensed to water in the base cooling tower; withdrawing hot condensed water from the exhaust steam stream and feeding a portion thereof to a hot reservoir; withdrawing hot cooling water from the hot reservoir, when the cooling tower capacity is adequate to decrease the temperature of the exhaust steam to below the temperature of the hot cooling water in the hot reservoir, and subjecting the withdrawn hot cooling water to the exhaust steam vacuum to cool the hot

Abstract: An air to air heat exchanger maximizes the space that is available for cooling process air while keeping the pressure drop of the process air through the heat exchanger at a minimum and at the same time utilizes easily available components for manufacture. A pair of headers are provided in the air to air heat exchanger and the headers are connected with a plurality of tubes arranged in a triple tube arrangement such that there are a plurality of sets of three tubes in each set. The sets of tubes are spaced along the length of the headers. Each of the tubes are bent into an "S" shape so each tube has three lengths or sections extending from side to side of the heat exchanger between the input header and output header.

Abstract: A wet surface air cooling system is disclosed and includes a primary cooling unit having a bundle of heat exchanger tubes. Water is directed over the bundle of heat exchanger tubes and is collected in a collection basin. A secondary cooling tower is provided and a closed circulatory loop draws a portion of the water from the collection basin and directs the water to the secondary cooling tower to increase the cooling capacity of the system. The secondary cooling tower is rendered operative automatically upon sensing a particular temperature of the water in the circulation system of the primary cooling unit.

Abstract: Method and apparatus for improving the operation of forced-air-cooled steam condensors having a bank of air-cooled heat exchangers connected between steam lines and condensate conduits. Air is forced through the heat exchangers by fans and shutters are provided to either discharge the spent air to atmosphere or to recirculate the spent air into the fan inlets to mix with fresh outside air. The steam pressure in the steam line is sensed along with the temperatures of the condensate in each exchanger and of outside air. The condensate conduits are in the recirculation path of spent air, and the fan is adjustable to control the quantity of air forced through the exchangers. By controlling the shutters and the fans in response to the pressure and temperatures, a highly-efficient cooling effect is achieved.

Abstract: A heat exchange comprises a battery of rectilinear tubes of synthetic plastic material connected at their respective ends to headers. At least one of the headers is fixed to the wall of the tower and the remainder of the exchanger is mounted by suspension members to allow free expansion of the tubes of the battery.

Abstract: An air cooled dry cooling tower (10) has two sets of heat exchange assemblies (14,15) whose radiator surface (16) (e.g. tubular bundles) is substantially horizontally disposed, generally in the form of two frustra of cones whose axes are on or near the vertical tower center-line, the frustra being placed one on top of the other, in opposite directions, such that a section through the radiator surfaces is V-shaped. The angle of the tubular bundles can be varied to minimize the angle of incidence of the prevailing wind conditions and to avoid excessive fouling of the finned surface of the tubes in the bundles.

Abstract: The invention relates to a low pressure heat exchanger for use in an environment where metal parts would be subject to corrosion or scaling comprising a plurality of vertically disposed mutually parallel membranes acting as heat transfer surfaces and including fluid distributors and dispensing nozzles disposed near the top edge of the membranes so as to distribute hot liquid as a falling film down the membrane surface. From a second distributor set, a second liquid may be passed down the opposite surface of each membrane to provide liquid-to-liquid heat transfer. A draft producing device is employed to either allow a gas to flow directly over the heat transfer membrane or over the second liquid as it falls down the membrane surface to obtain a liquid-to-gas heat transfer or evaporative cooling of the second liquid.

Abstract: In ambient-air heat absorbers composed of many heat exchanger elements arranged one above another, the flowing air often flows too smoothly through the intermediate spaces, so that the heat exchange takes place only incompletely. As a result of the insertion of lattice grids onto the (smooth) surface of the heat exchanger elements, this uniform flow is varied. The result of this is a greater absorption of heat by the absorber.

Abstract: In an evaporative cooler having a casing, a multi-layer type contact body and means for supplying water to selected channels in the contact body, the top edges of the contact body are formed to define outwardly widened openings communicating with only selected channels in the body. The water supply means supplies water to only some of the openings so that alternating channels on the contact body are passed with both water and air and the remainder only with air. As a result the formation of mist at the discharge end of the cooler can be avoided.

Abstract: This disclosure relates to an aircooled heat exchanger including first and second sets of tubes that carry a fluid to be cooled. One end of each tube is connected to an inlet header and the other end is connected to an outlet header. Each tube includes first and second longitudinal portions which are joined or connected by an intermediate bent portion. The tubes are arranged in the flow path of a cooling air flow. The first portions of the first set of tubes are located upstream, with respect to the direction of air flow, relative to the second portions of the first set and relative to the first portions of the second set, and the second portions of the second set are located upstream relative to the first portions of the second set and to the second portions of the first set. This offset relation of portions of the tubes substantially equalizes the heat exchange with the air.

Abstract: A wet/dry steam condenser in accordance with the present invention includes two spaced-apart, vertically aligned groups of heat pipes with each group having the lower, evaporator sections of their respective heat pipes exposed to the interior of an associated, longitudinally extending steam-receiving plenum. The upper, condensing section of each heat pipe is provided with fin structures and can be selectively cooled by a fan-induced air flow and/or deluge water supplied from either a flood water trough and/or a spray-head assembly.

Abstract: A wet/dry steam condenser in accordance with the present invention includes two spaced-apart, vertically aligned groups of heat pipes with each group having the lower, evaporator sections of their respective heat pipes exposed to the interior of an associated, longitudinally extending steam-receiving plenum. The upper condensing section of each heat pipe is cooled by a fan-induced air flow and has a portion that is finned. The other portion of the condensing section of each pipe is cooled by deluge water from either a flood water trough and/or a spray-head assembly in addition to being cooled by a fan-induced air flow.

Abstract: An improved recovery fan cylinder for mechanical draft water cooling towers is provided which is configured with an upper reflex angle recovery section above the fan blade which gives unexpected increases in velocity head recovery as compared with conventional frustoconoidal stacks. The reflex stack hereof includes first and second superposed portions above the blade which are respectively oriented so that the external surfaces thereof cooperatively define a reflex angle; in preferred forms, the lower portion lies at an angle of from about 15.degree. to 30.degree. relative to the central upright stack axis, whereas the upper portion is oriented at an angle of 0.degree.-10.degree. on the same basis. Test evidence demonstrates that the stack of the invention permits unexpected reductions in fan horsepower, as compared with typical prior art stacks.

Abstract: Heat transfer and exchange apparatus having a plurality of double-sheeted wettable flow-through pockets suspended from an overhead liquid supplying support in spaced apart and essentially parallel relationship. A downwardly flowing liquid curtain exists within the innerspace of each of the pockets, the liquid curtain bonding the wettable side-forming sheets of each pocket together through cohesive, adhesive and pressure forces. Flow characteristics within the liquid curtain automatically adjust to create a condition of zero pressure differential across each of the wettable sheets which form a pocket pair so that pressure inside and outside the pocket are equal at all unconfined points over the surfaces of the sheets irrespective of flow rate, temperature viscosity, density or composition of the liquid curtain.

Abstract: Device for mixing dry and humid air streams of a combined atmospheric cooler employing parallel air streams. The device comprises a wet exchange unit and a dry heat exchange unit which are disposed in parallel in the air stream. The device for mixing the dry and humid air streams comprises surfaces for deflecting the air streams disposed upstream of the wet heat exchange unit and is characterized in that the deflecting surfaces are constituted by at least one channel which is open in the direction of the air outlet of the cooler and which extends in the space located upstream of the wet heat exchange unit. The at least one channel extends from the region in which the humid air stream arrives adjacent the part of the dry heat exchange unit which is the nearest of said region and toward the center of the cooler.

Abstract: Apparatus and method comprising a base cooling system using a refrigeration cycle, a peak-shaving system using a secondary cooling liquid, and a regeneration system for the peak-shaving system secondary cooling liquid. A split or partitioned heat exchanger alternately condenses only the refrigerant in the base cooling system or it condenses that refrigerant and a refrigerant used to cool hot secondary cooling liquid.The apparatus can be used in power generating plants with the split heat exchanger located in a cooling tower.

Abstract: A heat exchanger for indirect recooling of a heat transfer medium, such as water, by air. The heat transfer medium has a relatively high heat transfer coefficient compared to that of air. The heat exchanger has two substantially parallel end walls or plates which are provided with holes. Associated with these end walls are side walls which are provided with inlet and outlet means for the heat transfer medium. Nonfinned tubes with air flowing therethrough are disposed between the end walls and are sealed thereagainst.

Abstract: There is disclosed apparatus for use in condensing steam from the turbine exhaust of a power plant or the like, comprising a steam condenser having means for circulating cooling medium therethrough in order to condense a portion of the steam from the turbine exhaust, a wet cooling tower in which the cooling medium is cooled by means of ambient air, and a dry cooling tower in which the other portion of the steam is condensed by means of ambient air.

Abstract: Radioactive liquids are stored in coils placed in tanks containing circulating cooling medium. The liquid in the coil is circulated by a fluidic pump. In the event of a failure in the pumps circulating the cooling medium the decay heat will cause the cooling medium to boil. A reflux condensor fitted to the tank prevents loss of cooling medium during such periods of pump malfunction.

Abstract: There are disclosed four embodiments of apparatus for use in condensing steam from the turbine exhaust of a power plant or the like, each comprising a steam condenser having means for circulating cooling medium therethrough in heat exchange relation with steam from the turbine exhaust, and wet and dry cooling towers in which the cooling medium is cooled by means of ambient air.

Abstract: Apparatus are provided for reducing detrimental wind influence on cooling towers by mounting at the air inlet to the towers a plurality of spaced baffles, each of which have continuous, smooth, curved, low wind resistance surfaces directed outwardly of the air inlet and high wind resistance surfaces directed toward the interior of the tower.

Abstract: An air cooling tower system for condensing exhaust steam in power plants, that has water cooling augmentation to maintain the plant cooling capacity during high atmospheric temperature periods. The cooling tower includes a plurality of banks of brazed aluminum plate and fin type heat exchangers arranged in inverted "V" shaped sets. These heat exchangers cool ammonia used as the cooling fluid in the primary condenser for the power plant turbine exhaust steam. Each of these heat exchangers has a core consisting of a plurality of parallel aluminum plates spaced apart by fin assemblies that define a plurality of fluid passes. Approximately every other one of these passes has closed sides that open at the ends of the core to headers and define ammonia passes. The passes adjacent the ammonia passes are open at the sides and define air passes that permit the free flow of air transversely through the heat exchanger cores.

Abstract: An air cooled heat exchanger provided with water distribution means for wetting the surfaces of air flow passages with a thin film of water, which by evaporation enhances the cooling of a fluid. The fluid flows through the heat exchanger in passages arranged in generally parallel, spaced apart layers. A series of metallic fin sheets, extending between the layers, maintain the separation between the layers and define a plurality of air passages. Water is distributed into the air passages as a liquid through slot means disposed on the edge of the layers, at the side where the air stream enters the heat exchanger. The air stream causes the water to spread in a thin film over the surfaces of the air passages, resulting in improved cooling of the fluid by evaporation of the water. Provision is made for collecting any excess water at the side of the heat exchanger where the air stream exits.

Abstract: A hot fluid stream is cooled by contacting it, in indirect heat exchange, with a base cooling fluid so long as the base cooling fluid accepts heat rejected from the hot fluid stream and adequately cools the same. When the cooling capacity of the base cooling fluid is inadequate supplemental cooling is provided contemporaneously and indirectly by contacting the hot fluid stream with a secondary cooling liquid which is cold thereby heating the secondary cooling liquid. The heated secondary cooling liquid is delivered to a hot reservoir for storage. The hot secondary cooling liquid is later removed from the hot reservoir, cooled and delivered to a cold reservoir for storage. The cold secondary cooling liquid is removed when needed from the cold reservoir and again delivered into indirect heat exchange with the hot fluid stream when the base cooling fluid provides inadequate cooling for the hot fluid stream.The base cooling fluid can be a refrigerant such as ammonia and the secondary cooling liquid can be water.

Abstract: A wet/dry cooling tower wherein a liquid to-be-cooled is flowed along channels of a corrugated open surface or the like, which surface is swept by cooling air. The amount of the surface covered by the liquid is kept small compared to the dry part thereof so that said dry part acts as a fin for the wet part for heat dissipation.

Abstract: Heat exchange units are disclosed for exchanging heat between at least one fluid, for example water, and a gas, for example air, comprising at least one battery of heat exchange tubes which are parallel to each other and extend generally vertically and in which circulates one of the fluids. The gas, such as air, passes between the tubes of the battery generally transversely of the heat exchange tubes, and means are provided for selectively spraying a liquid on the heat exchanger tubes. The heat exchange units may be employed in atmospheric natural draft, or forced draft coolers, or cooling towers, or combinations of such draft-producing means may be employed in a single cooling tower.

Abstract: A cooling tower in which the heat exchangers are arranged to form radially spaced concentric vertical cylinder walls, with air shields being positioned between the concentric cylinder walls to direct air flow through the exchangers. The air shields are upwardly inclined toward the tower center to approximate natural air flow.

Abstract: There is disclosed a heat exchanger having one or more bundles of tubes through which steam or other vapor is passed and comprising horizontally arranged rows of tubes each of which is connected to a separate outlet header. Condensate from the outlet headers of each bundle is drained into a pot having individual water leg seals which isolate vapor pressure within such outlet headers from one another. The outlet headers are of generally rectangular cross section and staggered in a horizontal direction, with the lower end of each successive outlet header to be contacted by air extending below the upper end of the preceding outlet header. The tubes of each such successive row of tubes are longer than those of the preceding row to be contacted by air and extend over the upper end of the outlet header connecting with the tubes of the preceding row of tubes.

Abstract: A two-stage process, and the apparatus for practicing the process, for cooling process gas are disclosed. The process gas is firstly air-cooled by convection to a temperature above the dew point of naphthalene and finally cooled to the desired discharge temperature by heat exchange with a cooling liquid. The condensed portion of the process gas resulting from the first cooling stage may be utilized to flush the gas conduits of the liquid heat exchanger of the second stage, followed by a recirculation of that condensed portion of the coke oven gas either back through the second stage or by introduction into the stream of process gas prior to its introduction into the first cooling stage.

Abstract: Cooling equipment is disclosed as having an axial flow fan whose blades are restrained from excessive bending in an axial direction.

Abstract: An air-cooled heat exchanger for cooling industrial liquids, particularly such which have a tendency to form deposits at least when the temperature thereof drops below a given level, includes a plurality of externally ribbed hollow cooling sections which are arranged in a plurality of parallel rows each including a multitude of the cooling sections, and a plurality of connecting sections which so communicate the cooling sections with one another as to form at least two separate sets of interconnected sections the cooling sections of which alternate with one another in each of the rows. The sections are so interconnected that the liquid to be cooled will flow through each of the sets in each of the rows and between the rows in a meandering path and in a mutual cross-countercurrent with respect to the flow of cooling air which is advanced by a blower transversely of and past the cooling sections. The throughput rate of the blower may be controlled in dependence on the exit temperature of the cooled liquid.

Abstract: A heat exchange apparatus in which each of a plurality of thermal siphon pipes has an upper portion extending in an upper heat exchange section and a lower portion extending in a lower heat exchange section. Each pipe is closed at its ends and contains a heat transfer fluid so that when a hot fluid is passed through the lower heat exchange section, the heat is transferred from the hot fluid to the heat exchange fluid. A cool fluid is passed through the upper heat exchange section to remove the heat from the heat exchange fluid.

Abstract: A cooling tower comprising at its lower portion, beneath an exchange surface, a catch basin receiving the cooled water and having an aperture formed therein, a vertical-axis fan mounted in the aperture being adapted to draw air from beneath the basin and force it upwards through the tower, a conventional water streaming mechanism being provided at the upper portion of the tower.

Abstract: A heat exchanger for indirect recooling of a heat transfer medium, such as water, by air. The heat transfer medium has a relatively high heat transfer coefficient compared to that of air. The heat exchanger has two substantially parallel end walls or plates which are provided with holes. Associated with these end walls are side walls which are provided with inlet and outlet means for the heat transfer medium. Non-finned tubes with air flowing therethrough are disposed between the end walls and are sealed thereagainst.

Abstract: A water cooling tower and method which provides for both wet and dry cooling within the same vertical space and significantly reduces the discharge of water particles out of the tower. Water is deposited on one side of each of a plurality of trickler plates and flows downwardly under the influence of gravity substantially undisturbed as a low speed film. Air flows at low speed by natural draught in a substantially undisturbed path on the other side of each of the plates. Important dimensional ratios and construction details are disclosed.

Abstract: A counterflow evaporative heat exchanger comprises a vertical conduit in which a coil assembly is positioned. A fluid to be cooled or condensed passes through the coil assembly while water is sprayed downwardly over it and air is blown upwardly through it. The coil assembly comprises a plurality of tubes which at each level in the assembly are spaced apart from each other in the horizontal direction by an amount greater than the diameter of the tubes. This has been found to improve heat transfer in comparison to counterflow evaporative heat exchangers using closely packed coil assemblies.

Abstract: A rotor for a gas-liquid heat exchange device that comprises a plurality of spaced heat absorbent elements mounted on a rotary shaft. The shaft is adapted to be rotated continuously between a hot liquid and a cool gas in order that heat contained in the hot liquid is first absorbed by the elements and then, as the elements rotate, the heat of the elements is transferred to the cooler gas for dissipation into the surrounding air.

Abstract: A cooling system for rejecting waste heat consists of a cooling tower incorporating a plurality of coolant tubes provided with cooling fins and each having a plurality of cooling channels therein, means for directing a heat exchange fluid from the power plant through less than the total number of cooling channels to cool the heat exchange fluid under normal ambient temperature conditions, means for directing water through the remaining cooling channels whenever the ambient temperature rises above the temperature at which dry cooling of the heat exchange fluid is sufficient and means for cooling the water.

Abstract: Cooling tower having an outer peripheral wall provided with blowers spaced about the periphery thereof at a lower region thereof, the blowers being formed with annular inlet openings for cooling air, the cooling tower further including means defining closable openings disposed between the annular inlet openings.

Abstract: The invention relates to assisted flow ventilation heat exchanger systems which comprise heat exchangers disposed at the bottom of a cooling tower with a fan assisted flow and wherein the exchangers are disposed in such a way that they fulfill a distributor function for the fan, i.e. they provide an angular momentum to the cooling fluid which is such as to counteract the angular momentum provided by the fan.

Abstract: An air-cooled tower for cooling of fluid wherein a vortex is established within a vertically standing cylinder.Air entering through the upper portion of the cylinder is directed tangentially and downwardly, establishing a downwardly flowing vortex which is reversed at the bottom forming a smaller diameter intense upwardly flowing vortex. Additional air is induced through the center of the cylinder at the bottom. Heat exchange between the fluid to be cooled and the air is through indirect heat exchange surface or direct injection of the fluid. Evaporative cooling is accelerated due to the turbulent conditions, and the centrifugal action reduces the water carryover in the airstream exiting from the top of the cylinder. A turbine-fan combination centrally located at the bottom of the cylinder permits supplementing the airflow under low-wind conditions and extracting energy from the induced airflow under high wind conditions.

Abstract: Air moving mechanism is provided for equipment such as direct or indirect heat exchange cooling towers. Conventional cross-sectionally elliptical eased inlet structure leading to a fan opening or cylinder surrounding a rotary fan air mover is replaced by a much simpler, less costly, apertured airflow modifying baffle member which functions to define an invisible eased inlet for the fan. The specially shaped aperture in the baffle member is configured and arranged relative to the fan cylinder inlet to cause air removed from the tower casing and directed toward the fan to follow a transition path between the baffle member and fan opening or cylinder which generally conforms to and substantially fills the opening or cylinder inlet around the entire circumference thereof.

Abstract: A power plant system utilizing a zoned or multipressure condenser or cooling tower whose different zones are air-cooled in a dry manner. The zoned condenser may condense motive cycle fluid by passing it directly through air-cooled heat exchange conduits or by passing a dense fluid through an intermediate, zoned condenser where it boils as it absorbs heat from the cycle fluid and then through the aforementioned zoned, cooling tower. A separate coolant circuit is used between each intermediate condenser zone and the cooling tower. Each intermediate condenser zone is maintained at a predetermined pressure by the coolant flowing through one of the coolant circuits and transporting heat therewith from the intermediate condenser to air flowing through the dry cooling tower. To obtain different boiling and condensing temperatures in the coolant circuits different coolants or different coolant pressures must be utilized therein.

Abstract: A highly effective and efficient dry cooling system for dissipating waste heat of a steam-electric generating power plant. The dry cooling system includes an assembly of cells or modules having passively acting heat pipes installed in a Y configuration in each module. These heat pipes thermally couple the exhaust steam from a turbine flowing in a graded duct with the atmosphere. A large fan mounted at the top of each module is driven to induce air flow past exterior heat pipe portions of the module to dissipate heat picked up from the steam in the duct. The steam condensate flows down the graded duct and collects in a hot well for return as boiler feedwater. Steam from the boiler drives the turbine and is exhausted into the graded duct to repeat the cycle.