Abstract: An autocatalytic process for producing fatty acids from fatty acids methyl esters with an overall conversion higher than 90% which includes multiple hydrolysis reactions in series, in purely thermal conditions, with intermediate separation of phases after each hydrolysis reaction and before the subsequent, operating in excess of water, in order to separate the methanol/water phases from the equilibrium phase and favor the formation of fatty acids product.

Abstract: Methods for the selective hydrogenation of acetylenic compounds in a product stream that includes isoprene. A method of selectively hydrogenating an acetylenic hydrocarbon in the presence of isoprene may include obtaining a hydrocarbon mixture comprising an acetylenic hydrocarbon, isoprene, and butadiene or cyclopentadiene, or both. If cyclopentadiene is present, the hydrocarbon mixture may comprise greater than 2 wt. % cyclopentadiene. The method may further include contacting the hydrocarbon mixture and hydrogen (H2) with a hydrogenation catalyst under reaction conditions that are more selective to the hydrogenation of the acetylenic hydrocarbon than the isoprene.

Abstract: The present disclosure provides a method and a system for refining long chain dicarboxylic acid, said method comprising the following steps: (1) subjecting a long chain dicarboxylic acid fermentation broth or a treated liquid therefrom to a membrane filtration, an acidification/crystallization, a solid-liquid separation and drying to give a long chain dicarboxylic acid crude product; (2) subjecting the long chain dicarboxylic acid crude product to a vacuum distillation to give the long chain dicarboxylic acid product; wherein the pressure in the vacuum distillation is ?100 Pa. By using the refining method according to the present disclosure, the procedure is simplified, and the purity of the obtained product is high, and the disadvantages such as poor quality of the product obtained by crystallization from a solvent and environment pollution caused by a solvent can be overcome.

Abstract: Process for isolating pure 2-ethylhexyl acrylate or pure 2-propylheptyl acrylate from the corresponding crude alkyl acrylate by distillation, wherein the process is carried out in a dividing wall column (1) which has separation-active internals and vaporizer (7) and in which a dividing wall (8) is arranged in the longitudinal direction of the column to form an upper joint column region (9), a lower joint column region (14), an inflow section (10, 12) having a side feed point (2) and an offtake section (11, 13) having a side offtake point (3), the column has a number of theoretical plates in the range from 10 to 60, where the number of theoretical plates of the dividing wall column (1) relates to the sum of the theoretical plates in the joint upper column region (9), the joint lower column region (14) and the inflow section (10, 12), the side feed point (2) for the corresponding crude alkyl acrylate is arranged at a theoretical plate in the region commencing at least two theoretical plates above the bottommost

Abstract: A device and method are disclosed to mix two or more liquids to reduce their viscosity, specific gravity or density. The device can also take a heavy fuel oil and following treatment, produce a lighter fuel oil. The invention also comprises a method and procedure for mixing two or more liquids as well as producing a lighter fuel oil from a heavy fuel oil.

Abstract: The invention relates to a process for purifying hydrocarbon mixtures, in which a contaminated hydrocarbon mixture comprising olefins having three to eight carbon atoms is at least partly freed of sulphur-containing contaminants by contacting it with a solid sorbent, the hydrocarbon mixture being exclusively in the liquid state during the contact with the sorbent. The problem that it addressed was that of virtually completely removing sulphur compounds present in the mixture without forming new sulphur compounds again at the same time. At the same time, 1-butene present therein was not to be lost in the purification of the mixture. Finally, the sorbent used was to have a high sorption capacity, be very substantially free of carcinogenic constituents and be readily available. This problem is solved by using a sorbent based on copper oxide, zinc oxide and aluminium oxide in a particular composition, and by conducting the purification in the presence of a small amount of hydrogen.

Abstract: A method for preparing polybutene includes the steps of: supplying a C4 mixture to an isomerization reactor in which (i) 1-butene is isomerized into 2-butene by a hydrogen isomerization reaction using an isomerization catalyst in an isomerization zone of the isomerization reactor and (ii) iso-butene and 2-butene are separated by fractional distillation in a fractional distillation zone; supplying a C4 mixture containing 2-butene which is separated in the isomerization reactor to a skeletal isomerization reactor, in which a part of normal-butene is skeletal isomerized into iso-butene by a skeletal isomerization reaction using a skeletal isomerization catalyst, and the obtained skeletal isomerization mixture is supplied and recycled to the isomerization reactor; and supplying (i) a raw material containing the iso-butene of high concentration and which is separated from the isomerization reactor and (ii) a polymerization catalyst to a polybutene polymerization reactor and thereby producing polybutene by a polyme

Abstract: Provided herein is a gaseous isoprene composition comprising isoprene, carbon dioxide and water, wherein the isoprene is in an amount between about 0.1% and about 15% by volume; wherein the carbon dioxide is in an amount between about 0.04% and about 35% by volume; wherein the water is in an amount greater than about 70% of its saturation amount. Also provided herein is a liquid isoprene composition comprising isoprene in an amount of at least 65% by weight and carbon dioxide in an amount between about 0.01% and about 1% by weight.

Abstract: The present disclosures and inventions relate to methods for the preparation of acetic acid via the oxidation of ethane, including the preparation of high purity acetic acid that comprises very low concentrations of formic acid impurity. More specifically, described herein are methods for producing acetic acid comprising: a. producing a crude acetic acid composition comprising formic acid from ethane via ethane oxidation; and then b. purifying the crude acetic acid composition by crystallization to remove formic acid to achieve a purified acetic acid composition; wherein the formic acid is present in the purified acetic acid composition in an amount less than 0.2% by weight, based on the total weight of the purified acetic acid composition.

Abstract: A method for treatment of produced water, particularly deoiled water, by evaporation. Methods use a vertical tube heat exchanger bundle where the brine is distributed in a falling film along the inside of the tube wall. Condensing steam causes a portion of the deoiled water to evaporate; this water vapor travels upward in a counterflow direction relative to the deoiled water. Evaporator sump volume is minimized, and evaporators may have a multi-piece construction to lower the center of gravity of an evaporator installation. This technology provides several advantages over conventional vertical tube co-current flow evaporators (where the vapor flows downward with the falling film). These advantages include a minimal total installed cost (TIC) and enhanced water chemistry management.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a process for obtaining food grade hexane, comprising: fractionating a hydrocarbon feed having a boiling point in the range of 50° C. to 140° C. to obtain a hydrocarbon fraction having boiling point in the range of 63° C. to 69° C. and having 3%-15% (wt/wt) of aromatic compounds content; extracting the hydrocarbon fraction by counter current solvent extraction using sulfolane as a solvent to obtain a first raffinate phase; extracting the first raffinate phase by co-current solvent extraction using sulfolane as a solvent to obtain a second raffinate phase; and washing the second raffinate phase with water to obtain a food grade hexane containing less than 100 ppm of aromatic compounds.

Abstract: Processes and systems for purifying ethylene oxide, including introducing a feed stream including ethylene oxide to a heat exchanger to heat the feed stream, feeding the heated feed stream to a distillation apparatus base below a first stage, removing from the distillation apparatus an impurity fraction as a top exit stream from the distillation apparatus located at a top take-off on the distillation apparatus, removing from the distillation apparatus an ethylene oxide stream of 99.7 weight percent purity, based on the total weight of the ethylene oxide stream, from the distillation apparatus, and removing from the distillation apparatus an aldehyde enriched fraction as a bottom stream from the distillation apparatus, where the aldehyde enriched fraction is fed directly to a glycol reactor.

Abstract: Distillative process for obtaining ditrimethylolpropane from solutions includes separating ditrimethylolpropane from the solution in a first distillation unit into a first tops fraction comprising low-boiling compounds having a lower boiling point than ditrimethylolpropane and a first bottoms fraction; introducing the first bottoms fraction into a second distillation unit having at least 5 theoretical plates, said unit being configured as a thin-film evaporator with a column attachement and drawing off a second tops fraction comprising intermediate-boiling compounds having a lower boiling point than ditrimethylolpropane as well as withdrawing a second bottoms fraction from the second distillation unit and introducing the second bottoms fraction into a third distillation unit having at least 4 theoretical plates, said unit being configured as a thin-film evaporator with a column attachement, such that ditrimethylolpropane is obtained as a third tops fraction and high boilers are removed as a third bottoms frac

Abstract: A compact and portable liquid concentrator and contaminant scrubber includes a gas inlet, a gas exit and a flow corridor connecting the gas inlet and the gas exit, wherein the flow corridor includes a narrowed portion that accelerates the gas through the flow corridor. A liquid inlet injects liquid into the gas stream at a point prior to the narrowed portion so that the gas-liquid mixture is thoroughly mixed within the flow corridor, causing a portion of the liquid to be evaporated. A demister or fluid scrubber downstream of the narrowed portion removes entrained liquid droplets from the gas stream and re-circulates the removed liquid to the liquid inlet through a re-circulating circuit. A reagent may be mixed with the liquid to react with contaminants in the liquid.

Abstract: A method for producing biofuels is provided. A method of making biofuels includes dewatering substantially intact algal cells to make an algal biomass, extracting neutral lipids from the algal biomass, and esterifying the neutral lipids with a catalyst in the presence of an alcohol. The method also includes separating a water soluble fraction comprising glycerin from a water insoluble fraction comprising fuel esters and distilling the fuel esters under vacuum to obtain a C16 or shorter fuel esters fraction, a C16 or longer fuel ester fraction, and a residue comprising carotenoids and omega-3 fatty acids. The method further includes hydrogenating and deoxygenating at least one of (i) the C16 or shorter fuel esters to obtain a jet fuel blend stock and (ii) the C16 or longer fuel esters to obtain a diesel blend stock.

Abstract: A click chemistry process to be performed with an automated synthesis device using a synthesis cassette includes the steps of performing a chemical reaction in a first vessel at a first elevated temperature, heating the first vessel to a second elevated temperature to cause distillation, delivering a distilled reaction product from the first vessel to a second vessel, performing a click chemistry reaction with the distilled reaction product in the second vessel, purifying the click chemistry product, and formulating a final product from the purified click chemistry product. A cassette and a kit of parts for performing the process are also provided.

Abstract: A method of processing stillage by hydrothermally fractionating stillage to create unique product fractions, by heating the stillage to a temperature of 250 degrees F. to 350 degrees F., and recovering a stickwater fraction from the stillage. Stickwater, oil, biomass, bio-products, extracts, metabolites, and treated water obtained from the method above. A method of performing ethanol fermentation by hydrothermally fractionating stillage to create unique product fractions by heating the stillage to a temperature of 250 degrees F. to 350 degrees F., separating the stillage into a ProFat fraction and a stickwater fraction, and recovering oil from the ProFat fraction.

Abstract: Processes for the preparation and purification of hydrofluoroolefins such as tetrafluorinated propenes. A process is provided for separating a first hydrofluoroolefin from a second hydrofluoroolefin by a) providing a mixture including a first hydrofluoroolefin and a second hydrofluoroolefin, which first hydrofluoroolefin is preferentially more reactive with an amine than the second hydrofluoroolefin; b) adding a sufficient amount of an amine to the mixture to form a combination including the second hydrofluoroolefin and a reaction product of the first hydrofluoroolefin and the amine; and then c) separating the reaction product from the combination. This is particularly useful for removing 1,2,3,3,3-pentafluoropropene (HFO-1225ye) impurities from the hydrofluoroolefin 2,3,3,3-tetrafluoropropene (HFO-1234yf). HFO-1234yf is a refrigerant with low global warming potential.

Abstract: The invention relates to a method for removing water from a mixture containing at least one compound having at least one group reactive towards isocyanate and containing water, the mixture being applied to the surface of a rotating body A, the mixture flowing over the surface of the rotating body A to an outer region of the surface of the rotating body A and water evaporating from the mixture. In particular, this method is suitable for removing water from alcohols and amines.

Abstract: Recovering high purity benzene from hydrocarbon feedstock containing aromatics and non-aromatics is implemented by simple and low-cost modifications to conventional extractive distillation columns (EDCs). Methyl cyclohexane (MCH) that is generated through non-selective hydrogenation of toluene in hydrodesulfurization (HDS) units is a major contaminant in benzene production. To meet MCH specifications, often times the extractive distillation (ED) process for recovering purified benzene is operated with excessive benzene loss to the overhead raffinate stream, producing a lower quality non-aromatic product.

Abstract: The present invention generally relates to the small-scale separation of a mixture of two or more components with different boiling points into enriched fractions. In some embodiments, a first and second fluid (e.g., a liquid and a gas, a liquid and a liquid, etc.) are passed through a channel. The first fluid may include at least two components, each with a unique boiling point. Upon contacting the first and second fluids within the channel, at least a portion of the most volatile of the components in the first fluid (i.e., the component with the lowest boiling point) may be transferred from the first fluid to the second fluid. In some instances, the transfer of the volatile component(s) from the first fluid to the second fluid may be expedited by heating, in some cases above the boiling point(s) of the component(s) to be transferred from the first fluid to the second fluid. Contact between the first and second fluids may be maintained, for example, via segmented flow, bubbling flow, etc.

Abstract: A polyethylene production process, comprising contacting ethylene and a polymerization catalyst under suitable reaction conditions to yield a polymerization product stream, separating a light gas stream from the polymerization product stream, wherein the light gas stream comprises ethane and unreacted ethylene, contacting the light gas stream with an absorption solvent system, wherein at least a portion of the ethylene from the light gas stream is absorbed by the absorption solvent system, removing unabsorbed gases of the light gas stream from contact with the absorption solvent system to form a waste gas stream, and recovering ethylene from the absorption solvent system.

Abstract: A mixture containing methyldichlorosilane, tetrachlorosilane, and trichlorosilane is distilled to fractionate a fraction with a higher content of methyldichlorosilane than the mixture before distillation. Subsequently, the fraction thus fractionated is heated to disproportionate chlorine between methyldichlorosilane and tetrachlorosilane to disproportionate methyldichlorosilane into methyltrichlorosilane. Subsequently, the fraction after disproportionation containing methyltrichlorosilane is purified by distillation to separate high-purity trichlorosilane. Having a close boiling point to that of trichlorosilane (32° C.), which is a target product to be purified by distillation, removal of methyldichlorosilane (boiling point of 41° C.) has been difficult. The present invention removes methyldichlorosilane more easily by converting it into methyltrichlorosilane (boiling point of 66° C.) through disproportionation of chlorine between methyldichlorosilane and tetrachlorosilane.

Abstract: A method for producing biofuels is provided that includes dewatering intact algal cells to make an algal biomass, extracting neutral lipids from the algal biomass, and esterifying the neutral lipids with a catalyst in the presence of an alcohol. The method also includes separating a water soluble fraction comprising glycerin from a water insoluble fraction comprising fuel esters and distilling the fuel esters under vacuum to obtain a C16 or shorter fuel esters fraction, a C16 or longer fuel ester fraction, and a residue comprising carotenoids and omega-3 fatty acids. The method further includes hydrodeoxygenating at least one of (i) the C16 or shorter fuel esters to obtain a jet fuel blend stock and (ii) the C16 or longer fuel esters to obtain a diesel blend stock. The method further includes supplying the hydrogenation and deoxygenation processes with hydrogen produced from reformed light hydrocarbons or an algae culture.

Abstract: A method for separating proteins from plant material, in particular, intact algal cells, using an amphipathic solvent set and a hydrophobic solvent set. Some embodiments include dewatering intact algal cells and then extracting proteins from the algal cells. The methods provide for single and multistep extraction processes which allow for efficient separation of algal proteins from a wet algal biomass. These proteins are high value products which can be used as renewable sources of food and food additives. Neutral lipids remaining in the algal biomass after extraction of proteins can be used to generate renewable fuels.

Abstract: Methods for selective extraction and fractionation of algal lipids and algal products are disclosed. A method of selective removal of products from an algal biomass provides for single and multistep extraction processes which enable efficient separation of algal components. Among these components are neutral lipids synthesized by algae, which are extracted by the methods disclosed herein for the production of renewable fuels.

Abstract: A method for producing biofuels is provided. A method of making biofuels includes dewatering substantially intact algal cells to make an algal biomass, extracting neutral lipids from the algal biomass, and esterifying the neutral lipids with a catalyst in the presence of an alcohol. The method also includes separating a water soluble fraction comprising glycerin from a water insoluble fraction comprising fuel esters and distilling the fuel esters under vacuum to obtain a C16 or shorter fuel esters fraction, a C16 or longer fuel ester fraction, and a residue comprising carotenoids and omega-3 fatty acids. The method further includes hydrogenating and deoxygenating at least one of (i) the C16 or shorter fuel esters to obtain a jet fuel blend stock and (ii) the C16 or longer fuel esters to obtain a diesel blend stock.

Abstract: A method for separating neutral lipids from plant material, in particular, intact algal cells, using an amphipathic solvent set and a hydrophobic solvent set. Some embodiments include dewatering intact algal cells and then extracting neutral lipids from the algal cells. The methods provide for single and multistep extraction processes which allow for efficient separation of algal neutral lipids from a wet algal biomass while avoiding emulsification of extraction mixtures. The neutral lipids are removed after first removing a polar lipid fraction and a protein fraction. These neutral lipids can be used to generate renewable fuels as well as food products and supplements.

Abstract: The present invention provides novel and advantageous processes for preparing and purifying pharmaceuticals The processes comprise a nucleophilic reaction wherein a modified leaving group LM, which has increased lipophilicity, of a vector in a nucleophilic reaction which offers a convenient and time-saving way to purify the product from non-reacted precursors vector-LM and by-products LM.

Abstract: Processes for making SA from either a clarified DAS-containing fermentation broth or a clarified MAS-containing fermentation broth that include distilling the broth under super atmospheric pressure at a temperature of >100° C. to about 300° C. to form an overhead that comprises water and ammonia, and a liquid bottoms that includes SA, and at least about 20 wt % water; cooling the bottoms to a temperature sufficient to cause the bottoms to separate into a liquid portion and a solid portion that is substantially pure SA; and separating the solid portion from the liquid portion. A method also reduces the broth distillation temperature and pressure by adding an ammonia separating and/or water azeotroping solvent to the broth.

Abstract: Processes comprising: providing a mixture comprising monoethylene glycol and diethylenetriamine; and subjecting the mixture to extractive distillation with a diethylenetriamine-selective solvent comprising triethylene glycol to provide a first stream comprising monoethylene glycol and a second stream comprising diethylenetriamine; wherein the first stream is substantially free of diethylenetriamine, and wherein the second stream is substantially free of monoethylene glycol.

Abstract: This invention relates to processes for producing acetic acid and, in particular, to improved processes for recovering C2+ alkyl halides and removing permanganate reducing compounds formed during the carbonylation of methanol in the presence of a Group VIII metal carbonylation catalyst to produce acetic acid.

Abstract: A method for producing biofuels is provided. A method of making biofuels includes dewatering substantially intact algal cells to make an algal biomass, extracting neutral lipids from the algal biomass, and esterifying the neutral lipids with a catalyst in the presence of an alcohol. The method also includes separating a water soluble fraction comprising glycerin from a water insoluble fraction comprising fuel esters and distilling the fuel esters under vacuum to obtain a C16 or shorter fuel esters fraction, a C16 or longer fuel ester fraction, and a residue comprising carotenoids and omega-3 fatty acids. The method further includes hydrogenating and deoxygenating at least one of (i) the C16 or shorter fuel esters to obtain a jet fuel blend stock and (ii) the C16 or longer fuel esters to obtain a diesel blend stock.

Abstract: A method for producing biofuels is provided. A method of making biofuels includes dewatering substantially intact algal cells to make an algal biomass, extracting neutral lipids from the algal biomass, and esterifying the neutral lipids with a catalyst in the presence of an alcohol. The method also includes separating a water soluble fraction comprising glycerin from a water insoluble fraction comprising fuel esters and distilling the fuel esters under vacuum to obtain a C16 or shorter fuel esters fraction, a C16 or longer fuel ester fraction, and a residue comprising carotenoids and omega-3 fatty acids. The method further includes hydrogenating and deoxygenating at least one of (i) the C16 or shorter fuel esters to obtain a jet fuel blend stock and (ii) the C16 or longer fuel esters to obtain a diesel blend stock.

Abstract: Processes for making SA from either a clarified DAS-containing fermentation broth or a clarified MAS-containing fermentation broth that include distilling the broth under super atmospheric pressure at a temperature of >100° C. to about 300° C. to form an overhead that comprises water and ammonia, and a liquid bottoms that includes SA, and at least about 20 wt % water; cooling the bottoms to a temperature sufficient to cause the bottoms to separate into a liquid portion and a solid portion that is substantially pure SA; and separating the solid portion from the liquid portion. A method also reduces the broth distillation temperature and pressure by adding an ammonia separating and/or water azeotroping solvent to the broth.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a process for purifying methacrylic acid, wherein the reaction mixture obtained by a reaction of methacrylamide with water is cooled by mixing with an aqueous medium and then passed into a phase separator. The present invention further describes a system for performing the process according to the invention.

Abstract: A system and method are disclosed for providing aqueous stream purification services. The system includes at least one separation unit. Each separation unit may include a mechanical vapor recompression separator, a steam stripper, and a secondary recovery heat exchanger. The system for wastewater purification may receive water from a waste water storage, purify the water, and return the purified water to a purified water storage. The system may include a controller. The controller may include an operating conditions module configured to interpret at least one operating condition.

Abstract: A system and method are disclosed for purifying a waste fluid stream. The system includes a recirculation pump having an inlet for a recirculation stream and an outlet to expel a pressurized stream. The system includes a compressor having an inlet for an evaporation stream and an outlet for a pressurized evaporation stream. A primary heat exchanger has inlets for the pressurized stream and the pressurized evaporation stream, an internal surface area for heat transfer from the evaporation stream to the pressurized stream, and outlets for a cooled product stream and a heated pressurized stream. The heated pressurized stream is formed by heating the pressurized stream and the cooled product stream is formed by cooling the evaporation stream. The system includes an evaporation unit having an inlet for the heated pressurized stream and outlets for an evaporation stream and the recycled liquid bottoms stream.

Abstract: Processes for the preparation and purification of hydrofluoroolefins such as tetrafluorinated propenes. A process is provided for separating a first hydrofluoroolefin from a second hydrofluoroolefin by a) providing a mixture comprising a first hydrofluoroolefin and a second hydrofluoroolefin, which first hydrofluoroolefin is preferentially more reactive with an amine than the second hydrofluoroolefin; b) adding a sufficient amount of an amine to the mixture to form a combination comprising the second hydrofluoroolefin and a reaction product of the first hydrofluoroolefin and the amine; and then c) separating the reaction product from the combination. This is particularly useful for removing 1,2,3,3,3-pentafluoropropene (HFO-1225ye) impurities from the hydrofluoroolefin 2,3,3,3-tetrafluoropropene (HFO-1234yf). HFO-1234yf is a refrigerant with low global warming potential.

Abstract: The present invention generally relates to the small-scale separation of a mixture of two or more components with different boiling points into enriched fractions. In some embodiments, a first and second fluid (e.g., a liquid and a gas, a liquid and a liquid, etc.) are passed through a channel. The first fluid may comprise at least two components, each with a unique boiling point. Upon contacting the first and second fluids within the channel, at least a portion of the most volatile of the components in the first fluid (i.e., the component with the lowest boiling point) may be transferred from the first fluid to the second fluid. In some instances, the transfer of the volatile component(s) from the first fluid to the second fluid may be expedited by heating, in some cases above the boiling point(s) of the component(s) to be transferred from the first fluid to the second fluid. Contact between the first and second fluids may be maintained, for example, via segmented flow, bubbling flow, etc.

Abstract: A method and an apparatus for removing sulfur hydrocarbon compounds from a naphtha stream and for simultaneously removing sulfur hydrocarbon compounds from two streams is described. A separator vessel having a top, a bottom, a primary feed inlet and a co-feed inlet is disposed vertically above the primary feed inlet. The separator vessel further includes a catalyst bed disposed between the co-feed inlet and the top. A primary feed stream comprising sulfur hydrocarbon compounds is delivered through the effluent inlet and a vaporized co-feed stream that also comprises sulfur hydrocarbon compounds is delivered through the co-feed inlet. Vaporized sulfur hydrocarbon compounds from the primary feed stream with the vaporized co-feed stream pass upwardly through the desulfurization catalyst bed. Sulfur hydrocarbon compounds from both primary feed and co-feed stream are at least partially converted to hydrogen sulfide and non-sulfur containing hydrocarbons in the catalyst bed.

Abstract: The invention relates to a process for conversion of a gasoline-range hydrocarbon feed into a gasoline fraction with a higher octane rating than that of the feedstream, and a gasoil fraction with a cetane number higher than 45, including the following steps: a) a membrane separation step (B) applied to the hydrocarbon feed under conditions enabling selective separation of the majority of the linear olefins present in said feed and constituting the ? fraction, the fraction containing the majority of the branched olefins, termed the ? fraction, constituting a gasoline with a high octane rating, greater than that of the feed; b) an oligomerisation step (C) applied to the linear olefins (? fraction) contained in the effluent stream from the membrane separation step (B) under moderate oligomerisation conditions; c) a distillation separation step (D) applied to the effluent stream arising from the oligomerisation step in at least two fractions; d) a hydrogenation step (E) applied to one of the fractions obtained at

Abstract: Processes and systems for purifying ethylene oxide, including introducing a feed stream including ethylene oxide to a heat exchanger to heat the feed stream, feeding the heated feed stream to a distillation apparatus base below a first stage, removing from the distillation apparatus an impurity fraction as a top exit stream from the distillation apparatus located at a top take-off on the distillation apparatus, removing from the distillation apparatus an ethylene oxide stream of 99.7 weight percent purity, based on the total weight of the ethylene oxide stream, from the distillation apparatus, and removing from the distillation apparatus an aldehyde enriched fraction as a bottom stream from the distillation apparatus, where the aldehyde enriched fraction is fed directly to a glycol reactor.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a composite for catalytic distillation, comprising a substrate material, and a modifying material and an active material, wherein said substrate material is made of porous materials, said modified material comprises at least one metal oxide, and said active material comprises an active component for a catalytic reaction. The catalytic distillation composite according to the present invention serves as both distillation packings and catalysts, and can allow catalysts to make the best of its efficiency, provide sufficient contact areas between gas and liquid phases, which facilitates mass transfer between gas and liquid phases, boosts effects in both reaction and separation and is liable for filling, removing and utilizing in industries.

Abstract: Propane and/or butanes are separated from a hydrocarbon feedstock contaminated with alkyl mercaptans by fractional distillation at such a pressure that the separated overheads stream containing said propane and/or butanes is at a temperature in the range 50 to 100° C. Sufficient oxygen is introduced into the hydrocarbon feedstock to oxidise the mercaptans therein and the resultant mixture is subjected to the fractional distillation in a column including at least one bed of a catalyst capable, under the prevailing conditions, of oxidising the mercaptans to higher boiling point sulphur compounds. These higher boiling point sulphur compounds are separated as part of the liquid phase from the distillation.

Abstract: A process is proposed for the distillation or reactive distillation of a mixture that includes at least one toxic component, the process being carried out in a column containing a structured packing, having at least one packing layer (1) having a lower end (2) and an upper end (3), the packing layer having an internal geometry varying over its height, in such a manner that in the distillation or reactive distillation, in a first, lower region (6) of the packing layer (1) a bubbling layer having a predominantly disperse gas phase can be established and simultaneously in a second, upper region (7) of the packing layer (1) a film flow having a predominantly continuous gas phase can be established.

Abstract: A toner process comprising the aggregation and coalescence of an amorphous polyester, a crystalline polyester and a colorant, and wherein the coalescence is conducted at a temperature that is about lower than the melting point temperature of the crystalline polyester.

Abstract: It is an object of the present invention to provide, in the case of producing an aromatic carbonate through a reactive distillation system using a continuous multi-stage distillation column from a dialkyl carbonate and an aromatic monohydroxy compound, a specific process that enables the aromatic carbonate to be produced stably for a prolonged period of time on an industrial scale of not less than 1 ton/hr, while efficiently separating out a by-produced alcohol. Although there have been various proposals regarding processes for the production of aromatic carbonates by means of a reactive distillation method, these have all been on a small scale and short operating time laboratory level, and there have been no disclosures whatsoever on a specific process or apparatus enabling mass production on an industrial scale.

Abstract: This invention relates to a method for producing an aqueous solution of free hydroxylamine (HA) by simultaneous countercurrent treatment of a HA salt with ammonia or ammonia water, then separating the HA by distillation and reconcentrating the aqueous HA solution in a countercurrent with a stripping medium. The stripping medium used according to the invention is a mixture of steam and a non-condensable inert gas and the process temperature at a defined pressure is controlled by the quantity of non-condensable inert gas at the column inlet. The preferred non-condensable inert gas is nitrogen. This results in increased safety and a reduction in losses of the method for producing aqueous solutions of free HA.

Abstract: The invention relates to a method and a device for the optimal use of reaction heat resulting from the production of 1,2-dichloroethane from ethene and chlorine. The aim of the invention is achieved by extracting reaction heat liberated during the reaction of chlorine with ethene and the reaction heat contained in 1,2-dichloroethane. Extraction of said reaction heat from the reaction chamber occurs using at least one part of gaseous 1,2-dichloroethane (latent heat) and at least one part of liquid 1,2-dichloroethane (feelable heat) removed from the reaction chamber. Said reaction heat is used to heat two fractioning columns in order to purify 1,2-dichloroethane of impurities having a boiling point higher than 1,2-dichloroethane.