Abstract: Disclosed is a liquid chemical vapor recovery device, a wet stripping device, a photoresist stripping process and a method for manufacturing a thin film transistor-liquid crystal display using the same. The liquid chemical vapor recovery device comprises: an exhaust pipe for discharging a gas in a processing chamber for wet processing with a liquid chemical, the gas comprising a vapor of the liquid chemical; and a reflux pipe for refluxing the liquid chemical condensed in the exhaust pipe to a liquid chemical storage tank, the reflux pipe having an inlet connected to the exhaust pipe and an outlet connected to the liquid chemical storage tank, wherein, at least a part of the exhaust pipe positioned upstream of the inlet of the reflux pipe is formed as a pipe segment with a rugged inner surface.

Abstract: Described are compositions and methods for inhibiting polymerization of a monomer (e.g., styrene) composition, which use an N—O polymerization inhibitor, a quinone methide polymerization retarder, and an amine stabilizer having a primary and/or secondary amine group. In a mixture, the amine-based stabilizer can prevent antagonistic effects and can provide greater antipolymerant activity. In turn, the mixture inhibits apparatus fouling and improves the purity of monomer streams.

Abstract: A gasoline fuel composition comprising as an additive an ester compound which is the reaction product of an optionally substituted polycarboxylic acid or an anhydride thereof and an alcohol or formula H—(OR)n—OR1, wherein R is an optionally substituted alkylene group; R1 is hydrogen or an optionally substituted hydrocarbyl group, and n is 0 or a positive integer; wherein n is not O when R1 is hydrogen.

Abstract: A method of optimizing system parameters in a crude unit to reduce corrosion and corrosion byproduct deposition in the crude unit is disclosed and claimed. The method includes measuring or predicting properties associated with the system parameters and using an automated controller to analyze the properties to cause adjustments in the chemical program to optimize the system parameters. Adjusting the system parameters effectively controls corrosion in the crude unit by reducing the corrosiveness of a fluid in the process stream and/or by protecting the system from a potentially corrosive substance. System parameter sensing probes are arranged at one or more locations in the process stream to allow accurate monitoring of the system parameters in the crude unit.

Abstract: Treatment compositions for neutralizing acidic species and reducing hydrochloride and amine salts in a fluid hydrocarbon stream are disclosed. The treatment compositions may comprise at least one amine with a salt precipitation potential index of equal to or less than about 1.0. Methods for neutralizing acidic species and reducing deposits of hydrochloride and amine salts in a hydrocarbon refining process are also disclosed. The methods may comprise providing a fluid hydrocarbon stream and adding a treatment composition to the fluid hydrocarbon stream. The treatment compositions used may have a salt precipitation potential index of equal to or less than about 1.0 and comprise either water-soluble or oil-soluble amines.

Abstract: A method for degrading a downhole article includes exposing the downhole article comprising a controlled electrolytic material to a composition that comprises a reducing agent. The method also includes contacting the downhole article with the reducing agent to degrade the downhole article. Additionally, a composition for degrading a downhole article includes water, chelant, metal ions, and a reducing agent that includes ascorbic acid, erythorbic acid, a derivative thereof, a salt thereof, or a combination thereof.

Abstract: Provided are a water treatment system and a water treatment process, which are capable of reproducing water containing salts with high water recovery. In the water treatment system (200) and the water treatment process of the present invention, after a calcium scale inhibitor and a silica scale inhibitor are supplied to water to be treated containing Ca ions, SO4 ions, carbonate ions, and silica, and the water to be treated is separated in a second demineralizing section (210) into second concentrated water in which the Ca ions, the SO4 ions, the carbonate ions, and the silica are concentrated and treated water. In a second crystallizing section (220), seed crystals of gypsum are supplied to the second concentrated water, whereby gypsum is crystallized and removed from the second concentrated water.

Abstract: A steel covering layer according to the present invention includes a surface layer formed of a low surface energy material and formed on the surface of a heat transfer tube.

Abstract: In a water treatment system (1) and a water treatment process, a scale inhibitor is supplied to water to be treated containing Ca ions, SO4 ions, carbonate ions, and silica, and the water to be treated is adjusted to a pH at which silica is soluble. The pH-adjusted water to be treated containing the calcium scale inhibitor is separated in a demineralizing section (10) into concentrated water and treated water. In a crystallizing section (20), seed crystals of gypsum are supplied to the concentrated water, whereby gypsum is crystallized and removed. Silica in the water to be treated is removed from the concentrated water on the downstream side of the crystallizing section (20). Calcium carbonate in the water to be treated is removed from the concentrated water on the upstream side of the demineralizing section (10) or the downstream side of the crystallizing section (20).

Abstract: Systems and methods for reducing biofouling of microfiltration membranes that are biofouled with biological substances are disclosed. The methods include providing impound water containing biomolecule-based exopolymeric substances, reacting with calcium oxide or calcium hydroxide, encapsulating the exopolymeric substance into filterable non-tacky particles by reacting with an inorganic coagulant and a low molecular weight polymer, and microfiltering to remove the filterable non-tacky particles encapsulating the exopolymeric substances. The filterable non-tacky particles encapsulate the exopolymeric substances and prevent the exopolymeric substances from biofouling the microfiltration membranes.

Abstract: Methods are disclosed for manufacturing magnesium carbonate and calcium carbonate, specifically manufacturing refined carbonates such as magnesium carbonate (MgCO3) and calcium carbonate (CaCO3) through processes including electrolysis, carbon dioxide injection, and calcium oxide (CaO) or calcium hydroxide (Ca(OH)2) injection in seawater.

Abstract: A production process of acetic acid according to the present invention inhibits concentration of hydrogen iodide and improves a liquid-liquid separation of an overhead from a distillation column. Acetic acid is produced by distilling a mixture containing hydrogen iodide, water, acetic acid and methyl acetate in a first distillation column (3) to form an overhead and a side cut stream or bottom stream containing acetic acid, cooling and condensing the overhead in a condenser (C3) to form separated upper and lower phases in a decanter (4). According to this process, a zone having a high water concentration is formed in the distillation column above the feed position of the mixture by feeding a mixture having a water concentration of not less than an effective amount to not more than 5% by weight (e.g., 0.5 to 4.5% by weight) and a methyl acetate concentration of 0.5 to 9% by weight (e.g., 0.5 to 8% by weight) as the mixture to the distillation column and distilling the mixture.

Abstract: A method for processing wastewater is provided. The method includes pretreating a flow of the wastewater using at least one of a softening/clarification system, a sludge handling system, a filtration system, and an ammonia stripping system, evaporating the pretreated flow to produce at least a distillate and an evaporator brine; separating the evaporator brine to produce a liquid recycle stream and salt crystal mixture; and channeling the liquid recycle stream to a feed stream. The method eliminates the salt drying process that significantly reduces the costs of construction and operation of the standard zero process water discharge process.

Abstract: We provide an evaporation based zero-liquid discharge method for generation of steam for enhanced oil recovery (EOR) processes utilizing once-through steam generators (OTSGs). The method includes feeding the OTSG(s) with produced water, vaporizing a fraction of this water for steam injection and blowing down the balance of the water. This water, referred to as OTSG blowdown, can be flashed to produce a vapor stream and a liquid that is fed to a mechanical vapor compression (MVC) evaporative process. The latent energy contained in the vapor stream generated by the upstream flash is beneficially recycled to substantially reduce or eliminate the energy consumption of the MVC process. The evaporative process can be used to reduce the liquid waste for disposal or eliminate the need for liquid disposal by achieving zero liquid discharge.

Abstract: A method and system for purifying liquid using waste heat is provided. Initially, a liquid is mixed with an anti-sealant agent in a first filtering unit to form a liquid mixture. Thereafter, the liquid mixture is filtered in the first filtering unit to separate foreign objects from the liquid mixture. Subsequently, the liquid mixture is heated in a pipe arrangement connecting the first filtering unit and one or more second filtering units to generate steam. The steam obtained from the heated liquid mixture is then purified in the one or more second filtering units. Thereafter, the purified steam is condensed in the pipe arrangement to obtain the purified liquid.

Abstract: According to one embodiment, a treatment apparatus includes a treatment liquid storage unit and a supply unit. The treatment liquid storage unit is configured to store a treatment liquid containing an acid and an oxidizing substance. The supply unit is configured to supply the treatment liquid stored in the treatment liquid storage unit to a fluid extracted via a production well.

Abstract: A water vapor distillation apparatus. The apparatus includes a source fluid input, an evaporator condenser whereby the source fluid input is fluidly connected to the evaporator condenser and the evaporator condenser transforms source fluid into steam and transforms compressed steam into product fluid, and a steam chest fluidly connected to the evaporator condenser, whereby the steam flows from the evaporator condenser into the steam chest, the steam chest comprising a foam mitigation device wherein the foam mitigation device mitigates foam in the water vapor distillation apparatus.

Abstract: A method and apparatus for producing high purity distillate in evaporators. is useful for evaporation of waters where volatile silica or organic compounds are encountered such as in production of hydrocarbons from geological formations. An evaporator having a contaminant reduction system is provided. The contaminant reduction system includes an upflow first mist eliminator portion to remove entrained liquid droplets and produce an intermediate purity water vapor stream. A continuous spray system provides a spray of dilute caustic solution in a selected spray configuration for mass transfer contact with the passing intermediate purity water vapor stream, to remove volatile silica compounds therefrom, and produce a partially decontaminated steam stream having mist particles therein. An upflow second mist eliminator portion is provided to remove the residual mist particles, and produce a high purity water vapor stream. The high purity water vapor stream is condensed to provide a high purity distillate stream.

Abstract: Acetic acid is produced while efficiently inhibiting condensation of hydrogen iodide in a distillation column (second distillation column) for purifying crude acetic acid by further distillation.

Abstract: A thermal desalination process comprising: introducing a feed solution into a thermal separation unit, distilling the feed solution in the thermal separation unit to produce a distillate stream and a residual stream having a higher solute concentration than the feed solution, contacting a portion of the residual stream from the thermal separation unit with one side of a selectively permeable membrane, contacting the opposite side of the selectively permeable membrane with a portion of the feed solution, such that water flows across the membrane to dilute the residual stream by direct osmosis, and introducing at least a portion of the diluted residual stream into the thermal separation unit.

Abstract: One exemplary embodiment can be an apparatus for treating a hydrocarbon stream having one or more compounds with a boiling point of about 140° to about 450° C. The apparatus can include an extraction zone and a regeneration zone. The extraction zone can include at least one settler. Each settler can have a height and a length. Typically the length is greater than the height. Also, the settler can form a boot, which can be adapted to receive a feed at one end. The regeneration zone may include a regenerator for an ionic liquid. The regenerator can include a column adapted to provide a regenerated ionic liquid to the extraction zone.

Abstract: A method for inhibiting the formation of fouling materials including contacting hydrocarbon media containing aldehyde compounds with an antifoulant while treating the hydrocarbon media with a basic wash. The antifoulant includes a reducing sugar.

Abstract: Methods for inhibiting scale formation in evaporators of the type used to produce aqueous distillate from produced waters such as those waters that are commonly formed in steam assisted gravity drainage (SAGD) oil recovery methods are provided. In accordance with the invention, a chelant selected from EDTA, DTPA, NTA, and HEEDTA is added to the recirculating evaporator system brine or to the feedwater to such systems.

Abstract: This invention relates to a process for reducing the corrosion rate of iron-containing vessels within an ethylene glycol distillation system. The inventive process includes the addition of an additive component of sodium nitrite and sodium hypophosphite into such iron-containing vessels, to thereby react with iron of the inside walls and form a protective coating thereon. This process reduces the corrosion rate in iron-containing vessels of the apparatus, and reduces the catalytic effects of iron corrosion products within the system. Thus, not only is the on-stream time of the vessels extended, but also product quality is improved by reducing the aldehyde content of the final ethylene glycol product.

Abstract: A method and system for purifying liquid using waste heat is provided. Initially, a liquid is mixed with an anti-sealant agent in a first filtering unit to form a liquid mixture. Thereafter, the liquid mixture is filtered in the first filtering unit to separate foreign objects from the liquid mixture. Subsequently, the liquid mixture is heated in a pipe arrangement connecting the first filtering unit and one or more second filtering units to generate steam. The steam obtained from the heated liquid mixture is then purified in the one or more second filtering units. Thereafter, the purified steam is condensed in the pipe arrangement to obtain the purified liquid.

Abstract: A method for purifying used antifreeze is disclosed. An antifreeze recycling systems uses a simple-distillation apparatus adapted to distill clean antifreeze from used antifreeze. A novel scraper blade is used in the simple-distillation apparatus. Also, antifreeze recycling methods that minimize waste and generate nontoxic, landfillable waste are provided. An antifreeze product produced by the present method, and a nontoxic, landfillable sludge product produced by the present method, are disclosed.

Abstract: Geothermal brine always contains some carbon dioxide in solution. Separating steam from geothermal brine removes the carbon dioxide, sharply increasing the pH of the brine and causing precipitation of pH sensitive minerals, including calcium carbonate, magnesium silicate and other metal silicates, clays, and metal sulfides. The binary heat exchanger in a steam-binary hybrid geothermal power plant is especially sensitive to scale deposition from flashed geothermal brine, and application of expensive scale inhibitors is required. Deposition of scale in the binary heat exchanger can be controlled by separating a small amount of gas-rich vapor from the brine before the main stage of steam separation, and combining this gas rich vapor with the flashed brine before in enters the binary heat exchanger. The carbon dioxide thus added to the brine will decrease pH, decreasing or completely blocking precipitation and deposition of pH sensitive minerals as scale.

Abstract: The present invention relates to the field of corrosion inhibition in hydrocarbon fluid processing units. The present invention comprises a new additive for inhibiting acid corrosion comprising polymeric thiophosphate ester, which is obtained by reaction of a polymer compound having mono, di or poly hydroxyl group, preferably polymer compound which is hydroxyl-termination, more preferably said polymer compound comprising hydroxyl-terminated polyisobutylene or polybutene and phosphorous pentasulphide. Said polymeric thiophosphate ester is further reacted with any oxide selected from group consisting of ethylene oxide, butylenes oxide or propylene oxide or such other oxide, preferably ethylene oxide, capably forming ethylene oxide derivative of thiophosphate ester. The invention is useful effecting acid corrosion inhibition on the metal surfaces of a distillation unit, distillation column, trays, packing and pump around piping.

Abstract: Method and apparatus for producing high purity distillate in evaporators. The method and apparatus is useful for evaporation of waters where volatile silica compounds are encountered, and in cases where volatile organic compounds are encountered, such as in production of hydrocarbons from geological formations. An evaporator having a contaminant reduction system is provided. The contaminant reduction system includes an upflow first mist eliminator portion to remove entrained liquid droplets and produce an intermediate purity water vapor stream. A continuous spray system provides a spray of dilute caustic solution in a selected spray configuration for mass transfer contact with the passing intermediate purity water vapor stream, to remove volatile silica compounds therefrom, and produce a partially decontaminated steam stream having mist particles therein. An upflow second mist eliminator portion is provided to remove the residual mist particles, and produce a high purity water vapor stream.

Abstract: A method and composition for processing natural water such as seawater, brackish, and estuarine water wherein the water is concentrated with or without heating comprising adding to the water (I) a water-soluble polymeric phosphonate and (II) a water-soluble polycarboxylate to control scale formation and deposition. Optionally a water -soluble poly[isopropenylphosphonic acid] can also be utilized as component (I) without the addition of component (II).

Abstract: This invention relates to a process for reducing the corrosion rate of iron-containing vessels within an ethylene glycol distillation system. The inventive process includes the addition of an additive component of sodium nitrite and sodium hypophosphite into such iron-containing vessels, to thereby react with iron of the inside walls and form a protective coating thereon. This process reduces the corrosion rate in iron-containing vessels of the apparatus, and reduces the catalytic effects of iron corrosion products within the system. Thus, not only is the on-stream time of the vessels extended, but also product quality is improved by reducing the aldehyde content of the final ethylene glycol product.

Abstract: In a steam plant, scale adhesion to the inside of a specific device is prevented, while reducing the amount of an agent such as hydrazine to the lowest possible level. A temporary change in the chemical environment or an approximately periodic variation in the chemical environment is brought about in a channel (21) inside the prescribed device, during operation of the steam plant.

Abstract: The present invention relates to the field of processing hydrocarbons which causes corrosion in the metal surfaces of processing units. The invention addresses the technical problem of high temperature naphthenic acid corrosion and sulphur corrosion and provides a solution to inhibit these types of corrosion. The composition formed by reacting high reactive polyisobutylene (HRPIB) with phosphorous pentasulphide in presence of catalytic amount of sulphur provides high corrosion inhibition efficiency in case of high temperature naphthenic acid corrosion inhibition and sulphur corrosion inhibition. The invention is useful in all hydrocarbon processing units, such as, refineries, distillation columns and other petrochemical industries.

Abstract: A method of using substituted olefin polymers prepared by reacting one or more C2-C10 mono-olefin polymers having a number average molecular weight of about 300 to about 5,000 with C4-C10 monounsaturated dicarboxylic acid derivatives and compositions comprising the substituted olefin polymers for preventing fouling of hydrocarbon processing equipment, especially ethylene dichloride distillation units.

Abstract: Use of diaminopropanes, or of a composition thereof as a dispersing agent to prevent the formation or remove already formed deposits of ammonium salt in hydrocarbon process plants, such as petrochemical or refinery plants.

Abstract: Methods for inhibiting corrosion in aqueous evaporative systems where soluble silica (SiO2) is maintained at residuals between 10 Mg/L and saturation, but more preferably maintained at greater than 300 mg/L as SiO2, to provide corrosion inhibiting silica films that protect system metals. Silica is provided by evaporation of water and subsequent concentration and transformation of silica naturally contained in source water. The methods of the present invention provide highly effective inhibition of corrosion for mild steel, copper, stainless steel, aluminum, zinc, galvanized steel and various alloys of such metals. The methods of the present invention comprise pretreatment removal of polyvalent metal ions from the makeup source water, maintenance of concentration of monovalent metal ions, and controlling pH at a minimum of 7.0 in the presence of an elevated temperature aqueous environment.

Abstract: Naphthenic acid corrosivity of hydrocarbon feedstocks is correlated with the chemical composition of naphthenic acids, and especially with a ratio between an alpha fraction and a beta fraction of naphthenic acids. Contemplated plants, configurations, and methods are directed to reducing naphthenic acid corrosivity of hydrocarbon feedstocks by increasing the beta fraction over the alpha fraction.

Abstract: A specific nonionic surfactant is added to a component mainly comprising hydrocarbons before passing through a heat exchanger in a petrochemical plant or a polyolefin production plant, whereby fouling of the heat exchanger can be efficiently prevented, that is, the performance of the heat exchanger can be prevented from being deteriorated, and long-term operation is feasible without sacrificing the speed of production. The nonionic surfactant is preferably a polyoxyalkylene compound represented by the general formula [I] below, more preferably a compound represented by the general formula [II] below. R1—O—[CH2—CH(R3)—O]k—R2[I] wherein R1, R2 and R3 are selected from a hydrogen atom, a C1 to C20 alkyl group, a C6 to C20 aryl group and a C1 to C20 acyl group, and may be the same or different from each other. HO—(CH2CH2O)m—[CH2CH(CH3)O]n—(CH2CH2O)pH[II] wherein m, n and p each represent the average number of repeating units, and m is in the range of 1 to 20, n is 2 to 50 and p is 1 to 20.

Abstract: The invention relates to a method of avoiding corrosion in the separation of methylamine from a product stream (10) which is obtained in the preparation of methylamines by gas-phase reaction of methanol and ammonia and includes monomethylamine, dimethylamine, trimethylamine, ammonia and methanol as components, where ammonia is separated off by pure distillation in a first column (1), the remaining components of the product stream obtained as bottoms (12) are fed to a second column (2). Trimethylamine (14) is separated off in the second column (2) by extractive distillation with introduction of water. The further of the product stream obtained as bottoms (15) from the second column (2) are fed to a third column (3), in which monomethylamine and dimethylamine are separated off at the top. The monomethylamine and dimethylamine are separated by distillation in a fourth column (4). To avoid corrosion alkali metal hydroxide is added to the second or third column (3).

Abstract: A diene production stream comprising a solvent recovery blend from diene production comprising one or more fouling agent, one or more extractive distillation solvent, and from about 1 ppm to about 1000 ppm of N,N-disubstituted amide.

Abstract: Methods and compositions effective to prevent deposition of fouling agents, preferably polymerization precursors, on handling equipment, particularly during solvent recovery.

Abstract: A methanol/water scrubbing solution containing colloidal metal sulfides formed from metal carbonyls and resulting from the scrubbing of industrial gases, such as synthesis gas, is subjected to agglomeration of the metal sulfides before the scrubbing solution to be separated enters the separating column which separates the methanol from the water containing precipitated metal sulfides. The agglomeration is carried out in a precipitation vessel and the scrubbing liquid is diluted before it enters the precipitation vessel. The result is minimal encrustation of the trays or other parts of the cleaning plant for the scrubbing solution.

Abstract: A composition for reducing deposition of a mineral salt from an aqueous supersaturated solution onto a solid surface in contact with the aqueous supersaturated solution which composition comprises a dispersion of either (i) seed crystals of the mineral salt in an aqueous solution of the mineral salt or (ii) seed crystals of a salt isomorphous with the mineral salt in an aqueous solution of the isomorphous salt wherein the dispersed seed crystals are of Mean particle size of less than 2.5 microns.

Abstract: A process for cleaning apparatus in which (meth)acrylic acid-containing organic solvents have been treated and/or generated and contain fouling and/or polymer and residues of organic solvent, in which the apparatus contents are subjected to a steam distillation in the apparatus.

Abstract: Disclosed herein is a method for inhibiting the premature polymerization of ethylenically unsaturated monomers comprising adding to said monomers an effective amount of at least one inhibitor selected from the group consisting of C-nitrosoaniline and quinone imine oxime compounds.

Abstract: Disclosed herein are compounds of the structure wherein R1, R2, and R3 are organic radicals of C1 to C20, such that the combination of the three contain at least twelve carbon atoms and R3 is bound to the methylene carbon atom between X and the aromatic ring by at least one saturated carbon atom, allowing it to be easily separated from the polymerizable monomer by distillation; R1 and R2 have sufficient steric bulk to protect the phenol from reacting with an alkoxy group or halogen bound to silicon; and X is a neutral heteroatomic radical of oxygen, nitrogen, or phosphorus; and their use as inhibitors for the polymerization of (meth)acryloxysilanes.

Abstract: A method of removing at least one inert reaction diluent and/or wash solvent from a waste stream from a catalyst precursor production unit is disclosed, where the waste stream includes at least one reaction diluent or wash solvent, at least one titanium alkoxide, at least one magnesium alkoxide, and at least one alkanol. At least one inert reaction diluent and/or wash solvent is removed by contacting the waste stream with a solubilization solvent, and then subjecting the resulting stream to distillation. The solubilization solvent: (i) is present in an amount sufficient to maintain solubility of residual titanium and magnesium alkoxide species; (ii) has a boiling point higher than that of the one or more reaction diluent and/or wash solvent; and optionally but preferably (iii) does not form an azeotrope with the one or more reaction diluent and/or wash solvent.

Abstract: A method of inhibiting calcium carbonate scaling in a multi-stage evaporation plant of black liquor by heat-treating calcium-containing liquor includes a first stage wherein the calcium-containing liquor is heated to about 110-145.degree. C. with direct contact with the heating medium; a second stage wherein the liquor is maintained at this temperature in a retention tank for 1-20 minutes to reduce the amount of calcium in the liquor by precipitating calcium carbonate; and a third stage wherein the heat-treated liquor is evaporated for combustion.

Abstract: In a process for the purification by distillation of chlorinated aromatic hydrocarbons originating from the chlorination of aromatic hydrocarbons in the presence of FeCl.sub.3, the crude reaction product is first partially degassed and then directly subjected to distillation in the presence of said FeCl.sub.3.

Abstract: Process technology is described making possible substantial improvements in the separation and recovery of highly pure vinyl aromatic monomers, notably styrene. A number of design, construction and operational features are made available for selection and use both for new plant facilities and for upgrading existing plant facilities. One major aspect of the invention is reduction in retention or residence times in the distillation towers.