Abstract: A thermal spray system and method includes a hot gas generator with nozzle accelerating heated gas towards a substrate in the form of a gas column projecting onto the substrate surface as a spot. One or more feedstock injectors proximate the nozzle exit, directed towards the gas column, are connected to a feedstock source. The hot gas stream transfers heat and momentum to the feedstock, causing the feedstock particles to impact onto a substrate to form a coating. The system further comprises one or more liquid injectors proximate the nozzle exit, directed towards the axis, and connected to a source of liquid. The system controls the flow and velocity with which the liquid is injected, permitting control of the depth of penetration of the liquid into the gas column. The method selectively prevents suboptimal feedstock particulates from adhering to the substrate and provides for the in-situ removal of suboptimal deposits.

Abstract: Proposed is a device for coating substrates by means of high-velocity flame spraying. The device comprises a combustion chamber (4), a first fuel feeder (L1) for feeding a liquid or gaseous fuel as well as at least one gas feeder for feeding an oxidative gas. The devise comprises furthermore a second fuel feeder (L5) for feeding a liquid or gaseous fuel as well as at least one further gas feeder for feeding a gas. Both the first gas feeder and the two fuel feeders (L1, L5) port into a common combustion chamber (4). In addition, means 24, 28 are provided for independent control of the fuel feed into the two fuel feeders (L1, L5).

Abstract: A metal jet apparatus comprises a discharge nozzle 31 for jetting molten metal 20, and a gas passage 33 for supplying inert gas to a peripheral portion of a discharge port 32 of the discharge nozzle 31. The discharge port 32 of the discharge nozzle 31 and an outlet of a gas passage 33 are provided with a nozzle cover 34. The nozzle cover 34 includes a space 35 which is in communication with the discharge port 32 and the outlet of the gas passage 33, and which opens downward. A ring-like projection 36 is disposed around the opening. When the molten metal 20 is jetted from the discharge port 32 into the space 35, the inert gas is supplied to the space 35, thereby preventing the molten metal 20 from being oxidized, and it is possible to prevent the nozzle of the discharge port 32 from being clogged, and to form the molten metal 20 into a spherical shape.

Abstract: An apparatus and method for forming a fusible coating or structure comprising a combustor that is operative to combust a fuel and contain the resulting flame to produce combustion products; means for cooling the combustion products to produce a hot carrier gas stream; and means for introducing fusible material into the hot carrier gas stream.

Abstract: The invention relates to a Laval nozzle for thermal spraying and kinetic spraying, especially for cold gas spraying, with a convergent section and a divergent section. To achieve a better degree of application effect, at least a portion of the divergent section, according to the invention, has a bell-shaped contour.

Abstract: A deposition apparatus includes a deposition source unit for vaporizing a deposition material, a plurality of nozzles disposed on an upper surface of the deposition source unit for spraying the vaporized deposition material onto a substrate facing the upper surface of the deposition source unit, a plurality of angle restriction members disposed on the upper surface of the deposition source unit and located at left and right sides of the nozzles, and a plurality of first heater units, each of which is disposed on an upper surface of a corresponding angle restriction member of the angle restriction members.

Abstract: A two stage kinetic energy spray device has a first stage first nozzle having a receiving end that receives a particulate stream, an injection end located axially to the first nozzle receiving end, the injection end receiving the particulate stream from the receiving end. A second stage has a second nozzle, the second nozzle having a gas receiving portion that receives an effluent gas, a convergent portion that is downstream from the gas receiving portion and a divergent portion that is downstream from the convergent portion, the convergent portion and the divergent portion meeting at a throat. The particle stream is accelerated to a first velocity in the first nozzle located within the second nozzle divergent portion The effluent gas is accelerated to a second velocity in the second nozzle. First nozzle injection end chevrons allow mixing of particulate and supersonic effluent streams prior to exiting the spray device.

Abstract: A plasma spray nozzle is provided. Owing to their high degree of wear, previous plasma spray nozzles were not suitable for the coating of components for which long coating times were necessary. The coating times may be reduced considerably by the triple injection of powder into the inner channel through the plasma spray nozzle.

Abstract: A torch introduces oxidizer into a passage so as to swirl the oxidizer about a central axis, while fuel is introduced at a location spaced apart from the central axis, where the swirling action of the oxidizer is strong, resulting in rapid mixing of the fuel and oxidizer. In practicing the method, the length of a bore through which the fuel and oxidizer pass is maintained short enough that a sheath of unmixed oxidizer surrounds the combusting mixed fuel and oxidizer, eliminating any need for water cooling. The lengths of torches of the present invention can be significantly shorter than those of the prior art, making the torches well suited for use in confined spaces, and the torches have been found to allow spraying materials at a greater rate than torches of the prior art. The reduced length also facilitates introducing into the passage material to be spray-coated.

Abstract: The invention relates to an inner burner (1) for electric arc wire spraying of hollow spaces, particularly cylinder bearing surfaces (9), comprising two meltable electrodes which are supplied in two feed channels (5) to a discharge nozzle (6) of the inner burner (1). The two electrodes are connected to two sliding contacts (4) for electrical energy transmission. According to the invention, the two sliding contacts (4) are displaceably mounted in the axial direction (10) and are each connected to a guide element (7) which is also displaceably mounted in the axial direction (10). The respective guide element (7) is axially pretensioned via at least one associated spring (11) and thereby presses the sliding contact (4) against the electrode, wherein the feed channels (5), the sliding contacts (4) and the guide elements (7) are arranged parallel to one another in the spraying head (2).

Abstract: A nozzle for a powder spray gun optionally includes an internal filter that allows air to be added to the powder flow within the nozzle shell. The nozzle may optionally include an off-axis outlet slot relative to a main flow axis of the powder into the nozzle shell so that powder encounters an obstruction before exiting through the outlet slot.

Abstract: A cold spray nozzle assembly includes a venturi having converging and diverging portions interconnected at a throat. An air supply conduit is in communication with the venturi for supplying a carrier gas to the converging portion. A powder feed tube is in communication with the venturi for supplying a powder material. An adjustment member is arranged within the venturi and is axially moveable relative thereto between multiple positions. The multiple positions respectively provide multiple different areas or throat clearances including a desired area between the adjustment member and the venturi or throat clearance. As a result, the adjustment member can be axially positioned to achieve desired gas pressures, deposition rates, and accommodate machining tolerances and component wear based upon the selected area. A retention member maintains the adjustment member in the desired position during operation of the cold spray nozzle assembly.

Abstract: A nozzle for a powder spray gun optionally includes an internal filter that allows air to be added to the powder flow within the nozzle shell. The nozzle may optionally include an off-axis outlet slot relative to a main flow axis of the powder into the nozzle shell so that powder encounters an obstruction before exiting through the outlet slot.

Abstract: Shaping the feed wire for a combustion wire thermal spray process improves the operating capability of the combustion wire gun through higher feed rates and high operating efficiencies. The efficiency of the wire melting is increased over conventional systems through increasing the surface area of the wire cross section and exposing more of the wire material directly to the burner jets.

Abstract: A spray coating process and apparatus suitable for depositing coatings on surfaces of components, and particularly surfaces that are difficult to access with conventional cold spraying equipment. The process and apparatus employ a spray gun having a tubular body with a longitudinal axis and an exit at one end thereof. The body has a first portion defining a converging passage, a second portion defining a diverging passage that defines the exit of the body, and a throat portion therebetween that defines a throat between and connecting the converging and diverging passages. The gun is further equipped with at least one gas inlet for introducing a gas upstream of the converging passage, and at least one feedstock inlet for introducing a feedstock at or immediately upstream of the throat.

Abstract: A system for the data management of a thermal spraying apparatus with a spray gun (2) is made available, wherein the system includes a decentrally arranged device (1) with a memory (4), in order to detect process parameters and to store data of the thermal spraying apparatus and wherein the data contain identification and operating data of the thermal spraying apparatus and the device (1) additionally includes a bus interface (6) for the transmitting of the data.

Abstract: Embodiments of the invention contemplate forming an electrochemical device and device components, such as a battery cell or supercapacitor, using thin-film or layer deposition processes and other related methods for forming the same. In one embodiment, a battery bi-layer cell is provided. The battery bi-layer cell comprises an anode structure comprising a conductive collector substrate, a plurality of pockets formed on the conductive collector substrate by conductive microstructures comprising a plurality of columnar projections, and an anodically active powder deposited in and over the plurality of pockets, an insulative separator layer formed over the plurality of pockets, and a cathode structure joined over the insulative separator.

Abstract: A pulverisation head of an apparatus includes a motor whose vertical hollow shaft is integrally linked, at its lower end, to a centrifugal ejection disc. The substance to be pulverised, coming from a tank via a proportioning pump, crosses the hollow shaft to be spread in a thin layer on the lower surface of the disc forming the centrifugal ejection face. Elements are designed to vibrate the peripheral edge of the disc and control the pulverisation of the substance. A fan and a distributor produce a treatment gas flow which meets and draws droplets towards a collection zone, solidifying them by drying or freezing. Typically, the substance is a mixture of at least one active ingredient and a microencapsulation constituent. For use to obtain very fine and/or very homogeneous particle size, to manufacture powders for food processing, nutritional, cosmetic, pharmaceutical and fine chemical applications. The head is useful to produce aerosols.

Abstract: The invention relates to a powder supply system (1) for supplying a processing apparatus (2) with a granular substance (3). In this arrangement the powder supply system (1) includes a main container (4) and a powder conveying system (5) with a storage container (51) for conveying the granular substance (3) into the processing apparatus (2). In accordance with the invention, means (6, 611, 612, 62) are provided so that, in the operating state of the processing apparatus (2), a predetermined amount of the granular substance (3) can be conveyed from the main container (4) as working powder to the storage container (51) in such a way that at least a minimum amount (M1) is available as a granular substance (3) in the storage container (51).

Abstract: The invention relates to a thermal spraying apparatus (1) for coating a surface (2) of a substrate (3) by means of a coating material (4). The thermal spraying apparatus (1) includes a spray pistol (5) with a heating device for heating the coating material (4) in a heating zone (6) and also a charging apparatus (7) with a feed (8) through which the coating material (4) can be introduced into the heating zone (6). In this arrangement the thermal spraying apparatus is so designed that a relative position (9) between the feed (8) and the heating zone (6) can be changed in the operating state.

Abstract: Purge arrangement for powder coating system includes a gun manifold (40) that is selectively assembled for fluid communication with either a purge manifold (36) or a hopper manifold (34). This allows purging of multiple hoses and guns at the same time and simplified color change operations.

Abstract: A thermal spraying device includes an arrangement for generating a flame and an arrangement for injecting a powder into the flame, the flame-generating means including an end piece out of an outlet of which the flame is directed towards a substrate subjected to spraying, and the powder-injection arrangement includes a frame element that projects in the flame ejection direction from the end piece, that at least partly surrounds a flame zone extending from the end piece, and that presents an inner circumference that is larger than the inner circumference of the outlet, and at least one powder port for the introduction of a powder to the flame being arranged on the inner periphery of the frame element at a distance from the outlet of the end piece as seen in the flame ejection direction. There is provided at least one gas injection opening in the frame element, the gas injection opening being located between the outlet of the end piece and the at least one powder port as seen in the flame ejection direction.

Abstract: A thermal spraying device includes an arrangement for generating a flame and an arrangement for injecting a powder into the flame, the flame-generating means including an end piece out of an outlet of which the flame is directed towards a substrate subjected to spraying, and the powder-injection arrangement includes a frame element that projects in the flame ejection direction from the end piece, that at least partly surrounds a flame zone extending from the end piece, and that presents an inner circumference that is larger than the inner circumference of the outlet, and at least one powder port for the introduction of a powder to the flame being arranged on the inner periphery of the frame element at a distance from the outlet of the end piece as seen in the flame ejection direction. There is provided at least one gas injection opening in the frame element, the gas injection opening being located between the outlet of the end piece and the at least one powder port as seen in the flame ejection direction.

Abstract: The present invention aims to provide a novel detonation flame spray apparatus which makes it possible to attain stable detonation flame spraying while using a hydrogen fuel. In the detonation flame spray apparatus, stable pulsed detonation with short DDTL has been attained by oppositely injecting hydrogen and oxygen while separating a sub-combustion room and a main combustion room to which a spiral ridge is formed at an inner wall. In addition, by distributing supply ports of flammable gas to the sub-combustion room and a rear end of the main combustion room, high frequency operation can be realized while assuring necessary heat amounts for fusing flame spray material and a mechanism for supplying intermittently the flame spray material to together with the hydrogen fuel has realized enhancement of flame spraying efficiency.

Abstract: The present invention provides an improved nozzle assembly for use with a thermal spray apparatus for applying a coating to a workpiece. The nozzle assembly including a housing supporting a nozzle defining a gas conduit having an inlet and an outlet at opposing ends of the housing. The inlet for receiving a carrier medium from a thermal spray apparatus. The housing and the nozzle cooperating to define a material feed opening such that the material feed opening intersects the gas conduit proximate the outlet end of the nozzle. The material feed opening being angularly disposed relative to the gas conduit and intersecting the gas conduit proximate the outlet end of the nozzle such that coating material injected into the gas conduit through the material feed opening is heat-softened and propelled towards a workpiece to be coated by the carrier medium flowing outwardly from the nozzle.

Abstract: The present invention provides an improved combustion head and combustion chamber for use with known flame spray apparatus. The combustion head includes a body portion defining a combustion opening for receiving an outlet end of the combustion chamber and an interior chamber extending from the combustion opening into the body portion. The body portion also defines a material feed conduit extending through the body portion along a longitudinal axis thereof. The body portion being substantially hollow wherein the interior chamber extends from the combustion opening throughout substantially the entire body portion including adjacent the material feed conduit. The body portion defining coolant channels on an outer surface thereof of varying depth such that the wall thickness of the body portion at the coolant channels is substantially uniform. The combustion chamber having a flange formed on an outer surface thereof for limiting insertion of the combustion chamber into the combustion head.

Abstract: An irrigation sprinkler is for use in distributing water to an area of vegetation, and has a rotatable nozzle for dispersing the water by rotation of the nozzle. A magnet is coupled or connected to the nozzle and rotates synchronously with the rotation of the nozzle. A sensor unit is disposed adjacent to the nozzle and detects a magnetic field generated by the magnet during nozzle rotation to generate a signal indicative of the speed and direction of rotation of the nozzle.

Abstract: A powder port blow-off system for a plasma spray process includes a faceplate that includes a bore therein that is co-radially aligned with a nozzle of a plasma spray gun, which emits a plasma plume. A plurality of powder feed ports are arranged circumferentially around the nozzle for injecting a flow of powder particles toward the plasma plume. A plurality of powder port blow-offs are arranged circumferentially around the nozzle in order to direct blow-off gas across the powder feed ports. The powder port blow-offs are directed across the plasma plume to create a vortex for carrying away powder particles unconsumed by the plasma plume.

Abstract: A cold gas spray gun is disclosed. The spray gun includes a high-pressure gas heater which has a pressure vessel through which gas flows and a heating element situated in the pressure vessel, as well as a mixing chamber in which particles can be admixed with the gas through a particle feed. A Laval nozzle is arranged downstream in the direction of flow of the gas and consists of a convergent section, a nozzle throat and a divergent section. The high-pressure gas heater and/or the mixing chamber is/are at least partially insulated on the inside in the areas of contact with the gas.

Abstract: The cold spraying process according to the invention uses cold gas streams whose properties (temperature (T), particle density (?), pressure (p), particle velocity (v)) are variably changed such that they can be adapted to the desired properties of the coatings.

Abstract: The invention relates to an apparatus for thermal spraying (1) including a spray gun (2) with a burner (3), wherein an operating media (5) can be supplied to the spray gun (2) via a feed line (4), and a base part (6) which is in communication with a supply unit (8) for the operating medium (5) via a supply line (7). A releasable coupling device (9) is provided, with the feed line (4) including an adapter part (10) such that the adapter part (10) can be connected to the base part (6) by means of the releasable coupling device (9).

Abstract: A nozzle for use in a cold spray technique is described. The nozzle has a passageway for spraying a powder material, the passageway having a converging section and a diverging section, and at least the diverging section being formed from polybenzimidazole. In one embodiment of the nozzle, the converging section is also formed from polybenzimidazole.

Abstract: A processing apparatus is provided to process a workpiece. The processing apparatus can have a low-profile nozzle system capable of navigating through spaces in order to process target regions with relatively small clearances. A fluid jet outputted from the nozzle system is used to cut, mill, or otherwise process the target region of the workpiece.

Abstract: A modified high efficiency kinetic spray nozzle is disclosed. The modified nozzle has a rapid expansion rate in the diverging region relative to prior art nozzles, which enables one to achieve much higher particle velocities without an increase in the main gas temperature. Preferably, the expansion rate of the supersonic nozzle in a portion of the diverging region is at least 1 mm2 per millimeter, more preferably 2 mm2 per millimeter, more preferably 5 mm2 per mm, with a most preferable expansion rate being 10 mm2 per millimeter.

Abstract: The invention relates to a powder diffuser nozzle (2) for an electrostatic dusting device, which is designed to be positioned at the end of an applicator gun. The inventive nozzle (2) comprises: a lateral wall (49) which defines a passage that extends from the powder conduit (8) of the gun (3), and a base (56) which seals said conduit (8) at the end thereof. In addition, a port (57) is provided in the lateral wall (49) close to the base (56) in order to connect the powder conduit (8) with the exterior of the nozzle (2). The axis (A1) of the port (57) forms a determined angle (A) with the axis (A2) of the powder conduit (8). Moreover, at least one deflector (58) is provided on the base of the nozzle (56) or on the lateral wall (49) close to said base in order to divert the jet of powder from the conduit (8) along the axis (A1) of the port (57).

Abstract: A system for thermal spray coating of a particulate material onto a substrate includes a spray gun apparatus having dual vortex chambers for the mixing of fuel gas and oxygen. The apparatus provides a jet flame resulting from a compression wave formed by compressed air. Dual venturis control the flow of fluidized coating material particles to provide smooth and controlled delivery of coating material to the spray gun.

Abstract: An electric arc spraying system includes a spraying gun for thermally spraying an inner surface of an object such as a cylinder block by blasting compressed gas substantially perpendicularly to the supplying direction of target wires. The spraying gun is rotated by a spraying gun rotation mechanism. The target wires are loaded in and supplied from wire supplying sources. A wire feeder rotation mechanism is provided for rotating the wire supplying sources synchronously with the spraying gun in rotation. Wire feeders are provided at the spraying gun or adjacent to the wire supplying sources for feeding the target wires. Wire support cables are configured to guide the target wires from the wire supplying sources to the spraying gun.

Abstract: The invention relates to an electric arc wire burner for spraying an electric arc, comprising at least two burner tubes (3) for feeding electrodes which are embodied in the form of wire (5). Said electrodes are guided through the burner tube (3) in the direction of the surface of the object which is to be coated. The wire (5) is guided by a deflection device (7) comprising a number of rotationally mounted guiding elements and/or sliding elements (8) and the wire (5) is deformed in an elastic area.

Abstract: A powder coating gun with an internal fan and a quick-change powder cartridge. Pressurized air generated by the fan entrains the powder coating material from the powder cartridge and the entrained powder coating material is charged in the ionizing field created by an emitter. The replaceable cartridge contains an inlet line and an outlet line oriented in a manner that allows the powder gun to be positioned in different angles and orientations with minimal risk of a powder spill from the powder coating gun. The powder cartridge contains a lid for supporting an inlet line and a body part constructed of clear or translucent material that allows the user to easily view the color of the powder. An electric power supply is used to power the fan and the emitter. A trigger is present in the handle of the powder coating gun and both controls the speed of the fan and enables the charge to the emitter.

Abstract: A sprayer has a spray shield and a spray shield retainer. The spray shield is removably attached to the spray shield retainer for efficient storage when not in use. The spray shield can be contoured to the body of the sprayer. The spray shield is configured for attachment to a spray wand proximate to a nozzle.

Abstract: This invention provides a unique gas shield or shroud surrounding the effluent of a thermal spray device that effectively can extend the working distance or standoff between the thermal spray device and the surface being coated. This invention provides a method of spraying materials, including ceramic materials and reactive materials, at a long standoff and a method of controlling the temperature of the effluent being deposited using heated gas shield.

Abstract: A method of operation of a plasma torch and the plasma apparatus to produce a hot gas jet stream directed towards a workpiece to be coated by first injecting a cold high pressure carrier gas containing a powder material into a cold main high pressure gas flow and then directing this combined high pressure gas flow coaxially around a plasma exiting from an operating plasma generator and converging directly into the hot plasma effluent, thereby mixing with the hot plasma effluent to form a gas stream with a net temperature based on the enthalpy of the plasma stream and the temperature and volume of the cold high pressure converging gas, establishing a net temperature of the gas stream at a temperature such that the powdered material will not melt or soften, and projecting the powder particles at high velocity onto a workpiece surface.

Abstract: A microprocessor controlled arc metalizing unit includes a wire cassette and a drive mechanism cassette engaged in a separable manner. By disengaging the wire cassette and drive mechanism cassette, an operator has much greater control of the unit since the wire loaded wire cassette is fixed and the operator need only maneuver the lightweight drive mechanism cassette. To improve the safety of the arc metalizing unit, a “dead-man” switch acts to automatically shut down the arc metalizing unit should any number of preestablished safety conditions be breached. In addition, one or more composite housings enclose the operational components of the arc metalizing unit to improve safety. Reliability is improved through a tension control unit that eliminates any rotational fluctuations associated with wire spools. The arc metalizing unit further incorporates a touch pad control with a display for operating the unit and displaying the status of the unit.

Abstract: The invention relates to a process and a device for high-velocity flame spraying, the spray particles being accelerated in a flame jet of combustion gases. The injection of spray particles according to the invention takes place axially and centrally in the divergent section of the Laval nozzle, the powder tube (2) and the outer nozzle body (1) together forming a Laval nozzle for acceleration of the flame jet.

Abstract: A particle beam deposition apparatus includes a particle source for generating a plurality of particles in suspended form, an expansion chamber, and a deposition chamber connected to the expansion chamber by an aerodynamic focusing stage, and containing a substrate. The aerodynamic focusing stage may be comprised of a plurality of aerodynamic focusing elements, or lenses. Particles, including nanoparticles, may be deposited on the substrate by generating an aerosol cloud of particles, accelerating the particles into the expansion chamber, creating a collimated beam out of the particles by passing them through the aerodynamic focusing lenses and into a deposition chamber, and impacting the particles into the substrate.

Abstract: A thermal spraying method includes the steps of: (1) preparing a speed-increasing means for adding energy to the heated material or the heating material to increase a flying speed of the material; and (2) adding energy to the heated material or the heating material by the speed-increasing means in such a manner that a flying speed of the heated material or the heating material increases until the material reaches a surface of an object.

Abstract: The present invention provides a spray gun with associated nozzle attachments for high deposition efficiency for thermal spray of high quality, dense, low oxide content coatings. The spray guns are used to produce coatings using a thermal spray process, a high velocity oxy-fuel process, a high velocity air-fuel process, cold spraying, and plasma spraying in which the process is characterized by having an over-expanded flow with a Mach number from about 1.0 to about 4.0 which have passageway section which diverges to the gun outlet. In one embodiment the nozzle attachment is another diverging section with a greater angle of divergence than the diverging nozzle section. In another embodiment the nozzle attachment includes the aforementioned diverging nozzle attachment section followed by a converging nozzle section having an outlet section through which the thermal spray is emitted.

Abstract: A pulsed detonation gun comprises a small-diameter detonation tube, an igniter, and an outlet for discharging detonation products containing a coating material. A detonable or reactive mixture containing a coating precursor is formed in the detonation tube, and the detonable or reactive mixture is ignited to produce detonation or reaction products containing the coating precursor or a coating material formed in situ during a detonation process or a deflagration process. The coating material is discharged through the outlet and is contacted with the substrate to produce a coating. The device is particularly useful for coating the inside surfaces of small-diameter tubes and a variety of other difficult-to-reach substrate surfaces.

Abstract: The present invention is directed to methods and apparatus that use electrostatic and/or electromagnetic fields to enhance the process of spray forming preforms or powders. The present invention also describes methods and apparatus for atomization and heat transfer with non-equilibrium plasmas. The present invention is also directed to articles, particularly for use in gas turbine engines, produced by the methods of the invention.

Abstract: The present invention discloses a thermal spray apparatus with improved thermal efficiency and wear resistance in both the nozzle and barrel combustion chamber. Specifically, disclosed herein is a thermal spray apparatus for spraying substrate coatings, comprising a high velocity oxygen fuel (HVOF) gun wherein said gun includes a combustion chamber generating heated flow therefrom and a nozzle downstream from said chamber. The nozzle and/or chamber contain a first layer of material heated by the flow, and a second layer of material which contacts the first layer when said first layer is heated. The first layer has a thermal conductivity that is lower than said second layer and preferably a lower thermal expansion coefficient. In use, the contact of the first heated layer of material with the second layer operates to remove heat from the first layer therein providing automatic/self-regulating temperature control of the HVOF apparatus.