Abstract: A temperature-controlled pressure regulator assembly includes a regulator having a regulator body, a valve seat, an inlet, an outlet, and defines a flow passage connecting the inlet and the outlet. A control element controls the device, a portion of the flow passage extends through a heat chamber, and a heater is positioned to heat the chamber thereby conveying heat to a fluid in the flow passage. A controller is electrically coupled to the heater and is coupled to a power source. A thermal cut-off fuse is coupled to a control circuit, with the thermal cut-off fuse arranged to electrically decouple the heater from the control circuit in response to a temperature exceeding a threshold, thereby deactivating the heater. The thermal cut-off fuse is disposed in a circular fuse holder and positioned adjacent the heater and adjacent a longitudinal center of the heat chamber.

Abstract: A system is disclosed for providing inerting gas to a protected space, and also providing electrical power. The system includes an electrochemical cell comprising a cathode and an anode separated by a separator comprising a proton transfer medium. Inerting gas is produced at the cathode. A fuel source comprising methanol or formaldehyde or ethanol and a water source are each in controllable operative fluid communication with the anode. A controller is configured to alternatively operate the system in a first mode of operation where water is directed to the anode fluid flow path inlet and electric power is directed from a power source to the electrochemical cell, and in a second mode of operation in which the fuel is directed from the fuel source to the anode fluid flow path inlet and electric power is directed from the electrochemical cell to the power sink.

Abstract: Fuel tank inerting systems are described. The systems include a fuel tank, a catalytic reactor arranged to receive a reactant mixture comprising a first reactant and a second reactant to generate an inert gas to be supplied to the fuel tank to fill an ullage space of the fuel tank, a condenser heat exchanger arranged between the catalytic reactor and the fuel tank and configured to cool an output from the catalytic reactor, and a fan assembly arranged within an inerting system flow path upstream of the catalytic reactor, wherein the fan assembly is arranged within a gas flow having a temperature of at least 185° C.

Abstract: Disclosed herein are methods of producing a gas at a variable rate, the methods comprising dynamically mixing dry particles comprising a precursor and dry particles comprising a proton-generating species to produce a gas and wherein the gas is produced at a rate that is varied by varying the amount of time the dry particles comprising the precursor and the dry particles comprising the proton-generating species are dynamically mixed, the rate at which the dry particles comprising the precursor and the dry particles comprising the proton-generating species are dynamically mixed, or a combination thereof.

Abstract: Disclosed are methods and compact apparatus for controlled, on-demand ammonia generation from urea. The process gasifies an aqueous urea solution in a chamber utilizing hot gas while controlling the flows of aqueous urea solution and hot gas to achieve complete gasification of the aqueous urea solution and form a gas mixture comprising ammonia, isocyanic acid, carbon dioxide and water vapor, which is passed through a catalyst bed containing particulate transition metal oxide to convert substantially all of the isocyanic acid to ammonia. A catalyst support and the catalyst bed are aligned with the gasification chamber at the lower end of said chamber to provide a degree of back pressure on the gases in the gasification chamber to isolate the gasification chamber from turbulent exit effects caused by equipment downstream of the thermal reactor. A sample of the product stream is treated to remove water and ammonia, and analyze for carbon dioxide content to control the process.

Abstract: A method for modifying a carbon thermal ionization filament is disclosed. In particular, the method requires a step of reacting a fluorine-containing compound with the carbon thermal ionization filament to provide a fluorinated carbon thermal ionization filament. Such method can result in a fluorinated carbon thermal ionization filament that can be employed in a system, such as a thermal ionization mass spectrometer, for ionizing a sample.

Abstract: A fume decontamination system connected to any combustion system which comprises seven devices interconnected sequentially in the following manner: an extraction device is first connected to the combustion system and then connected by the other end to a guiding device which, in turn, is connected to a cooling device. Once cooled, the combustion gases are channeled to a suction device in which the gases are driven under pressure to an induction device which, in turn, concentrates the gases and directs same to the injection plenum, the concentrated, cooled gases being distributed at constant volumes to the entire biological plant filtering device and its decontamination procedure.

Abstract: An object of the present invention is to provide a method for producing a fluorinated organic compound with a high yield without using carbon tetrachloride in view of the fact that the production of a fluorinated organic compound with a sufficient yield was impossible for a hitherto-known method that uses a fluorinating agent that contains IF5-pyridine-HF alone. Another object of the present invention is to provide a fluorinating reagent that is capable of achieving this object. The present invention provides a composition comprising (1) IF5 and (2) an aprotic solvent (with the proviso that carbon tetrachloride is excluded), wherein the aprotic solvent is contained in an amount within a range of 50 mass ppm to 20 mass %.

Abstract: The application relates to a novel module for electrolysis or co-electrolysis of water or of SOFC fuel cell, within which the forces necessary to compress the seals are decoupled from those necessary for the electrical contact elements that ensure the passage of current in the module.

Abstract: Provided is a fluidized bed reactor (1) that makes it possible to stably measure a temperature distribution in the fluidized bed reactor (1) while no damage is caused to a temperature measuring section. Provided is a fluidized bed reactor (1) configured to generate trichlorosilane by reacting metallurgical grade silicon powder and hydrogen chloride gas, the fluidized bed reactor (1) including: a reaction vessel (10); and a plurality of temperature measuring sections (50), provided on an outer surface of the reaction vessel (10), each for measuring a temperature inside the reaction vessel (10).

Abstract: A fuel tank inerting system includes a primary catalytic reactor comprising an inlet, an outlet, a reactive flow path between the inlet and the outlet, and a catalyst on the reactive flow path. The catalytic reactor is arranged to receive fuel from the fuel tank and air from an air source that are mixed to form a combined flow, and to react the combined flow along the reactive flow path to generate an inert gas. The system also includes an input sensor that measures a property of the combined flow before it enters the primary catalytic reactor and an output sensor that measures the property of the combined flow after it exits the primary catalytic reactor.

Abstract: A process of operating a spark-ignited internal combustion engine (SI-ICE) with improved fuel efficiency and reduced emissions including under steady state and under lean-operating conditions at high overall air to fuel (AFR) ratios. A first supply of high octane hydrocarbon fuel, such as gasoline or natural gas, and a first supply of oxidant are fed to a fuel reformer to produce a gaseous reformate with a reforming efficiency of greater than 75 percent relative to equilibrium. The gaseous reformate is mixed with a second supply of oxidant, after which the resulting reformate blended oxidant is fed with a second supply of high octane hydrocarbon fuel to the SI-ICE for combustion. Steady state fuel efficiency is improved by more than 3 percent, when the reformate comprises from greater than about 1 to less than about 18 percent of the total volume of reformate blended oxidant fed to the engine.

Abstract: A method for optimizing a cracking efficiency with which a pyrolysis tube of a deposition apparatus cracks a precursor material into reactive species is disclosed, including measuring an input pressure at an entrance to the pyrolysis tube, outside of the pyrolysis tube; measuring an output pressure at an exit from the pyrolysis tube, outside of the pyrolysis tube; measuring a pyrolysis temperature within the pyrolysis tube; calculating a cracking efficiency based on the input pressure, the output pressure and the pyrolysis temperature; and determining an adjustment to be made to at least one of the input pressure, the output pressure and the pyrolysis temperature to increase the cracking efficiency.

Abstract: The invention relates to a metallic membrane for nitrogen separation, the method of making the membrane and methods of using the membrane. The invention also relates to a metallic membrane for disassociation of nitrogen and subsequent reaction with hydrogen to produce ammonia at moderate conditions compared to a conventional Haber-Bosch process.

Abstract: A process for upgrading vacuum residuum and vacuum gas oil hydrocarbons is disclosed. The process may include: contacting a heavy distillate hydrocarbon fraction and hydrogen with a zeolite selective hydrocracking catalyst in a first ebullated bed hydrocracking reaction zone to convert at least a portion of the vacuum gas oil to lighter hydrocarbons. Contacting a residuum hydrocarbon fraction and hydrogen with a non-zeolite base metal hydroconversion catalyst in a second ebullated bed hydroconversion reaction zone may produce a vapor stream containing unconverted hydrogen, acid gases and volatilized hydrocarbons which may be fed along with the vacuum gas oil in the first ebullated bed hydrocracking zone.

Abstract: A system for ammonia distillation may include a condenser to condense ammonia vapor into liquid anhydrous ammonia, a flush tank to receive a flushed portion of the liquid anhydrous ammonia, a collection tank to receive a collected portion of the liquid anhydrous ammonia, and a corrosion inhibitor dispenser to transfer a corrosion inhibitor to the collected portion of the liquid anhydrous ammonia to form corrosion-inhibiting liquid anhydrous ammonia.

Abstract: An apparatus (10) for preparation of acetylene and synthesis gas by partial oxidation of hydrocarbons with oxygen is proposed, comprising a reactor (12). The reactor (12) has a burner block (14) with a firing space for acetylene preparation, a secondary space (18) formed within the burner block (14), and an annular space (20) surrounding the secondary space (18). The burner block (14) has holes (22) for supply of a stream of a mixture of hydrocarbons and oxygen to the firing space and holes (24) for supply of a stream of auxiliary oxygen to the firing space. The holes (24) for supply of a stream of auxiliary oxygen to the firing space are connected to the secondary space (18). The secondary space (18) is connected to the annular space (20). There is a further proposal of a process for preparing acetylene and synthesis gas by partial oxidation of hydrocarbons with oxygen.

Abstract: A manganese oxide contains M1, optionally M2, Mn and O. M1 is selected from the group consisting of In, Sc, Y, Dy, Ho, Er, Tm, Yb and Lu. M2 is different from M1, and M2 is selected from the group consisting of Bi, In, Sc, Y, La, Ce, Pr, Nd, Sm, Eu, Gd, Tb, Dy, Ho, Er, Tm, Yb and Lu. These ceramic materials are hexagonal in structure, and provide superior materials for gas separation and oxygen storage.

Abstract: A plant for refining raw materials containing organic constituents includes a reactor configured to receive raw materials; a furnace configured to receive solids and fuel from the reactor; a return conduit configured to recirculate hot solids generated in the furnace to the reactor; and a sealing device configured to separate an oxidizing atmosphere of the furnace from an atmosphere of the reactor. The sealing device includes: a downpipe disposed between the furnace and the reactor, the downpipe being configured to withdraw a stream of solids from the furnace; a rising pipe disposed near a bottom of the downpipe and branching off there from to a top, the rising pipe being configured to transport a fluidized stream of solids to the reactor; and a conveying gas supply disposed below the rising pipe, the conveying gas supply being configured to fluidize a stream of solids withdrawn from the furnace.

Abstract: The method for catalytic methanation of synthesis gas includes the following steps: 1) feeding the synthesis gas into the bottom of a reactor of an upward concurrent flow transporting bed so as to adequately mix and preheat with methanation catalyst entering the bottom of the reactor until the activation temperature of the catalyst is reached and then the methanation reaction begins; and 2) after the methanation reaction, immediately passing the product gas and the catalyst grains outputted from the transporting bed into a gas-solid separator to perform a rapid separation so as to obtain the product gas.

Abstract: A fuel cell system comprises at least one fuel cell stack, a CPOX reactor, and a conduit for providing a fuel stream to the at least one fuel cell stack through the CPOX reactor during both a start up and a steady state modes of operation of the system.

Abstract: Methods of treating nanocrystal and/or quantum dot devices are described. The methods include contacting the nanocrystals and/or quantum dots with a solution including metal ions and halogen ions, such that the solution displaces native ligands present on the surface of the nanocrystals and/or quantum dots via ligand exchange.

Abstract: An exemplary embodiment can be an apparatus for real-time, in situ measurement of gas compositions and heating values. The apparatus includes a near infrared sensor for measuring concentrations of hydrocarbons and carbon dioxide, a mid infrared sensor for measuring concentrations of carbon monoxide and a semiconductor based sensor for measuring concentrations of hydrogen gas. A data processor having a computer program for reducing the effects of cross-sensitivities of the sensors to components other than target components of the sensors is also included. Also provided are corresponding or associated methods for real-time, in situ determination of a composition and heating value of a fuel gas.

Abstract: A hydrogen generation apparatus 200 includes: an evaporating part 7; a reforming reaction part 9A connected to the downstream side of the evaporating part; a carbon monoxide reducing part 20 provided downstream from the reforming reaction part; and a gas guiding part 21 disposed between the reforming reaction part and the carbon monoxide reducing part and configured to guide a gas that has passed through the reforming reaction part to the carbon monoxide reducing part. The evaporating part and the carbon monoxide reducing part are arranged to be adjacent to each other such that, at least, a part of the evaporating part and a part of the carbon monoxide reducing part are heat exchangeable with each other.

Abstract: A process for removing sulfur-containing contaminants from a gas stream comprising: providing a gas stream to a first absorption unit; providing a hydrogen sulfide lean gas stream to a second absorption unit; providing a first regenerator with a hydrogen sulfide rich absorbent from the first absorption unit; providing the hydrogen sulfide rich gas to a Claus unit to convert the hydrogen sulfide to obtain sulfur and a Claus tail gas; providing a second regenerator with an absorbent rich in organic sulfur compounds and in carbon dioxide; fully oxidizing all sulfur species of a gas stream rich in organic sulfur compounds and in carbon dioxide; cooling a sulfur dioxide rich stream; providing a third absorption unit with the sulfur dioxide rich gas stream; and providing a third regenerator with a sulfur dioxide rich absorbent from the third absorption unit.

Abstract: A process that includes: (a) introducing a vent gas comprising hydrochloric acid, silicon tetrachloride, trichlorosilane, and dichlorosilane to an HCl converter reactor comprising a metal catalyst, to provide a product gas comprising less hydrochloric acid than was present in the vent gas; (b) refining the product gas to provide a hydrogen enriched stream and a chlorosilane(s) enriched stream, and (c) introducing the chlorosilane(s) enriched stream into a TCS/STC distillation unit, to generate a fraction enriched in silicon tetrachloride and another fraction enriched in trichlorosilane and dichlorosilane.

Abstract: A primary fuel catalyst used to combust a secondary fuel, the primary fuel comprising the gases produced by water electrolysis. When secondary fuels are combusted by the primary fuel, the by-products include heat, water and other more stable by-product materials, When the secondary fuel is a hazardous waste or a radioactive material and either is bound to thermite before combustion, the by-products are no longer hazardous or have significantly reduced radiation levels after one or more passes. Embodiments of the present invention relate to the method for accelerating the decay of hazardous and/or radioactive waste products, and more particularly they relate to the nuclear transmutation of heavy radioactive elements into lighter ones with shorter half-lives and then finally to stable daughter products. Therefore, the invented process relates to reducing the long-term toxicity of hazardous and/or radioactive waste and to, an economic and effective process facility for doing so.

Abstract: Disclosed is a photocatalyst, and methods for its use, that includes a photoactive material comprising a photonic band gap and an electronic band gap, wherein the photonic band gap at least partially overlaps with the electronic band gap, and an electrically conductive material deposited on the photoactive material.

Abstract: Disclosed herein is a method for identifying the compounds contributing to a pungent odor from an air conditioner, a method for artificially reproducing the pungent odor, and preparing a corresponding pungent odor composition. Through the analysis method of the present invention, the compounds contributing to the pungent odor from an air conditioner may be identified and quantified. The pungent odor may be reproduced from a combination of the compounds identified by the analysis method of the present invention. The reproduced pungent odor may provide significant data required for development of an apparatus and a method for removing specific odors.

Abstract: This invention describes a process for a complete sequestration of carbon (CO2) from Municipal Solid Waste (MSW) to energy plants which produce Refuse Derived Fuel and the associated exhaust gases. The described process results in production of energy from the waste and disposal of the MSW with zero carbon emission.

Abstract: A respiratory metabolic simulator is disclosed. The respiratory metabolic simulator includes a catalytic carbon dioxide generator having a first inlet adapted for receiving a fuel and a second inlet adapted for receiving a gas; a breathing simulator; and a controller; wherein an exhaust of the catalytic carbon dioxide generator combines with an exhaust of the breathing simulator; and wherein the controller is configured to vary at least one of the fuel and the gas provided to the catalytic carbon dioxide generator such that the combined exhausts emulate human exhalation.

Abstract: A method that identifies the compounds contributing to a sweet odor from an air conditioner, reproduces the sweet odor, and prepares a corresponding sweet odor composition. Through the analysis method of the present invention, the compounds contributing to the sweet odor from an air conditioner are identified and quantified. The sweet odor is reproduced from a combination of the compounds identified by the analysis method of the present invention. The reproduced sweet odor provides significant data required for development of an apparatus and a method for removing specific odor.

Abstract: A method that identifies the compounds contributing to a fish-like odor from an air conditioner and artificially reproduces the fish-like odor, and prepares a corresponding fish-like odor composition. Through the analysis method of the present invention, the compounds contributing to the fish-like odor from an air conditioner are identified and quantified. The fish-like odor is reproduced from a combination of the compounds identified by the analysis method of the present invention. The reproduced fish-like odor provides significant data required for development of an apparatus and a method for removing specific odor.

Abstract: A method is provided that identifies the compounds contributing to a malodor from an air conditioner, reproduces the malodor, and prepares a corresponding malodor composition. Through the analysis method of the present invention, the compounds contributing to the malodor from an air conditioner are identified and quantified. The malodor is reproduced from a combination of the compounds identified by the analysis method of the present invention. The reproduced malodor provides significant data required for development of an apparatus and a method for removing specific odor.

Abstract: A solids handling equipment rotary plough (200) includes an elongate metal body (201) with a leading face (210) and a trailing face (212). The body (201) is configured to be mounted to a rotary component for rotation about an axis of rotation at least in one direction which is an operative forward direction such that the leading face (210) leads the trailing face (212). At least the leading face (210) has at least two major operatively upwardly and outwardly extending surfaces (202.1, 204.1) which are not coplanar. A first major surface (202.1) is angled operatively rearwardly and upwardly relative to the forward direction of rotation at an angle of at least 1° to the vertical. A second major surface (204.1) is angled operatively forwardly and outwardly at an angle of at least 1° relative to a radius of a circle described in use by the rotary plough (200) when rotating in the operative forward direction.

Abstract: A process for treating steam-saturated crude gases from an entrained flow gasification of fuels before entry into heat exchangers sited upstream of a crude gas converting operation. To avoid solid deposits in an entrance region of the heat exchangers, the crude gas is converted from a saturated into a superheated state by supply of a hot gas to the crude gas. Hot gas contemplated is superheated high pressure steam or recycled superheated converted crude gas.

Abstract: The invention relates to inert gas production processes and can be used for producing a krypton/xenon mixture from a stream of oxygen recovered from air separation plants and containing 0.05-0.5% krypton and xenon. The method for producing a krypton/xenon mixture involves purifying a stream of gaseous primary concentrate by the catalytic combustion thereof and subsequently cooling same, purifying the primary concentrate of catalytic combustion products, carrying out cooling upon completion of purification, fractionating the primary concentrate in a rectification column to form a stream of krypton/xenon mixture and a stream of stripped oxygen and removing the stream of krypton/xenon mixture from the rectification column in the form of a target product, as well as purifying the krypton/xenon mixture of radon. The invention makes it possible to extend the scope of use of the krypton/xenon mixture.

Abstract: A system and method for splitting water to produce hydrogen and oxygen employing focused polarized sunlight energy is disclosed. Hydrogen and oxygen may then be stored for later use as fuels. The system and method use inorganic capping agents that cap the surface of semiconductor nanocrystals to form photocatalytic capped colloidal nanocrystals, which may be deposited and oriented on a substrate to form an oriented photoactive material. The oriented photoactive material may be employed in the system to harvest sunlight and produce energy necessary for water splitting. The system may also include a light polarization system and elements necessary to collect, transfer, and store hydrogen and oxygen, for subsequent transformation into electrical energy.

Abstract: Systems and methods for pre-treatment of acid gas are presented in which ammonium is removed from the acid gas in an absorber that is operated at significantly elevated temperature using dilute phosphoric acid. While seemingly incompatible, absorbing ammonia at high heat in the absorber will allow for production of a diammonium phosphate product that is ultra-low in residual sulfurous compounds and prevent crystallization of phosphate salts due to the increased solubility of the salts in the hot diluted solvent.

Abstract: The molecular etcher carbonyl fluoride (COF2) or any of its variants, are provided for, according to the present invention, to increase the efficiency of etching and/or cleaning and/or removal of materials such as the unwanted film and/or deposits on the chamber walls and other components in a process chamber or substrate (collectively referred to herein as “materials”). The methods of the present invention involve igniting and sustaining a plasma, whether it is a remote or in-situ plasma, by stepwise addition of additives, such as but not limited to, a saturated, unsaturated or partially unsaturated perfluorocarbon compound (PFC) having the general formula (CyFz) and/or an oxide of carbon (COx) to a nitrogen trifluoride (NF3) plasma into a chemical deposition chamber (CVD) chamber, thereby generating COF2. The NF3 may be excited in a plasma inside the CVD chamber or in a remote plasma region upstream from the CVD chamber.

Abstract: The present invention generally relates to a catalytic gasification of coal. Catalytic gasification of a Wyodak low-sulfur sub-bituminous coal from the Powder River Basin of Wyoming was investigated using an inexpensive sodium carbonate catalyst applied via incipient wetness impregnation. Experiments in an atmospheric pressure fixed-bed laboratory gasifier were performed to evaluate the effects of reaction temperature, feed gas steam content, and Na2CO3 loading on the catalytic gasification of the Wyodak coal. The temperature range investigated (700-900° C.) was selected with consideration of the Na2CO3 melting point (850° C.) to reduce the loss by volatilization of sodium. Sodium was found to be active during both pyrolysis and gasification steps. The catalyst was most cost-effective at addition levels of approximately 3 wt %. The random pore model provided a good fit to the conversion versus time data collected under both the catalytic and the uncatalytic conditions.

Abstract: A corrosion prevention and control composition and method comprises combining primarily two-component polyurethane foam formed by reacting polyols with an isocyanate compound, and a 2 to 10 percent by weight of either an organic or inorganic gas-phase corrosion inhibitor. The closed cell foam provides a barrier protection for the underlying corrodible surface, while the inhibitor protects the metal from the absorbed moisture vapor, thereby preventing corrosion from occurring at the foam/metal interface. The resulting foam and inhibitor composition maintains better adhesion to the underlying corrodible structure in corrosive environments.

Abstract: Disclosed is a process for the concurrent production of hydrogen and sulphur from a H2S-containing gas stream, with zero emissions. The method comprises the thermal oxidative cracking of H2S so as to form H2 and S2. Preferably, the oxidation is conducted using oxygen-enriched air, preferably pure oxygen. The ratio H2S/O2 in the feedstock is higher than 2:1, preferably in the range of 3:1-5:1.

Abstract: The invention is a process involving membrane-based gas separation for separating and recovering carbon dioxide emissions from combustion processes in partially concentrated form, and then transporting the carbon dioxide and using or storing it in a confined manner without concentrating it to high purity. The process of the invention involves building up the concentration of carbon dioxide in a gas flow loop between the combustion step and a membrane separation step. A portion of the carbon dioxide-enriched gas can then be withdrawn from this loop and transported, without the need to liquefy the gas or otherwise create a high-purity stream, to a destination where it is used or confined, preferably in an environmentally benign manner.

Abstract: The goal of the invention consists in making available a method for supplying fuel to a pressurized gasification system, which ensures, in economically efficient manner, that the emission of pollutants from the coal transfer and the transport is minimized or completely avoided. This is achieved in that a gas that contains at least 10 ppm vol. CO is used for transfer and/or conveying, whereby a gas that contains oxygen is mixed into this gas, and that this gas mixture is heated to a temperature that oxidizes at least 10% of the pollutants contained in the gas.

Abstract: A method is provided that identifies the compounds contributing to fishy water odor from an air conditioner, reproduces the fishy water odor, and prepares a corresponding fishy water odor composition. Through the analysis method of the present invention, the compounds contributing to the fishy water odor from an air conditioner are identified and quantified. The fishy water odor is reproduced from a combination of the compounds identified by the analysis method of the present invention. The reproduced fishy water odor provides significant data required for development of an apparatus and a method for removing specific odor.

Abstract: Disclosed herein is a method for identifying compounds contributing to a sour odor emitting from an air conditioner, a method for artificially reproducing the detected sour odor and preparing a corresponding sour odor composition. Through the analysis method of the present invention, the compounds contributing to the sour odor emitted from an air conditioner may be identified and quantified. The detected sour odor may be reproduced from a combination of the compounds identified by the analysis method of the present invention. The reproduced sour odor may provide meaningful data required for development of an apparatus and a method for removing specific odors.

Abstract: Disclosed herein is a method for identifying the compounds contributing to urine odor emitting from an air conditioner, a method for artificially reproducing the detected urine odor, and preparing a corresponding urine odor composition. Through the analysis method of the present invention, the compounds contributing to the urine odor emitted from an air conditioner may be identified and quantified. The detected urine odor may be reproduced from a combination of the compounds identified by the analysis method of the present invention. The reproduced urine odor may provide meaningful data required for development of an apparatus and a method for removing specific odor.

Abstract: Processes, systems and equipment can be used to convert carbonaceous fuel to an output gas stream that includes CO as a primary C-containing product. In some embodiments, the processes and systems also can produce H2 in a separate reaction, with the H2 advantageously being capable of being combined with the CO from a partial oxidation process to provide syngas which, in turn, can be used to produce fuels and chemicals. The processes and systems can be tuned so as to not produce significant amounts of CO2 and do not require an air separation unit.

Abstract: A system and method for splitting water to produce hydrogen and oxygen employing focused polarized sunlight energy is disclosed. Hydrogen and oxygen may then be stored for later use as fuels. The system and method use inorganic capping agents that cap the surface of semiconductor nanocrystals to form photocatalytic capped colloidal nanocrystals, which may be deposited and oriented on a substrate to form an oriented photoactive material. The oriented photoactive material may be employed in the system to harvest sunlight and produce energy necessary for water splitting. The system may also include a light polarization system and elements necessary to collect, transfer, and store hydrogen and oxygen, for subsequent transformation into electrical energy.