Abstract: Shot blasting particles are constituted by a ceramic material having an apparent relative density of more than 4.0 and less than 5.0 and comprising more than 5% of silica, as a percentage by weight based on the oxides.

Abstract: Methods and apparatus for removing condensed metal from the surfaces of metal processing chambers, such as, vacuum induction melting (VIM) furnaces having, for example, condensed Mg or Ti, are disclosed. The methods and apparatus provide a robotic arm end positioned in the furnace having a nozzle operatively connected to a source of dry ice. The robotic arm end directs a stream of dry ice particles against the surface of the furnace to displace condensed metal. The displaced metal is collected for reuse or disposal. Aspects of the invention provide a safe and automated process for cleaning process chambers and recovering metal that can typically be dangerous when performed by conventional methods.

Abstract: A method and a device for improving the outer surface quality by an in-line outer surface treatment of slabs, which are produced in a continuous process from strand casting to hot rolling, with a heating furnace arranged between a CSP-casting machine and a hot rolling train. A defined surface of the slab with a layer thickness per slab side of up to 4 mm is oxidized in a targeted manner by an oxidation device. An oxidation treatment of the slab surface is combined with the following processing in-line method steps: prior to the oxidation treatment the outer surface of the slab is freed of naturally occurring scale by a scale washer, after the oxidation treatment a created oxidation layer as well as the newly formed scale is cooled, mechanically broken up in a roll pair and removed from the surface of the slab by a scale washer.

Abstract: The aim of the invention is to improve the surface quality of slabs (5) having a thickness of up to 400 mm, that are produced in a continuous process from continuous casting to hot-rolling, for example according to the CSP method, by means of an in-line surface treatment. To this end, a defined surface layer of the slab (5) with a layer thickness per slab side of up to 4 mm is oxidised in a targeted manner by an oxidising flame or an oxidising gas mixture applied to the upper and lower sides of the slab (5) by means of an oxidation device containing nozzles or a similar device, said layer being removed later on during the process. The oxidation product on the slab surface can be solid or liquid.

Abstract: Methods and apparatus for removing condensed metal from the surfaces of metal processing chambers, such as, a vacuum induction metal (VIM) furnaces having, for example, condensed Mg or Ti, are disclosed. The methods and apparatus provide a robotic arm end positioned in the furnace having a nozzle operatively connected to a source of dry ice. The robotic arm end directs a stream of dry ice particles against the surface of the furnace to displace condensed metal. The displaced metal is collected for reuse or disposal. Aspects of the invention provide a safe and automated process for cleaning process chambers and recovering metal that can typically be dangerous when performed by conventional methods.

Abstract: Martensitic stainless steel whose steel composition is restricted within a specific range for each element is provided. The scale layer formed on the surface of the base material consists of an inner layer scale mainly including FeCr2O4 and an outer layer scale having a thickness of not more than 20 ?m, which outer layer is deposited on the inner layer scale at a surface coverage of not less than 1% and not more than 15%. The application of rust preventive oil onto the surface of the steel ensures an excellent weather resistance during a long term, and therefore a martensitic stainless steel forming no rust either in the outdoor depository or in the indoor depository can be provided. The steel can be used to manufacture, not only steel pipes, but also steel plates, steel rods and others in a wide application field.

Abstract: A method and apparatus for the descaling of metal surfaces without the use of caustic substances is provided. The apparatus includes a first and second blast heads containing fan shaped nozzles that spray high velocity jets of smooth edged, ceramic media at a scale covered continuous sheet of steel. The continuous sheet of steel is advanced into an abrading station containing a pair of brush assemblies that include stainless steel bristled brushes. The stainless steel brushes engage the surface of the sheet of steel and abrade away the cracked scale, leaving a surface clean of scale. The surface produced is pH neutral and therefore resists additional corrosion and does not require oil coatings, or other protective treatments. The metal surface is produced with a roughness that is less than 2.5 microns Ra without stretching, polishing, cold-rolling or the use of acid pickling. Eliminating these steps makes for a faster, more robust process and saves considerable cost.

Abstract: A method of descaling surfaces having oscillation marks of cast billets produced by a continuous casting process an reduced in a hot strip train including an equalizing furnace and a plurality of rolling mill stands, with the cast billets being delivered from a continuous casting machine through a billet guide, with the method including subjecting surfaces of a cast billet, in a limited region between an end of the billet guide and an entrance of one of the equalizing furnace and a first rolling mill stand, by at lease a double deflection of the cast billet from a horizontal transporting path of the cast billet, to stretching in a region of each deflection, and subjecting the surfaces of the cast billet to an intensive flushing with hard water jets in the deflection regions of the eight-gage slab.

Abstract: A descaling device for hydromechanically descaling metal strip has a descaling spray arrangement with first and second spray nozzles arranged adjacent to one another in first and second spray nozzle rows transverse to the transport direction with several first and second spray nozzle rows successively arranged in the transport direction above a top side and underneath a bottom side of the metal strip. The first and second spray nozzles spray a high pressure water jet onto the top and bottom sides. First catch troughs are correlated with the first spray nozzles and catch water of the high pressure water jets of the first spray nozzles. The first spray nozzle rows together with the first catch troughs are pivotable about a pivot axis and vertically adjustable relative to the top side by a signal from a measuring device.

Abstract: A method and apparatus for the descaling of metal surfaces without the use of caustic substances is provided. The apparatus includes a first and second blast heads containing fan shaped nozzles that spray high velocity jets of smooth edged, ceramic media at a scale covered continuous sheet of steel. The continuous sheet of steel is advanced into an abrading station containing a pair of brush assemblies that include stainless steel bristled brushes. The stainless steel brushes engage the surface of the sheet of steel and abrade away the cracked scale, leaving a surface clean of scale. The surface produced is pH neutral and therefore resists additional corrosion and does not require oil coatings, or other protective treatments. The metal surface is produced with a roughness that is less than 2.5 microns Ra without stretching, polishing, cold-rolling or the use of acid pickling. Eliminating these steps makes for a faster, more robust process and saves considerable cost.