Abstract: Provided is a method for controlling a wind power installation and/or a wind farm having at least one wind power installation, particularly in the case of asymmetrical network voltages, comprising: measuring a first voltage of a first phase, a second voltage of a second phase and a third voltage of a third phase of a three-phase electrical system, calculating a symmetrical negative-sequence voltage system from the measured voltages including a first negative-sequence voltage, a second negative-sequence voltage and a third negative-sequence voltage, predefining setpoints for a negative-sequence current system depending on the calculated, symmetrical negative-sequence voltage system including a first negative-sequence current component, a second negative-sequence current component and a third negative-sequence current component, wherein the setpoints are defined such that a balancing of the measured voltages is achieved, feeding an asymmetrical three-phase AC current into a wind farm network or an electrical su

Abstract: Provided are an operation limit value management unit managing an operation limit value related to the power flow power of system equipment and a determination unit calculating the power flow state for each set time of the future of a power system based on load dispatching information including a power generation plan value, a predicted output value, and a predicted value of power demand and determining whether or not stable is each power flow state by comparison with the operation limit value. The determination unit sequentially changes the first output power of a first power source defined by the power generation plan value of the first power source and calculates each power flow state based on power including the changed first output power and a predicted value of the output of a second power source.

Abstract: Techniques are disclosed that pertain to synchronizing power states between integrated circuit dies. A system includes an integrated circuit that includes a plurality of integrated circuit dies coupled together. A particular integrated circuit die may include a primary power manager circuit and one or more remaining integrated circuit dies include respective secondary power manager circuits. The primary power manager circuit is configured to issue a transition request to the secondary power manager circuits to transition their integrated circuit dies from a first power state to a second power state. A given secondary power manager circuit is configured to receive the transition request, transition its integrated circuit die to the second power state, and issue an acknowledgement to the primary power manager circuit that its integrated circuit die has been transitioned to the second power state.

Abstract: A buck-boost circuit is provided. First terminals of a first switch and a second switch are connected to an anode of the input power supply, first terminals of a third switch and a first capacitor are connected to a second terminal of the first switch, a second terminal of the third switch is connected to a cathode of the input power supply, a first terminal of a fourth switch, a second terminal of the first capacitor, and a first terminal of a first inductor are connected to a second terminal of the second switch, a second terminal of the fourth switch is connected to the cathode of the input power supply, a second terminal of the first inductor is connected to a anode of an output power supply, and a second capacitor is connected in parallel between the anode and a cathode of the output power supply.

Abstract: A microgrid system is described. The microgrid system includes a Hodrick-Prescott filter configured to generate a filtered power based on an electrical power that is generated from an renewable energy. The microgrid system further includes a battery configured to output a battery power based on the electrical power and the filtered power. Also, the microgrid system includes a state of charge (SoC) control module configured to control charging and discharging of the battery by applying a feedback control on the output battery power.

Abstract: A power conversion system for mobile power generation and support is configured to be adaptable to different, time-varying mission requirements, system statuses, environmental contexts, and for different power sources and power loads. Adaptability includes real-time, on-the-fly adaptation from DC-to-AC, AC-to-DC, AC-to-AC, and DC-to-DC conversion; adaptations from buck conversion to boost conversation; and from current source conversion mode to voltage source conversion mode. In an embodiment, individual internal power stages for one or more power electronics building blocks are equipped with multiple internal current routing switches/contactors. Current flow may be dynamically re-routed along different current paths associated with an H-bridge of each power stage. Alternative current routings allow for the introduction or removal of inductors at critical points along the current path. Such on-the-fly current rerouting, at the power transistor level, enables the adaptability of the power converter.

Abstract: A power grid restoration system includes a hybrid power plant that provides electrical power to a power grid. The hybrid power plant includes a power plant that generates electrical power with a power drive. A battery energy storage system, which receives and stores electrical power from the power plant, releases the electrical power during block loading of the power grid. A controller couples to the power plant and to the battery energy storage system. The controller controls charging of the battery energy storage system with the power plant and controls the release of a block load of electrical power from the battery energy storage system and the power plant while block loading the power grid during a black grid restoration.

Abstract: A photovoltaic, PV, module level monitoring system (1) comprising a photovoltaic array (PVA) including at least one photovoltaic string (PVS) comprising photovoltaic modules, PVM, (5) each having a module level device, MLD, (4) adapted to monitor and/or to control the associated photovoltaic module, PVM, (5), wherein each module level device, MLD, (4) comprises a transceiver adapted to communicate with a transceiver of a base station (2) of an inverter (6) connected to said photovoltaic array (PVA), wherein the transceivers are coupled by associated duplexer circuits (7) to a DC power network comprising power cables (3) connecting the photovoltaic modules, PVM, (5) of the at least one photovoltaic string (PVS) of said photovoltaic array (PVA) with the base station (2) of the inverter (6), wherein a signal amplitude of a communication signal, CS, transmitted by a transceiver via its associated duplexer circuit (7) is adjusted automatically depending on a monitored impedance, ZPV, of the respective photovoltaic

Abstract: A method for designing a circuit includes adding, to a circuit design, a power switch configured to produce only one output over an acknowledgement port. The power switch does not include input and output supply ports. The method also includes adding, to the circuit design, an isolation circuit in which only one select pin is used to produce an output. The isolation circuit does not include isolation power and retention circuitry. The method also includes adding, to the circuit design, a retention circuit. The retention circuit includes a clock gating enabled register, a first AND gate connected to a clear pin of the register, and a second AND gate connected to a chip enable pin of the register. The method further includes compiling, by a processing device, the circuit design.

Abstract: The present disclosure discloses a DC home power consumption system and a wiring method for home appliances based on the system. The system includes: a home power supply configured to supply power for the home power consumption system; a high-voltage DC bus connected to the home power supply and configured to supply power for a high-power appliance; a low-voltage DC bus connected to the home power supply or the high-voltage DC bus and configured to supply power for a low-power appliance.

Abstract: A method described delivers power to a first load and a second load from networked power plants. The method may include receiving a power delivery profile for the first load, receiving a power delivery profile for a second load, determining a power output capability of a first renewable energy power plant (REPP), and determining a power output capability of a second REPP. The method may also include setting a power output for the first REPP and a power output for the second REPP based on the power delivery profile for the first and second loads and the power output capabilities of the first and second REPPs. The method may also include allocating a combined power output of the first and second REPPs to the first and second loads and delivering the allocated combined power output to the first and second loads.

Abstract: An in-vehicle communication device and a method for starting up an in-vehicle device are provided. An in-vehicle communication device according to the present embodiment includes: a first processing unit; a second processing unit; and a communication unit. The first processing unit, upon being started up, performs initialization processing thereof. The second processing unit requires a shorter time from start-up until completion of the initialization processing than the first processing unit does. Another in-vehicle device is connected to the communication unit via a communication line, and the communication unit communicates with the other in-vehicle device in accordance with control of the first processing unit and the second processing unit. The second processing unit, after completing the initialization processing thereof, transmits an instruction to start up the other in-vehicle device via the communication unit.

Abstract: According to one aspect of the present disclosure, there is provided a power converter apparatus that includes at least two switching bridges connected to a Direct Current (DC) bus and both generating pulse-width-modulated (PWM) voltages to non-isolated outputs, and an isolation transformer having a primary winding connected across the outputs of the two switching bridges and a secondary winding connected to isolated outputs. In a non-isolated mode, the two switching bridges are configured to operate in a parallel mode, and power is transferred between the DC bus and the non-isolated outputs. In an isolated mode, the two switching bridges are configured to operate in a full bridge mode, and power is transferred between the DC bus and the isolated outputs through the transformer.

Abstract: The present disclosure provides systems and methods for optimizing loading of battery inverters. A system may include a plurality of inverters configured to output power to a load; a switching system connected to the plurality of inverters; a plurality of energy storage units selectively coupled to the plurality of energy storage units by the switching system; and a controller. The controller can be configured to determine a required power for the load; determine a number of the plurality of inverters to provide the required power; determine a switching position for the switching system based on the determined number of the plurality of inverters, the switching position corresponding to power delivery by a set of the plurality of inverters; and send a control signal to the switching system to connect one or more of the plurality of energy storage units with the set of the plurality of inverters.

Abstract: A method and a device for primary frequency modulation in new energy power generation are provided. An inverter performs a first power adjustment according to a p-f droop curve before receiving a power adjustment instruction sent by the power station controller, and performs a second power adjustment in response to the power adjustment instruction. Since the inverter performs the first power adjustment before responding to the power adjustment instruction sent by the power station controller, the response of the primary frequency modulation is speeded up, so that rapid control for the new energy generation power is achieved, thereby ensuring stable operation of a power grid for new energy power generation.

Abstract: Provided is an external power feeder and an external power supply system that make it possible to continuously supply power to an external load even at a location without an electrical facility. An external power feeder connectable to a plurality of power supply sources includes: a plurality of connection ports which are respectively in connection with the plurality of power supply sources; a connection state acquisition unit that acquires a connection state of each of the plurality of connection ports with the power supply source; a power supply state acquisition unit that acquires a power supply state from each of the plurality of power supply sources; and a switching unit that switches from power supply from one power supply source to power supply from one other power supply source, among the connected power supply sources, based on a power supply state of the one power supply source.

Abstract: A power system for a vehicle includes: a high voltage battery; a low voltage DC-DC converter configured to step down a voltage of the high voltage battery and to output the stepped down voltage; a low voltage battery charged by an output current of the low voltage DC-DC converter, where the low voltage battery includes a first cell group including a plurality of battery cells, and a second cell group connected in parallel with the first cell group and including a plurality of battery cells; and a plurality of switches configured to electrically connect or disconnect the first cell group or the second cell group with the low voltage DC-DC converter, electrical loads configured to receive power from at least one of the low voltage DC-DC converter and the low voltage battery; and a controller configured to control opening or closing of the plurality of switches.

Abstract: An assembly, system, and method for receiving, distributing, and monitoring electrical power received from one or more sources is characterized by a residential electrical panel having at least a main bus panel having one or more house load circuit breakers, a main circuit breaker, a meter, and a battery output; a second bus panel having a battery input communicatively connected to the residential electrical panel and one or more critical load circuit breakers; a solar sub panel communicatively connected to the meter; and a monitoring device communicatively connected to the residential panel, the solar sub panel, and the second bus bar.

Abstract: Systems and methods for supplying power to an electronic device are provided. A first power limit is received from the electronic device at a transmitter. The transmitter input power is set to correspond to the first power limit. The transmitter supplies power corresponding to the transmitter input power to the electronic device to initiate charging, and an electrical value associated with the transmitter input power is monitored. During monitoring, the first electrical value is compared to a predefined second electrical value, the power supply to the receiver is discontinued based on the monitoring, and the transmitter input power is adjusted to correspond to a second power limit based on the comparison.

Abstract: A system on chip (SOC) includes a power distribution network (PDN) that has two different types of power multiplexers. The first power multiplexer type includes a lower resistance switching logic, and the second type includes a higher resistance switching logic as well as digital logic to provide an enable signal to the first type of power multiplexer. A given first-type power multiplexer may have multiple power multiplexers of the second type in a loop, the loop including communication paths for the enable signal and feeding the enable signal back to an enable input of the first-type power multiplexer.

Abstract: Provided is a power distribution apparatus that can be shared by vehicles having different configurations related to power supply. The power distribution apparatus distributes power supplied from a battery mounted in a vehicle to a plurality of loads mounted in the vehicle and connected to a power line connected to the battery and a plurality of power lines connected to the plurality of loads, the apparatus including: a first power supply path that is to be electrically connected to the power line connected to the battery and a power line connected to a first system load mounted in the vehicle; and a second power supply path that is not to be connected to the power line connected to the battery, and is to be electrically connected to a power line connected to a second system load mounted in the vehicle.

Abstract: Disclosed is a power wiring device which comprises: at least one elongated wiring member which includes a plurality of first connectors and allows the first connectors to be mutually electrically conducted; and a plurality of circuit modules each including a second connector which is mechanically and electrically attachable to and detachable from any of the first connectors, wherein the plurality of circuit modules include: at least one energy harvesting module as a circuit module capable of outputting power generated by energy harvesting from the second connector; and at least one load module as a circuit module capable of consuming power input from the second connector.

Abstract: A system includes: an edge computing device disposed in an indoor facility having at least one light source; an energy storage subsystem configured to generate electrical power from light emitted by the at least one light source, and to supply the electrical power to the edge computing device, the energy storage subsystem including: a collector; an auxiliary energy storage device configured to receive energy collected by the collector, the auxiliary energy storage device having a first storage capacity; a main energy storage device having a second storage capacity greater than the first storage capacity; a controller configured to supply energy from the main energy storage device to the edge computing device; and a selector configured to selectively discharge energy from the auxiliary energy storage device to the main energy storage device.

Abstract: A distributed power system including multiple DC power sources and multiple power modules. The power modules include inputs coupled respectively to the DC power sources and outputs coupled in series to form a serial string. An inverter is coupled to the serial string. The inverter converts power input from the serial string to output power. A signaling mechanism between the inverter and the power module is adapted for controlling operation of the power modules.

Abstract: A line module for use in a network device includes a plurality of circuits; and a power module connected to the plurality of circuits, and to a first Power Distribution Unit (PDU) and a second PDU, wherein the first PDU and the second PDU provide power distribution by different feeds, wherein the power module is configured to initiate a shutdown procedure when one or more of i) a current drawn from any feed equals or exceeds a first current threshold, and ii) an aggregate current drawn from all feeds equal or exceeds a second current threshold.

Abstract: One example includes a method for generating a solar farm design. Geographic map data defines geographic features and boundaries of a geographic region. A solar panel block library that stores virtual solar panel block types is accessed. Each of the virtual solar panel block types corresponds to a design of a respective solar panel block that includes solar panels, an inverter, and an access road, and each virtual solar panel block type includes predetermined dimensions and a predefined output power rating. An array of a virtual solar panel block type to fit within the geographic features and boundaries of the geographic region on the map is generated based on the dimensions of each of the virtual solar panel blocks in the array. The array is iteratively modified to optimize a criterion of the solar farm design, and the design is stored in a memory for subsequent solar farm installation.

Abstract: Provided is an optical sensor including: a first photodetector including a first photodiode and having a first wavelength sensitivity characteristic; a first resistor having one end connected to a cathode of the first photodiode, and another end connected to a ground point; a second photodetector including a second photodiode and having a second wavelength sensitivity characteristic; a second resistor having one end connected to a cathode of the second photodiode, and another end connected to the ground point; and an amplifier circuit having a first input terminal connected to the first photodiode, a second input terminal connected to the second photodiode, and an output terminal configured to output a potential based on a potential of the first input terminal and a potential of the second input terminal, and using, as an operating power supply, electric power generated by electromotive force of the first photodetector and the second photodetector.

Abstract: The present invention comprises a drive control unit configured such that, when a first power supply (Vin1) is abnormal, an OFF signal is simultaneously applied to the gates of first and second semiconductor switches (Q1, Q2) of a first switching element, and at the same time, an SCR switch of a second switching element and an FET bidirectional switch are turned on in order.

Abstract: One embodiment provides an electronic device, including: two or more ports; two or more charging circuits, wherein the two or more ports have an associated charging circuit; a battery; a processor; and a memory device that stores instructions executable by the processor to: detect, at a first port, a physically connected plug; detect, at a second port, a physically connected plug; and provide, via the two or more charging circuits, charging to the battery from both of the detected plugs. Other aspects are described and claimed.

Abstract: A system is presented to energize electrical loads with alternating current in a photovoltaic plant having a main DC power line, a photovoltaic generator including a photovoltaic circuit that is made up of photovoltaic strings connected in parallel to the main DC power line and generates a first direct current and a direct DC voltage, and, a main AC power line connected to an electric distribution network. The system includes a converter apparatus connected to the main AC power line and to the main DC power line and converts an alternating current circulating in the main AC power line into a second direct current, feeding it into the photovoltaic circuit through the main DC power line if the DC voltage generated by the photovoltaic generator is below a pre-set limit, so as to energize the photovoltaic generator.

Abstract: A storage and preparation system for food or beverages employs a galley cart with a plurality of compartments. A container receivable in one of the plurality of compartments. The container has an identifier. A sensor is in each of said plurality of compartments and is adapted to read the identifier. An environmental system responsive to the sensor is associated with each of said plurality of compartments.

Abstract: A frequency synthesizer is described that includes: a voltage controlled oscillator, VCO; a VCO bias circuit, operably coupled to the VCO and configured to provide a controllable bias current of the VCO; a temperature sensor, located in the frequency synthesizer, configured to determine an operating temperature of the frequency synthesizer; an analog-to-digital converter, ADC, operably coupled to the temperature sensor and configured to provide a digital representation of the determined operating temperature; and a bias control circuit operably coupled and configured to provide a bias control signal to the VCO bias circuit based on the determined operating temperature of the frequency synthesizer. The VCO bias circuit is configured to adjust the controllable bias current applied to the VCO based on the bias control signal.

Abstract: A semiconductor device includes: two first semiconductor regions of a first conductivity type spaced apart from each other; a second semiconductor region of a second conductivity type provided between the two first semiconductor regions; a first insulator region surrounding the two first semiconductor regions and the second semiconductor region; a third semiconductor region of the second conductivity type; a fourth semiconductor region of the second conductivity type, the fourth semiconductor region surrounding the third semiconductor region and the first insulator region and having an impurity concentration of the second conductivity type lower than an impurity concentration of the third semiconductor region; a second insulator region that surrounds the fourth semiconductor region; a conductor layer provided over the second semiconductor region; two first contact plugs; a second contact plug provided on the conductor layer; and a third contact plug provided on the third semiconductor region.

Abstract: A changeover apparatus for interruption-free changeover between two energy supply systems includes: at least one first outer conductor section and one second outer conductor section; a first mechanical bypass switch arranged in the first outer conductor section; a first semiconductor circuit arrangement connected in parallel with the first mechanical bypass switch; a first measuring device for recording a first voltage and/or a first mains frequency, which first measuring device is connected to the first outer conductor section; a second mechanical bypass switch arranged in the second outer conductor section; a second semiconductor circuit arrangement connected in parallel with the second mechanical bypass switch; and an electronic control unit for actuating, in a predeterminable manner, the first mechanical bypass switch, the first semiconductor circuit arrangement, the second mechanical bypass switch, and the second semiconductor circuit arrangement.

Abstract: A method for managing electrical power to a server or server system is used in a power management system. The power management system comprises a power module, a backup power module, and a server system, the method comprises setting the server system to operate under a first working mode and controlling initialization of a BMC by an initialization command. A specified pin of the BMC is measured for a logic low voltage level and the server system is set to operate under a second working mode if the specified pin of the BMC is at the logic low voltage level. In different modes, the manner of supplying power and the working parameters of the server system are adjusted.

Abstract: A method for controlling the power of a system, and a device for controlling the power of a system, the system having an electric energy source, electric consumers, an energy storage, an inverter, and a charge controller, the system being connected via an interconnected power sensor to the in particular public AC electric power supply, and the power sensor may be used for ascertaining the power withdrawn by the system from the in particular public AC electric power supply, or for ascertaining a corresponding quantity, such as the active power withdrawn from the in particular public AC electric power supply, the sensor signal being transmitted to a controller which regulates the power withdrawn from the in particular public AC electric power supply toward zero by appropriate actuation of the inverter and the charge controller.

Abstract: A method and system creating a distributed network suitable for transferring information between devices. In particular, the present disclosure relates to power generating server devices designed to act as nodes within a distributed network. Specifically, the present disclosure provides specialized devices designed to generate power using solar panels to power servers that are capable of operating as nodes within a distributed network.

Abstract: A plurality of gate drive circuits each drive a gate of a corresponding one of a plurality of switching elements included in a converter and an inverter. Each gate drive circuit includes a gate driver and a power source circuit. The gate driver drives the gate potential of the switching element to a potential corresponding to H or L level, in accordance with the gate signal input from a controller to the gate electrode of the switching element. The power source circuit supplies power to the gate driver. When a first switch is ON and a second switch is OFF, the controller, upon detection of an abnormality of the power source circuit of the gate drive circuit, turns on the second switch and turns off the first switch. The gate drive circuit maintains the gate potential of the switching element during the period from when the abnormality of the power source circuit is detected to when the second switch is turned on.

Abstract: An apparatus is provided, which includes energy storage circuitry to store energy and to supply some of the energy to the apparatus. Discharge circuitry discharges the energy storage circuitry in response to the energy being supplied to the apparatus. Power supply circuitry recharges the energy storage circuitry. The discharge circuitry retains a non-zero residual energy in the energy storage circuitry when the energy storage circuitry is discharged by the discharge circuitry.

Abstract: A backup system for a power supply unit providing power to a load via a distribution bus includes a power source, a network of switching elements coupled between an output terminal of the power source and the distribution bus, diodes coupled in parallel with the switching elements, and a controller configured to selectively activate or deactivate each of the switching elements to enable the power source to power the load via the distribution bus. The switching elements may be transistors, and the diodes may be parasitic body diodes of the transistors. The power source may be a battery, such as a rechargeable battery. An output voltage level from the battery may be regulated by the controller as a function of a number of the activated or deactivated transistors.

Abstract: An electronic device balances power supplied to a system load by a first battery power source and a second battery power source. A battery current sense circuit is electrically coupled to sense a first current supplied by the first battery power source to the system load. A discharge feedback controller is electrically coupled to the battery current sense circuit and configured to adjust a control voltage based on the sensed first current. A voltage converter circuit includes an input electrically coupled to the second battery power source and an output electrically coupled to the system load. The voltage converter circuit is configured to adjust current supplied by the second battery power source through the voltage converter circuit to the system load based on the control voltage.

Abstract: This application provides methods and systems for rapid load support for grid frequency transient events. Example systems may include a turbine having a first controller, a generator coupled to the turbine, where the generator is configured to provide power to an electrical grid, and an exciter configured to provide a magnetic field in the generator. The exciter may include a second controller configured to monitor a first set of electrical properties associated with the electrical grid, determine that a transient event is present on the electrical grid based on the first set of electrical properties, and send a notification of the transient event to the first controller.

Abstract: The invention relates to a method for transferring, during a predetermined transfer duration, the electric power supply of an electric distribution line (7) from a first source (1) to a second source (2), without overlapping of the two sources. The invention also relates to a source inverter implementing such a method.

Abstract: A power electronics arrangement includes an inverter to which an electric machine can be connected, and at least one half bridge to which at least two electric energy storage devices can be connected. One of the at least two electric energy storage devices at least temporarily supplies the electric machine, and one of the electric energy storage devices at least temporarily charges another energy storage device of the at least two electric energy storage devices by way of the electric machine and one of the half bridges. For this purpose, a control method for the power electronics arrangement operates according to the principle of space vector modulation.

Abstract: A navigation method for a ship which includes: a plurality of main generators that feed power to navigation equipment used in normal navigation and appliances for the living quarters provided within a ship body; and an emergency generator that feeds power to emergency equipment in case of fire or flood. The navigation method includes: an emergency power feeding step for feeding power to the emergency equipment using the emergency generator when at least one of the plurality of main generators is disabled due to fire or flood; and a return-to-port power feeding step for feeding power to return-to-port equipment, required for navigation for returning to port, using the main generators and the emergency generator after the fire or flood has subsided.

Abstract: An emergency alarm control circuit comprising: a processing circuit; and an emergency decoder, coupled to the processing circuit. The processing circuit is active, the emergency decoder is non-active when the emergency alarm control circuit operates in a standby mode. The processing circuit activates the emergency decoder to detect an emergency message for an active time period at least one time in the standby mode, and de-activates the emergency decoder when the emergency decoder does not receive the emergency message in the standby mode. The emergency alarm control circuit switches to an active mode when the emergency decoder receives the emergency message in the standby mode, and the processing circuit controls an emergency alarm system to generate an emergency alarm in the active mode.

Abstract: A method for charging an electric vehicle during a travel of the electric vehicle, with the following steps: Providing a mobile charging device, arranging the mobile charging device underneath the traveling electric vehicle, fastening the mobile charging device to a bottom of the electric vehicle, transferring electric energy out of the mobile charging device to the battery of the electric vehicle, separating the mobile charging device from the bottom of the electric vehicle and providing the mobile charging device again.

Abstract: A method monitors an electrical energy supply network or a subnetwork of the energy supply network. Measurement values detected at at least two measurement points of the energy supply network or subnetwork are evaluated. More specifically, phase angle values are evaluated as the measurement values or phase angle values determined using the measurement values are evaluated. A check is carried out based on the phase angle values to determine whether the energy supply network or the subnetwork is operating synchronously, and, in the event of an asynchronism identified based on the phase angle values, an island identification signal to be generated.

Abstract: A solar spectrum sensor, a consumer device and a method for determining an ambient solar spectrum. The solar spectrum sensor comprises a sensor unit configured for generating respective photo current outputs responsive to different parts of the solar spectrum; a measurement unit configured for measuring the respective photo current outputs from the sensor unit; and a processing unit for determining an average photon energy, APE, value of the solar spectrum from the measured photo current outputs and for determining the solar spectrum based on the determined APE.

Abstract: A control system to control a conductivity modulated device of a power switching array. The control system comprises a system controller to sense a power event and to output a command signal to adjust a drive characteristic of the conductivity modulated device in response to the sensed power event and a switch controller configured to receive the command signal and to control energy delivery to the load by controlling the turn on and turn off of the conductivity modulated device. The switch controller includes an adjustable drive element to control a rise time and/or fall time of a voltage across the conductivity modulated device and a drive characteristic control to receive the command signal and vary the drive characteristics by control of the adjustable drive element to adjust the rise time and/or fall time of the voltage across the conductivity modulated device in response to the command signal.