Abstract: A high gradient linear accelerating structure can propagate high frequency waves at a negative harmonic to accelerate low-energy ions. The linear accelerating structure can provide a gradient of 50 MV/m for particles at a ? of between 0.3 and 0.4. The high gradient structure can be a part of a linear accelerator configured to provide an energy range from an ion source to 450 MeV/u for 12C6+ and 250 MeV for protons. The linear accelerator can include one or more of the following sections: a radiofrequency quadrupole (RFQ) accelerator operating at the sub-harmonic of the S-band frequency, a high gradient structure for the energy range from ˜45 MeV/u to ˜450 MeV/u.

Abstract: A particle therapy system includes a particle accelerator to output a particle beam; and a scanning system for the particle accelerator to scan the particle beam across at least part of an irradiation target. The scanning system is configured to scan the particle beam in two dimensions that are at an angle relative to a direction of the particle beam. A structure defines an edge. The structure is controllable to move in the two dimensions relative to the irradiation target such that at least part of the structure is between at least part of the particle beam and the irradiation target. The structure includes a material that inhibits transmission of the particle beam.

Abstract: A low-inductance, air-insulated gas switch uses a de-enhanced annular trigger ring disposed between two opposing high voltage electrodes. The switch is DC chargeable to 200 kilovolts or more, triggerable, has low jitter (5 ns or less), has pre-fire and no-fire rates of no more than one in 10,000 shots, and has a lifetime of greater than 100,000 shots. Importantly, the switch also has a low inductance (less than 60 nH) and the ability to conduct currents with less than 100 ns rise times. The switch can be used with linear transformer drives or other pulsed-power systems.

Abstract: Ionizing electrode with a cleaning mechanism including a solenoid with a bushing, a magnetic conductor, a coil housing a core having first and second ends, a return spring and a terminal for high voltage supply mounted on its body. The ionizing electrode is mounted inside the bushing and is configured so that an ionizing end and a non-ionizing end of the electrode protrude from the bushing, the non-ionizing end being fastened to the first end of the solenoid core.

Abstract: Ionizing electrode with a cleaning mechanism including a solenoid with a bushing, a magnetic conductor, a coil housing a core having first and second ends, a return spring and a terminal for high voltage supply mounted on its body. The ionizing electrode is mounted inside the bushing and is configured so that an ionizing end and a non-ionizing end of the electrode protrude from the bushing, the non-ionizing end being fastened to the first end of the solenoid core.

Abstract: The present invention provides a method for manufacturing a highly reliable display device at a low cost with high yield. According to the present invention, a step due to an opening in a contact is covered with an insulating layer to reduce the step, and is processed into a gentle shape. A wiring or the like is formed to be in contact with the insulating layer and thus the coverage of the wiring or the like is enhanced. In addition, deterioration of a light-emitting element due to contaminants such as water can be prevented by sealing a layer including an organic material that has water permeability in a display device with a sealing material. Since the sealing material is formed in a portion of a driver circuit region in the display device, the frame margin of the display device can be narrowed.

Abstract: The present invention provides a method for manufacturing a highly reliable display device at a low cost with high yield. According to the present invention, a step due to an opening in a contact is covered with an insulating layer to reduce the step, and is processed into a gentle shape. A wiring or the like is formed to be in contact with the insulating layer and thus the coverage of the wiring or the like is enhanced. In addition, deterioration of a light-emitting element due to contaminants such as water can be prevented by sealing a layer including an organic material that has water permeability in a display device with a sealing material. Since the sealing material is formed in a portion of a driver circuit region in the display device, the frame margin of the display device can be narrowed.

Abstract: A lighting tube provides a path from the anode to the cathode in which the kinetic energy of the electrons is maintained substantially within the range of the excitation energies of visible photons, and in particular the excitation energies of yellow light. Magnets are arranged to provide a magnetic field that is substantially perpendicular to the electric field between anode and cathode. The orthogonal electrical and magnetic fields along the path are provided with values that accelerate the electrons but limit the maximum kinetic energy. Low pressure gas may be provided in the tube.

Abstract: It is an object of the present invention to provide an image display apparatus in which the change over time of its electron source characteristics is small, and in which uneven brightness and color shift of an image is almost unnoticeable. To achieve this object, the present invention is directed to an image display apparatus containing an electron source substrate having a plurality of electron-emitting devices arrayed thereon, an image forming substrate arranged so as to face the electron source substrate and having a phosphor film and an anode electrode film, and magnetic field generating means, wherein a component parallel to the electron source substrate of a magnetic flux density of a magnetic field generated by the magnetic field generating means is not greater than 0.01 Tesla at any location of the electron-emitting devices.

Abstract: An electrodeless fluorescent lamp 10 has an envelope 12 that includes a chamber 14. A core 16 of magnetic material, preferably ferrite, is positioned in the chamber 14 and has a first winding 18 surrounding the core and having first and second lead-in wires 20, 22, attached to a high frequency voltage supply or ballast 24. A second winding 26 surrounds the core 16, respective turns of the second winding 26 being located adjacent turns of the first winding 18 and electrically insulated therefrom. The second winding 26 has a free end 28 and has another end 30 connected to one of the lead-in wires, for example 20. A braided sheath 32 surrounds the other of the lead-in wires 22. The first winding 18 is generally called the RF antenna. The braided sheath 32 is connected to the local ground. This inexpensive solution alone reduces the conductive EMI level sufficiently to pass all existing regulations on such interference with significant reserve.

Abstract: A plasma display panel having a helicon plasma source. First and second substrates are mounted substantially in parallel with a predetermined gap therebetween. A plurality of address electrodes are formed on a surface of the first substrate opposing the second substrate. A first dielectric layer is formed covering the address electrodes. A plurality of barrier ribs are formed on the first dielectric layer at a predetermined height, the barrier ribs defining discharge cells. A phosphor layer is formed in the discharge cells. A plurality of discharge sustain electrodes are formed on a surface of the second substrate opposing the first substrate. A second dielectric layer is formed on the second substrate covering the discharge sustain electrodes. Discharge gas injected into the discharge cells. Antenna and magnet assemblies are provided to increase a plasma density in the discharge cells.

Abstract: A mercury-free metal halide lamp includes an arc tube including a pair of electrodes inside the tube. In the arc tube, a rare gas and a metal halide are contained, and no mercury is contained. The mercury-free metal halide lamp is horizontally operated such that the pair of electrodes is substantially horizontal. The mercury-free metal halide lamp further includes magnetic field applying means for applying a magnetic field including a component substantially perpendicular to a straight line connecting heads of the pair of electrodes in a substantially vertical direction. The density of halogen atoms evaporated during steady-state operation with respect to unit inner volume of the arc tube is 20 &mgr;mol/cc or more.

Abstract: In accordance with one specific embodiment of the present invention, the closed drift hollow cathode comprises an axisymmetric discharge region into which an ionizable gas is introduced, an annular electron emitting cathode insert disposed laterally about that discharge region, a surrounding enclosure, an aperture in that enclosure disposed near the axis of symmetry and at one end of that region, and a magnetic field within that region which is both axisymmetric and generally disposed transverse to a path from the cathode insert to the aperture. An electrical discharge is established between the cathode insert and the enclosure. The electrons emitted from the cathode insert drift in closed paths around the axis, collide with molecules of ionizable gas, and sustain the discharge plasma by generating additional electron-ion pairs. Ions from the plasma bombard the cathode insert, thereby maintaining an emissive temperature.

Abstract: The efficiency of a horizontally operated arc discharge lamp has been found to be substantially improved by the application of a transverse magnetic field. The magnetic field moves the arc downward, away from the upper wall of the lamp envelope. The magnetic field moves the arc so that the outer mantel that otherwise would make contact with side walls of the envelope stand away from the envelope wall. With the arc withdrawn from the wall, less energy is lost in heating the envelope, resulting in more energy be directed to the emission of light.

Abstract: A plasma display panel includes a plurality of discharge cells formed with a plurality of partition walls arranged at fixed intervals between a front substrate and a rear substrate disposed in parallel spaced at a certain distance. A fluorescent material film is formed on a portion of an inside surface of each of the discharge cells. A discharge gas is sealed in each of the discharge cells and is converted into a plasma upon the occurrence of a discharge in each of the discharge cells. Each of the partition walls is formed with a stack of at least more than one permanent magnets magnetized with N and S poles for forming a magnetic field in the discharge cell.

Abstract: A cold-cathode, crossed field switch has a magnet system which generates a magnetic field that is radially-oriented about a switch axis and a planar electrode system which generates an axially-oriented electric field. These structures facilitate a switch whose capacitance, inductance and fabrication costs are all reduced from that of conventional cold-cathode, crossed-field switches. Magnets of the magnet system are arranged in two concentric annular rings with their north and south poles aligned either axially or radially. The planar electrode system includes a cathode, a source grid, a control grid and an anode which are arranged in a substantially parallel relationship.

Abstract: Improved plasma displays utilize permanent magnet components for low-voltage operation. Permanent magnet components providing magnetic fields transverse to the direction of electron movement increase the electron pathlength, thereby enhancing the ionization efficiency of the electrons. This permits lower voltage operation, higher-pixel density and greater durability. In exemplary embodiments, magnetic components can be placed below the cathode, disposed between the electrodes, or incorporated in the cathode.

Abstract: A plasma switch is provided which can limit fault currents to a range that is elecrostatically interruptible by a control grid. The switch includes magnets that generate a first magnetic vector which cooperates with an electric field to generate a plasma, the density of which is a function of the magnitude of the first magnetic vector. A stalling coil is arranged to generate a second magnetic vector that opposes and cancels a portion of the first magnetic vector in response to a fault current through the switch. This establishes a stalling condition in which the plasma density falls and a plasma potential gradient is set up in the switch. In this unstable condition, the plasma current is interruptible by the control grid.

Abstract: Synchrotron radiation is generated when a base of charged particles is bent by a bending magnet. The synchrotron radiation passes down a lead-out duct as the total number of pumps is limited by the size of the apparatus and many pumps are needed in order to achieve a good vacuum. An ion pump has a main magnetic field, normally generated by a magnet of the ion pump which controls the behavior of the electrons in the ion pump. However, the leakage magnetic field of the bending magnet affects the ion pump, and therefore the ion pump is arranged so that its main magnetic field is aligned with the leakage magnetic field at the ion pump, or at least with a main component thereof. In this way, the effect of the leakage magnetic field on the ion pump is reduced. Indeed, it is possible to use the leakage magnetic field as the main magnetic field of the ion pump.

Abstract: In a field emission electron gun system with a multi-stage acceleration tube comprising a field emission electron source, a field emission electrode for extracting the electrons, a magnetic lens having a magnetic gap between the field emission electron source and the field emission electrode or a magnetic lens having a magnetic pole which also serves as the field emission electrode, and at least two-stages of acceleration electrodes for accelerating the electrons, a magnetization current I for the magnetic lens is changed interlocking with a field emission voltage V.sub.1 applied between the field emission electron source and the field emission electrode so that IN/.sqroot.V.sub.1 (N: the number of windings of the magnetic lens) takes a predetermined value and a first acceleration voltage V.sub.2 applied between the field emission electron source and the first-stage acceleration electrode is changed interlocking with the field emission voltage V.sub.1 so that V.sub.2 /V.sub.1 takes a predetermined value.

Abstract: In a discharge tube for use in a housing for a vacuum, an improved optical radiation source is formed by a cathode and a hollow anode. The hollow anode has at least one first surface defining a hollow, partly closed space. The first surface is disposed for cooperation with the cathode. The hollow anode also has at least one second surface that also could cooperate with the cathode. Only the first of the first and second surfaces is conductive. Electrodes are respectively connected to the cathode and hollow anode.

Abstract: Disclosed is an apparatus for stabilizing the light output of a high pressure discharge lamp comprising a coil generating a magnetic field acting upon the arc of the high pressure discharge lamp, an arc position detector detecting deviation of the position of the arc, and a magnetic field control circuit controlling the coil in response to the deviation detection output signal of the the arc position detector thereby setting right the position of the arc of the high pressure discharge lamp.

Abstract: A casing has an entrance, an exit, linearly disposed, substantially parallel portions and curved portions joining the linear portions to define a spiral configuration. Electron pulses entering the casing are accelerated in the linear portions of the casings by pulsed electric fields applied across accelerating gaps in such linear portions. The gaps are aligned in common planes transverse to the linear portions and electrical power is applied by the same connector to the gaps to the gaps within each common transverse plane. Magnetic fields, constant in time over successive accelerating cycles, are created throughout the casing to confine electrons interior to the casing and to guide the electrons around the bends. A magnetic field perpendicular to the plane of each bend is created in the curved portions of the casing to guide the electrons around the bend, and its strength is adjusted to be appropriate for the average electron energy from previous accelerations.

Abstract: A fluorescent lamp unit having a magnetic field generating means for improving the performance of the fluorescent lamp is disclosed. In a preferred embodiment the fluorescent lamp comprises four longitudinally extending leg portions disposed in substantially quadrangular columnar array and joined by three generally U-shaped portions disposed in different planes. In another embodiment of the invention the magnetic field generating means comprises a plurality of permanent magnets secured together to form a single columnar structure disposed within a centrally located region defined by the shape of lamp envelope.

Abstract: Spin polarized electron source using an emissive micropoint cathode. At least one portion of each micropoint, including the top of the latter, is ferromagnetic, so that the electrons emitted by the cathode are spin polarized in a given direction, when the portion is subject to a magnetic field parallel to the given direction.

Abstract: In the preferred embodiment a plurality of toroidally shaped magnets of slar size and configuraton are placed in a stack side-by-side in coaxial alignment. Alternate magnets in the stack are magnetized so that the magnetic dipole moment of each is oriented in the radial direction. An axial magnetized toroidal magnet is disposed between each pair of adjacent radially magnetized magnets. The magnetic orientation of the succesive toroidal magnets of the stack rotates continually in one direction in increments of 90.degree. or .pi./2 radians from the magnet at one end of the stack to that at the other end.

Abstract: A traveling wave tube has a cylindrical vacuum envelope surrounding a delay line. The vacuum envelope is tightly surrounded by a permanent magnet system of ring-shaped pole discs and of magnetic rings respectively arranged between the pole discs and oppositely polarized in alternating fashion in an axial direction. The permanent magnet system is inserted into an outer envelope in form-fit fashion. An attitude and position retention for the focusing elements which is resistant to temperature shock is provided in the traveling wave tube. For this purpose the permanent magnet system is glued at its outside generated surface and the glue is formed of a mixture of an epoxy resin having adhesive properties and of glass fibers provided therein in an undirected attitude. This traveling wave tube is useful given extreme temperature fluctuations, such as in a range from -60.degree. C. through +95.degree. C.

Abstract: A large volume magnetoplasma is created by (a) establishing a plasma in an electrically isolated, tubular cavity formed by a cylinder (10) containing a source of ions and electrons at low pressure, into which rf energy is coupled by an antenna (32) alongside the cavity; and (b) allowing the plasma to extend into an adjoining auxiliary region (20) which is connected to the cavity (10). Preferably the operating conditions in the cavity (10) are such that the production of atomic species in the plasma is enhanced. The enhancement occurs when the operating conditions satisfy the relationships ##EQU1## where W is the power in watts applied to the antenna (32), D is the diameter of the plasma cavity (10) in cm, p is the pressure in the cavity (10) (and in the auxiliary region (20)) expressed in millitorr, f is the frequency of the rf power in MHz, L is the length of the antenna (32) in cm and B is the magnetic field in the cavity (10), established by a coil (13) which surrounds the cavity, expressed in gauss.

Abstract: A microwave ion source is disclosed and includes a plain rectangular waveguide having a first section to which a microwave generator is coupled, a second section defining a discharge chamber and an intervening transformer section dimensioned to provide for transmission of microwaves between the first section and the second section substantially without impedance losses. The first and second sections have uniform rectangular internal cross-sectional shapes defined by a first dimension which, for both sections equals one half of the wavelength of the microwaves, and a second, smaller dimension which is less than the second section of the waveguide than in the first section.

Abstract: The magnetomotive force of a current produces a magnetic field in magnetic material which encircles the current. Although magnetic material attracts a current, material having vanes repels the current because of magnetic flux lines produced between the vanes. The magnetic material is symmetrically arranged, and consists of pairs of radial, magnetic vanes connected by a magnetic member encircling the current. The magnetic member has a uniformly-distributed coil whose ampere-turns oppose the magnetomotive force of the current. The number of magnetic members is n. The angular spacing of the vanes equals 180/n. The coil ampere-turns equals l(n-1)/n, where l is the current. The guiding of the current occurs for one-half of the area of the plane on which the magnetic material is located. To obtain guiding for the other half, a second plane has magnetic material similar to that on the original plane, but rotated by the angle 180/n.

Abstract: An improved plasma arc reactor is provided with variably positionable electrodes, including a cylindrical anode electrode having an inner, frustoconical cavity providing a reaction chamber and a spherical cathode ball electrode mounted therein. Between these electrodes an arc discharge is induced and sustained to heat and ionize an inert gas to produce an arc plasma for refining raw material introduced into the reaction chamber. A magnetic induction coil is mounted around the outer diameter of the anode electrode to thereby establish a magnetic field to rotate the arc discharge and plasma within the reaction chamber.

Abstract: Method and device for exciting a plasma using microwaves at the electronic cyclotronic resonance.The device for exciting a gaseous medium by microwaves comprises at least a co-axial structure for introducing the microwave power inside a multipolar confinement structure and at least one antenna coupled to said co-axial structure for the localized introduction of the microwave energy inside said multipolar magnetic confinement structure which comprises a set of permanent magnets creating a network of surfaces having a constant magnetic field and presenting locally an intensity which corresponds to the electronic cyclotronic resonance, and said antenna being positioned on said network of surfaces of constant magnetic field in an area of intensity corresponding to the electronic cyclotronic resonance.The invention finds an application in the creation of a homogenous, isotropic plasma of large volume and high density, which is free of fields in the area of use.

Abstract: Apparatus for generating a magnetic field having a spatially predetermined field pattern in a useful volume, where bodies of ferro-magnetic material influencing the field pattern are disposed in the useful volume. To assure a spatially predetermined field pattern in the useful volume with only small field errors, outside and on opposite sides of the useful volume at least one thin plate-shaped body of predetermined geometric extent comprising a material having high permeability is provided, of which the surfaces facing the useful volume are shaped and arranged so that the surfaces lie on a magnetic equipotential surface of the magnetic field to be generated in the useful volume.

Abstract: A shutter (36) is provided for controlling a beam, or current, of charged particles in a device such as a thyratron (10). The substrate (38) defines an aperture (60) with a gap (32) which is placeable within the current. Coils (48) are formed on the substrate (38) adjacent the aperture (60) to produce a magnetic field for trapping the charged particles in or about aperture (60). The proximity of the coils (48) to the aperture (60) enables an effective magnetic field to be generated by coils (48) having a low inductance suitable for high frequency control. The substantially monolithic structure including the substrate (38) and coils (48) enables the entire shutter assembly (36) to be effectively located with respect to the particle beam.

Abstract: A projector lamp comprising a single ended metal halide discharge lamp in a generally spherical reflector has been found to exhibit turbulence when running. The resulting fluctuation of light especially when used in conjunction with the reflector to concentrate the light for studio or theatre applications provides an apparent movement which is extremely disturbing to the eye. It has been found the turbulent movement of gas around the electrodes in the lamp envelope can be regularised by the application of a magnetic field to the envelope. The turbulence is sensitive to conditions within the discharge arc tube and the strength and position of the magnetic field has to be variable to cater for this. The magnetic field is conveniently applied by an electro-magnet using lamp current.

Abstract: A low-pressure arc discharge apparatus having a magnetic field generating means for increasing the output of a discharge lamp is disclosed. The magnetic field generating means, which in one embodiment includes a plurality of permanent magnets, is disposed along the lamp for applying a constant transverse magnetic field over at least a portion of the positive discharge column produced in the arc discharge lamp operating at an ambient temperature greater than about 25.degree. C.

Abstract: A substrate support electrode for use in plasma processing equipment has a book-shaped prismatic body containing a magnet core with flange-like pole pieces at each end to provide a longitudinal magnetic field wrapped around the electrode body. An auxiliary field-shaping magnet spaced from a substrate support face of the electrode body, with each of its poles adjacent to the pole piece electrode body with each of its poles adjacent to the of like polarity of the electrode, flattens the magnetic field adjacent to the electrode support surface to produce a thin plasma of substantially uniform thickness close to the electrode surface.

Abstract: In a microwave plasma source, a discharge space supplied with a microwave electric field is supplied with a DC magnetic field. A material to be ionized is introduced into the discharge space to produce plasma, whereby ions are extracted through an ion extracting system. A switch is provided for effecting through switching operation the change-over of the magnetic field applied to the discharge space from the intensity for the ignition of plasma to the intensity for ion extraction in succession to completion of the plasma ignition.

Abstract: Electron tube assemble having coaxial electrodes and grids, including a tube with given electrode trajectories and oscillation period, and interfering retarding-field effect elimination means disposed around the tube for generating a magnetic field having field lines running inside the tube substantially parallel to the electrodes and grids deflecting the trajectories of the electrons moving radially with respect to the anode during operation of the tube and substantially perpendicularly intersecting and elongating the trajectories of the electrons for increasing the oscillation period of the electrons and eliminating interfering retarding-field effects.

Abstract: The present invention purposes to suppress flickering phenomena which is caused by moving striation of rare gas discharge in a low pressure discharge lamp tube containing therein mercury and a rare gas; an apparatus for lighting a low pressure discharge lamp comprises a discharge tube and static magnetic field generating means, which is for instance a permanent magnet, disposed on the tube or around the tube, and generates a magnetic field to cross an electric field substantially all over the positive column in the tube.

Abstract: It is desirable not only to switch between circuits or circuit elements carrying relatively large currents but also to effect the switch-over operation extremely rapidly. Conventional thyratrons can be used to switch on the current, but they cannot easily be switched off so quickly.The invention seeks to solve this "switch-off" difficulty by using the principle of plasma particle diversion together with a new thyratron design which can be used as a "switch-over" device. As can be seen from FIG.

Abstract: Crossed-field plasma mode electric conduction control device 10 has an interelectrode space 16 between anode 12 and cathode 14 in which is produced a magnetic field 38 by coil 28. Electrons produced at region 46 travel through the crossed-fields to region 48, with cascading ionization to produce an electrically conductive plasma. The electrons are lost at region 48 and plasma density is controlled by magnetic field strength to control magnitude of interelectrode current.

Abstract: A microwave plasma ion source according to this invention is characterized by the construction of the extracting electrode in contact with the discharge chamber. The electrode is divided into a part substantially exposed to a plasma and a remaining part which is not exposed to the plasma. Moreover, both these parts are held in a state in which they are electrically connected with each other.As a result, very little P or As deposits on the surface of the electrode, and a stable high-current ion beam can be supplied over a long period of time.

Abstract: A compact fluorescent lamp with a screw-in plug to fit conventional screw sockets which operates at 20-30 watts and provides the lumen output of a 75-100 watt lamp. The lamp is essentially a hollow cylinder with a glass envelope for the two outer walls. The space between the two outer walls is partitioned to constrain the arc discharge to follow a designated path around the inner surface of the lamp. Efficiency is promoted by novel ballast design. The screw-in fluorescent lamp contains a coil in the center of the lamp which creates a diverging magnetic field which causes the arc discharge to spread and may also serve the dual purpose of limiting arc current. Arc spreading coils of several designs are disclosed to provide oriented diverging magnetic fields, rotating diverging magnetic fields and magnetic fields shaped to the lamp envelope with which they are employed.

Abstract: Bipolar crossed-field device 10 has outer electrode 12 and inner electrode 18 which define interelectrode space 16. Magnetic field coils 46, 48 operate together to form a magnetic field in the interelectrode space 16 shaped to trap electrons for cascading ionization and plasma formation when viewed from either electrode.

Abstract: A spark gap switching device for high peak currents including a pair of main electrodes with protruding, opposing sub-electrodes, surrounded by high permeability cores typically of ferrite material. Small air gaps separate the sub-electrodes. The switch is activated by an over voltage or the like causing one of the sub-electrodes to breakover producing a flux time rate of change in the core. A voltage is induced in the non conducting sub-electrodes causing aligned pairs to rapidly increase in potential difference until one by one they all conduct.

Abstract: A light source for Zeeman spectroscopy wherein an anode in an ionizable gas is used for ion bombardment of a cathode having materials therein whose spectra is to be observed. The anode and cathode are mounted in a magnetically permeable housing which fits snugly between pole pieces of a magnet such that the magnetic field between pole pieces is perpendicular to the electric field between the anode and cathode so that the arc discharge therebetween is spacially limited to a narrow dimension, i.e., a line, for improved Zeeman atomic absorption spectroscopy.

Abstract: Arc heater apparatus using total alternating current characterized by a pair of axially spaced cylindrical electrodes forming a narrow gap therebetween and connected to a first alternating current power source to produce an arc in the gap, each electrode having magnetic coil means for producing a rotating magnetic field at the arcing surface of the electrodes to rotate the arc, and the magnetic coil means being connected to a second alternating current power source which has an arc current zero aligned with that of the first alternating current power source.

Abstract: An ion source using the cyclotron resonance principle is provided using a miniaturized ion source device in an air gap of a small permanent magnet with a substantially uniform field in the air gap of about 0.5 inch. The device and permanent magnet are placed in an enclosure which is maintained at a high vacuum (typically 10.sup.-7 torr) into which a sample gas can be introduced. The ion-beam end of the device is placed very close to an aperture through which an ion beam can exit into apparatus for an experiment.

Abstract: Crossed-field switch device has a continuous elongated closed path active plasma discharge region between adjacent electrodes. A magnet produces a magnetic field at an angle to the electric field to define the elongated active region in the interelectrode space where glow mode discharge occurs. The electrodes and magnetic field are shaped so that the glow mode discharge in the active region is elongated.