Abstract: A field emission device includes a substrate and a plurality of wires embedded in the substrate. The plurality of wires has at least a field emitter cathode wire; a control grid wire array; and a collector anode array. The field emitter cathode wire, control grid wire array, and collector anode array are embedded in and extend through a nonconductive substrate matrix. A method for making a vacuum field emission device is also disclosed.

Abstract: A field emission device is configured as a heat engine, wherein the configuration of the heat engine is variable.

Abstract: A device includes an anode, a cathode, and a grid configured to modulate a flow of electrons from the cathode to anode. The grid is made of graphene material which is substantially transparent to the flow of electrons.

Abstract: An ion beam extraction electrode includes an electrode frame and a plurality of ion extracting aperture forming members. The plurality of ion extracting aperture forming members are arranged at an interval in a direction. At least one end of each ion extracting aperture forming member is movably supported. The plurality of ion extracting aperture forming members include at least one first ion extracting aperture forming member having a body portion of a substantially bar shape and a first transition portion extending from the body portion. The first transition portion comes in contact with a second ion extracting aperture forming member which is adjacent to the first ion extracting aperture forming member. Further, an ion source includes a plasma vessel having a cathode therein, and at least one sheet of ion beam extraction electrode set forth which is disposed adjacent to the plasma vessel.

Abstract: In a flash lamp 1, a front end part 62 of a cathode 60 and a front end part 72 of an anode 70 are opposed to each other on a reference line RL, and with respect to a reference surface RS including the reference line RL, a front end part 82 of a trigger electrode 80 is located on one side, and a front end part 92 of a trigger electrode 90 is located on the other side. Further, a terminal end 82a of the front end part 82 of the trigger electrode 80 and a terminal end 92a of the front end part 92 of the trigger electrode 90 are separated from the reference line RL, and each front end part 82, 92 is formed so as to taper toward the reference line RL. Accordingly, an arc discharge occurs in a limited route R from a terminal end portion of the front end part 62 of the cathode 60 through a terminal end portion of the front end part 82 of the trigger electrode 80 and a terminal end portion of the front end part 92 of the trigger electrode 90 to a terminal end portion of the front end part 72 of the anode 70.

Abstract: A field emission cathode structure includes a dielectric layer, a field emission unit, a grid electrode, and a conductive layer. The dielectric layer is positioned on the insulating substrate and defines a cavity. A field emission unit is attached on the cathode electrode and received in the cavity of the dielectric layer. The field emission unit is electrically attached to the cathode electrode. The grid electrode is located on the dielectric layer, and electrons emitted from the field emission unit emit through the grid electrode. The conductive layer is electrically attached to the grid electrode and insulated from the field emission unit. A field emission display device using the above-mentioned field emission cathode structure is also provided.

Abstract: A field emission device (5) includes cathode electrodes (51), emitters (52) formed on the cathode electrodes, grid electrodes (54) formed over the cathode electrodes at a distance apart from the emitters, and isolated films (55) formed on surfaces of the grid electrodes neighboring the emitters. Preferably, the isolated film has a thickness ranging from 0.1 to 1 microns. The isolated film may be a film made of one or more insulating materials, such as SiO2 and Si3N4. Alternatively, the one or more insulating materials can be selected from a material having a high secondary electron emission coefficient, such as MgO, Al2O3 and ZnO. Additionally, the isolated film can be further formed on a second surface of the grid electrode distal from the emitter.

Abstract: A field emission electron source includes a substrate, a first conductive electrode terminated to provide electrons, an emitting composite layer for emitting electrons, and a second electrode insulated from the emitter layer and terminated to extract electrons through vacuum space. The emitting composite layer lies between and parallel to the said first and the second electrodes, and comprises nano-structures embedded in a solid matrix. One end of the nano-structures is truncated and exposed at the surface of the emitter layer so that both the length and the apex of the nano-structure are regulated and the exposed nano-tips are kept substantially the same distance from the gate electrode. The embedding material is chosen to form triple junctions with the exposed tip to further enhance the field.

Abstract: Provided is a field emission display, which includes: a cathode portion including row signal lines and column signal lines in a stripe form allowing matrix addressing to be carried out on a substrate, and pixels defined by the row signal lines and the column signal lines, each pixel having a field emitter and a control device which controls the field emitter with two terminals connected to at least the row signal line and the column signal line and one terminal connected to the field emitter; an anode portion having an anode electrode, and a phosphor connected to the anode electrode; and a gate portion having a metal mesh with a plurality of penetrating holes, and a dielectric layer formed on at least one region of the metal mesh, wherein the gate portion is disposed between the cathode portion and the anode portion to allow the surface where the dielectric layer is formed to be faced to the cathode portion and to allow electrons emitted from the field emitter to collide with the phosphor via the penetrating

Abstract: A solid-state vacuum device (SSVD) and method for making the same. In one embodiment, the SSVD forms a triode device comprising a substrate having a cavity formed therein. The SSVD further comprises a cathode positioned near the opening of the cavity, wherein the cathode spans over the cavity in the form of a bridge that creates an air gap between the cathode and substrate. In addition, the SSVD further comprises an anode and a grid that is positioned between the anode and cathode. Upon applying heat to the cathode, electrons are released from the cathode, passed through the grid, and received by the anode. In response to receiving the electrons, the anode produces a current. The current received by the anode is controlled by a voltage applied to the grid. Other embodiments of the present invention provide diode, tetrode, pentode, and other higher order device configurations.

Abstract: The present invention relates to an electron emission device in which a high voltage can be properly applied to anode electrodes by improving a pattern of apertures of a grid electrode to reduce a diode emission. In an exemplary embodiment of the present invention, the electron emission device includes a first substrate and a second substrate facing each other and having a predetermined gap therebetween. An electron emission unit is formed on the first substrate, and a light emission unit formed on the second substrate. A grid electrode is mounted between the first and second substrates, and has a plurality of apertures per a sub-pixel region of the electron emission unit.

Abstract: A driving method for a plasma display panel (PDP). The odd pixels units are selected by the odd fields, and are discharged. The even pixels units are selected by the even fields, and are discharged. The pixel units are disposed in a triangular arrangement, so that the odd pixel units and adjacent even pixel units, being different in color, are arranged alternately. Thereby, the present invention can eliminate flicker. In addition, the different pixel units are controlled by different common electrodes and the present invention thereby reduces cross-talk.

Abstract: A light-emitting cell, includes a light-emitting material which can emit light in response to a collision of an electron beam; an electron-emitting unit having a carbon nanotube as an electron source for releasing the electron beam and emitting the electron beam to ram against the light-emitting material; and a gate disposed above the carbon nanotube for controlling the electron beam emitting from the carbon nanotube whether to pass through the gate to ram against the light-emitting material at a specific address wherein the gate comprises a network conductor including a first metal layer for determining an x-coordinate of the address, a second metal layer for determining a y-coordinate of the address, and an extracting electrode placed between the carbon nanotube and the first metal layer for extracting the electron beam from the carbon nanotube.

Abstract: A collector core of a microwave tube has an insulator and a radiator around a cylindrical outer peripheral portion thereof. The cylindrical insulator and radiator comprise a slit along a central axis of the collector core, respectively. These slits are arranged on mutually overlapped positions. Portions of the collector core corresponding to these slits are cut off so as to be flat or concave. These slits and the flat surface or the concave portion are arranged symmetrically in a section of the collector core.

Abstract: An electron source including a nanostructured carbon electron-emitting film and an electron extraction grid spaced closely adjacent the surface of said film.

Abstract: A high power switching apparatus comprises an annular cathode having a surface capable of emitting a hollow electron beam therefrom and an anode cavity spaced from said cathode. The cavity has an annular opening smaller in dimension than a corresponding internal dimension that defines the cavity to provide a Faraday cage collector of the hollow electron beam. A control electrode, disposed between the cathode and the anode cavity in a non-intercepting position relative to the hollow electron beam, provides a controlling electric field region for modulation of the hollow electron beam. Arc suppressing electrodes, at approximately the same potential as the cathode, are disposed between the control electrode and the anode. An intermediate high voltage electrode, disposed between the arc suppressing electrodes and the anode cavity in a non-intercepting position relative to the hollow electron beam, provides a controlling electric field region for channeling of the hollow electron beam.

Abstract: A high power switching apparatus comprises an annular cathode having a surface capable of emitting a hollow electron beam therefrom and an anode cavity spaced from said cathode. The cavity has an annular opening smaller in dimension than a corresponding internal dimension that defines the cavity to provide a Faraday cage collector of the hollow electron beam. A control electrode is disposed between the cathode and the anode cavity in a non-intercepting position relative to the hollow electron beam. The control electrode further comprises a first electrode element disposed outside of the hollow electron beam and a second electrode element disposed inside of the hollow electron beam. A controlling electric field region is provided between the first and second electrode elements for modulation of the hollow electron beam. Arc suppressing electrodes are also disposed between the control electrode and the anode. The arc suppressing electrodes are the same electric potential of the cathode.

Abstract: A metal halide arc discharge lamp includes a sealed outer envelope, an arc tube located within the envelope, a cylindrical shroud positioned around the arc tube, stops positioned at ends of the shroud to capture the shroud therebetween, and conduction wires which both provide electrical energy to the arc tube and mechanically support the arc tube and the shroud. The outside diameter of the shroud is maximized in relation to the inside diameter of the neck of the outer envelope such that the shroud can be inserted through the neck during manufacture of said lamp. In order to reduce electrolytic sodium loss, a conductor wire passing through the shroud in close proximity to the arc tube is surrounded by a ceramic sleeve to electrically insulate the conductor wire from the arc tube, and the stops are ceramic to electrically insulate the shroud from the conductor wires.

Abstract: A triode having a coaxially positioned cathode and grid or gate electrode positioned within an evacuated tubular anode. The cathode has a plurality of emitting points radially disposed on its outer surface. The emitting points are surrounded by a plurality of grid or gate electrodes controlling the conducted beam current between the inner cathode and the surrounding anode. The gain and power of the triode is only limited by the number of emitter points and the number of grid or gate electrodes positioned within the anode. Since the anode envelopes the cathode and grid electrode, the anode can be used as a waveguide or antenna launch without the need of RF coupling connectors.

Abstract: In a controllable high-power electron tube in the form of a tetrode, the anode direct voltage is reduced to less than 10 kV with an anode efficiency of greater than 80%. The tube includes coaxially arranged electrodes including a cylindrical indirectly heated full walled matrix cathode containing BaO, a cylindrical control grid, a cylindrical screen grid and an anode, where the spacing between the control grid and the cathode and the spacing between the control grid and the screen grid is less than 1 mm. Such a tube can be used for achieving AM broadcast transmitters which are distinguished by a compact construction, the overall efficiency remaining largely unchanged.

Abstract: A flat display includes a front panel having a fluorescent screen on its rear side, a rear panel defining a flat space with the front panel, linear filament cathodes arranged close to the rear panel, and an address electrode plate having a multiplicity of apertures and disposed close to the front panel. The rear panel is formed on its inner surface with spacer ridges each extending on each side of each filament cathode therealong and having a height to reach the address electrode plate. The spacer ridges give the flat display improved strength against pressure.

Abstract: Provided is a means for triggering certain high voltage electronic, gas discharge switches that are a novel type of high power thyratron. Triggering of switches of the so-called "backlighted thyratron" type (a type of cold cathode thyratron) is enhanced by the inclusion of a very small, photoemissive cathode, separate and isolated from the main switch electrodes, to initiate the triggering discharge. The trigger cathode is protected from destruction by the main discharge current through the switch by mechanically and electrically isolating it from further participation in the discharge once the triggering process has been initiated. Alternatively, photosensitive material is coated on the backside of one of the main switch electrodes. A light source located externally of the switch directs light through a sealed aperture into the interior of the switch where it is incident on the photosensitive material generating electrons which in turn trigger the main switch discharge.

Abstract: A high-frequency generator 1 includes a multigrid electron tube (2). A current source circuit (10) is connected to the control grid (3) or the screen grid (4) of the electron tube (2) and is arranged as an optionally adjustable current source which is also coupled to the main current path of the electron tube. This circuit defines the grid dissipation and also extends the useful life of the electron tube. If the current source circuit (10) is connected to the screen grid (4), the electron tube is further safeguarded in a simple manner against an inadmissibly high screen grid current accompanying an occasional anode voltage drop.

Abstract: A cooling system for a screen grid electron tube such as a high power, high frequency transmitter tetrode which has coaxial formed electrodes and bushings and has an air cool screen grid terminal formed of two angular screen grid terminal elements 1 and 2 spaced from each other in the axial direction together with their bushings 3 and 4 so as to form a cooling air coaxial passage 7 so as to cool the screen grid terminal elements 1 and 2.

Abstract: A high-power switch tube is shown constructed from a plurality of electron guns each gun having a cathode and an anode. Between the cathode and anode is mounted a shadow grid closest to the cathode beyond which is mounted a control grid, a screen grid, and, in some applications, by a suppressor grid. Each anode is formed with an anode cavity having an opening that is smaller in dimension than the largest dimension of the cavity thus forming a Faraday cage collector which prevents secondary emission problems.

Abstract: Self-aligned double grids for vacuum tubes and methods for making such double grids are provided. The self-aligned double grids are especially suitable for improving the efficiency and performance characteristics of high frequency power amplifier tetrode tubes.

Abstract: In a cathode for a heavy-duty electron tube, the cathode wires (5) lying on the surface (11) of a cylinder between two rigidly constructed connector rings (7, 8) have the form of a surface line with changing pitch. The cathode wires are connected by a support ring (6). The thermal expansion of the cathode wires during operation results only in a shifting on the surface (11). In this manner the cylindrical shape of the cathode and thus the distance to the control grid are maintained without the expensive spring suspension device used in the cage cathode.

Abstract: In a high-power grid-controlled electron tube, a common anode receives electrons from a modular electron source having a common support structure to which are attached a plurality of modules. Each module has at least one cathode and grid mounted on a base which is individually attached to the support structure. The grids are approximately flat sheets of carbon with apertures to pass the electrons. Pyrolytic graphite is a preferred grid material.

Abstract: A vacuum tube includes a cylindrical cathode around which a frusto-conical control grid extends. The control grid, which is made out of Phosnic bronze, has its larger diameter end attached to the smaller end of a first hollow truncated copper cone. A cylindrical Phosnic bronze screen grid extends coaxially around the control grid. One end of the screen grid is attached to the smaller diameter end of a second hollow truncated cone. The second cone extends around the first cone and is made out of a copper clad alloy of cobalt, nickel and iron. An anode encircles the screen grid.

Abstract: A grid electrode for an electron tube with planar electrodes consists of a planar array of fine wires mounted on a support frame. The support frame has a circular outside rim and interconnected interior elements dividing the area inside the rim into three or more separated apertures. The interior elements include radial elements connected to non-radial elements, forming a mechanically rigid structure with good heat conduction to the outside rim which resists buckling out of its plane when differentially heated.

Abstract: An electronic tube comprises a anode assembled of two inner anode members and an outer anode member. Surface portions of the inner member which are placed against corresponding surface portions of the outer member have a coefficient of thermal radiation of more than 60% of that of the .[.outer member.]. .Iadd.black body .Iaddend.for a temperature of about 500.degree. C.