Abstract: The radiation measuring instrument is configured such that a control unit (12) corrects radiation dose information according to a measured value of a barometer (13) based on both a first ionization current caused by electrons generated by interaction between radiation and air and a second ionization current caused by electrons generated by interaction between the radiation and an incident-side electrode (11b).

Abstract: An ionization chamber with spatial distribution electrode for monitor hadron beam currents used for therapeutic treatment. Ionization chamber comprises humidity control, environmental sensing and real-time correction thereof. A flexible hermetic seal provide for ambient pressure equalization. X-Y electrode planes measure Gaussian distribution of incident particle beam. Methods described herein are suitable to fabricate highly accurate, low scattering electrodes with high spatial resolutions.

Abstract: An arc discharge lamp (10) has an envelope (12) including a base (14) containing lead-ins (16, 18). An arc tube (20) is positioned within the envelope (12) and has electrodes (22, 24) sealed therein. The electrodes have connection ends (26, 28) extending outside of the arc tube (20). A flexible primary electrical connector (30) is fixed between one of the lead-ins (16) and one of the connection ends (26) of one of the electrodes (22), the flexible primary electrical connector (30) having an area “A” subject to intergranular corrosion in the presence of oxygen and arc tube operating temperatures. A rigid secondary, intergranular-corrosion-resistant electrical connector (32) is electrically connected between the lead-in (16) and the one of the connection ends (26) of the one of the electrodes (22), the rigid secondary electrical connector (32) by-passing the area “A” that is subject to intergranular corrosion.

Abstract: An amalgam capsule (16) for a low-pressure mercury vapor discharge lamp (1) has a closed end and an opposing end with an opening (21) to allow passage of mercury vapor between the amalgam plug (18) and the discharge space (3) of the lamp (1). A glass rod (19) placed in the capsule (16) restrains movement of the amalgam plug (18), and projections (20) in the inner wall of the capsule (16) restrain movement of the glass rod (19). The presence of the amalgam capsule (16) in the discharge space (3) enables highly-loaded, substantially temperature-independent operation of linear fluorescent lamps such as T8 lamps.

Abstract: An arrangement of a low-pressure mercury amalgam lamp includes an amalgam deposit and a cladding tube surrounding a lamp, wherein the lamp has a mechanical contact to the cladding tube in a region of the amalgam deposit. A ring-shaped band contacting and surrounding the lamp in the region of the amalgam deposit represents the mechanical contact to the cladding tube.

Abstract: There is provided a compact charged particle beam apparatus with a non-evaporable getter pump which maintains high vacuum even during emission of an electron beam without generating foreign particles. The apparatus comprises: a charged particle source; a charged particle optics which focuses a charged particle beam emitted from the charged particle source on a sample and performs scanning; and means of vacuum pumping which evacuates the charged particle optics. The means of vacuum pumping has a differential pumping structure with two or more vacuum chambers connected through an opening in series. A pump made of non-evaporable getter alloy is placed in an upstream vacuum chamber with a high degree of vacuum, and a gas absorbing surface of the non-evaporable getter alloy is fixed without contact with another part.

Abstract: A high brightness excimer light source has an elongated tube containing an excimer-forming gas and electrodes for exciting the gas to form a plasma, and thus create excimers such as a rare gas halogen excimer or a rare gas excimer. Light emitted from the excimer propagating axially along the tube passes out of the tube through an exit device such as a lens or optical fiber at one or both ends of the tube.

Abstract: In an image display apparatus composed of a vacuum container having an electron source composed of multiple electron-emitting devices and a phosphor film that is irradiated with an electron from the electron source to emit light for display, an ion pump for exhausting the vacuum container through a communicating path by virtue of an action of a magnetism forming portion is arranged. A magnetic shielding member is arranged in a space where the ion pump and the electron-emitting devices are in communication with each other, whereby an influence of a magnetic field generated by the magnetism forming portion on the trajectory of an electron emitted from any one of the electron-emitting devices and display luminance unevenness incidental to the influence are removed.

Abstract: A lamp assembly includes a reflector body having an integral crimping portion that extends inwardly over a channel formed in the reflector body, a seal feature arranged within the channel, a cathode assembly having an edge feature extending into the channel, and a resilient member held in a state of compression between the crimping portion and a first surface of the edge feature such that an opposing second surface of the edge member is held against the sealing feature thereby creating a hermetic seal between the cathode assembly and the reflector body wherein the crimping portion is configured to remain in contact with the resilient member if the hermetic seal becomes non-hermetic.

Abstract: Provided is an image display apparatus including: a vacuum container having an electron source enclosed therein for displaying an image; an ion pump communicating with the vacuum container for discharging air therefrom and decreasing pressure therein; and a resistor connected in series with the ion pump with respect to a power supply for driving the ion pump. Even if internal resistance of the ion pump undergoes order-of-magnitude changes according to its operating state, current consumption can be suppressed and the ion pump can be driven efficiently.

Abstract: The present invention discloses a lamp tube of a covered bulb, including a lamp body and a core column, with a filament and an exhaust pipe on the core column, characterized in that the exhaust pipe has a bent shape. The lamp tube of the covered bulb of the present invention can reduce the working temperature of the amalgam, and increase the difference between melting temperature and working temperature of the amalgam. Besides, it can also avoid the flow of the melted amalgam when the lamp is on for a long time. It is important that the lamp tube of the covered bulb for the invention can ensure that the amalgam is at the optimum working temperature, the saturated mercury vapor pressure reaches the optimum state, whereby the consistence of photo-electricity parameter will be considerably increased. It can increase the luminous flux maintaining rate for the whole lamp to prolong the service life of the lamp, because the lamp tube of the covered bulb of the invention is often placed downward during use.

Abstract: A high-pressure gas discharge lamp with a cooling arrangement is described, which is characterized in particular in that the lamp can be operated at an increased power, an increase in the temperature of the coldest spot in the lamp interior generating a higher gas pressure, while the cooling arrangement (7, 71, 83, 82) is constructed and dimensioned such that a devitrification of the lamp bulb and a condensation of the filling gas are substantially prevented at said increased power. A lighting unit with such a high-pressure gas discharge lamp is further described, as is a power supply unit for operating the lamp. This not only considerably improves the spectral properties of the light, but the lamp also operates at a higher operating voltage because of the higher gas pressure, so that a correspondingly higher lamp power is achieved for a given lamp current. On the other hand, given the same lamp power, a weaker current is required, so that the electrodes will have a substantially longer useful life.

Abstract: An extended temperature operating range low pressure discharge lamp (10) including: an envelope (12) containing an ionizable medium (20) at a selected pressure; an electrode (16, 18) sealed at each end of the envelope (12) for sustaining an electric discharge through the ionizable medium; and a volume variation control for varying the volume of the ionizable medium (20) in response in variations in temperature within the envelope, wherein the volume variation control includes at least one control volume (of gaseous pressure 40) containing a specified volume of the ionizable medium and an aperture (34) communicating between the envelope (12) and the at least one control volume, wherein the at least one control volume includes a sliding piston (36) for varying the volume of the ionizable medium (20) within the envelope (12).

Abstract: An electron source comprises one or more electron-emitting devices, especially of surface conduction type, and is provided with means for supplying an activating substance to the device(s). The means comprises preferably a substance source and a heater or electron beam generator for gasifying the substance source. The electron source can be combined with an image-forming member (e.g. fluorescent body) to constitute an image-forming apparatus. The means is used for in situ activation or re-activation of the electron-emitting device(s).

Abstract: A low-pressure mercury discharge lamp is provided with a light-transmitting discharge vessel (10) which contains mercury and a rare gas and which comprises means (20) for maintaining an electric discharge in the discharge vessel. A metal holder (30) supporting an amalgam (31) is arranged in the discharge vessel. The holder (30) is a metal plate (33) bent about an axis (32), portions (34a, 34b) of the plate bent towards one another defining a slot (35), while the holder is pinched together at its ends (36) and the amalgam (31) coats the holder on an internal surface (37) thereof. The manufacture of the holder is simple.

Abstract: An electrodeless low-pressure discharge lamp is provided with a lamp vessel which is closed in a gastight manner, which surrounds a discharge space, and which contains a filling of mercury and rare gas. The lamp vessel has a cavity and a collar where the cavity is open towards the exterior, an electric coil being accommodated in the cavity and support with an amalgam being arranged in the discharge space. The collar is made of metal and the support of the amalgam is fastened to the collar. This construction counteracts degeneration of the amalgam.

Abstract: An electric lamp includes a tubular lamp envelope enclosing mercury vapor and a buffer gas, and a flag assembly located within the lamp envelope. The lamp envelope has a pair of dimples on an inside surface thereof. The flag assembly includes a support wire having opposite ends secured to the dimples and a starting flag attached to the support wire. The starting flag includes a mercury-absorbing material. The lamp envelope may be a closed loop electrodeless lamp envelope or a conventional electroded fluorescent lamp envelope.

Abstract: A low pressure discharge lamp having a tubular discharge vessel (1). At each of its end portions (2, 3) the vessel (1) is fused to a respective metal tube (5) having an uncovered outer surface outside the vessel. A sealed glass tube (6) is fused to the metal tubes (5). Ignition aids (18, 28, 40) may also be present. The simple construction of the lamp permits manufacture and high lamp quality, even at long lengths and/or small diameters of the discharge vessel. The lamp may have an ionizable filling of rare gas or may also contain mercury. A fluorescent powder may also be present in the discharge vessel. The lamp (72) and a luminaire (70, 71) mounting the lamp may be used for display or signalling purposes.

Abstract: A device for reconditioning a neutron tube, comprising on the one hand invariant elements and on the other hand sensitive elements which are subject to wear and gaseous elements which are consumable and which are introduced by way of reservoirs. In accordance with the invention the sensitive elements, for example target (6) and gas reservoirs (7, 8) are collected in the same part (1') of the tube, which part is separable from the other part (1) by means of a tight connection system (12, 12', 13, 14 and 15) in order to make the replacements necessary for reconditioning.

Abstract: A lamp including an evacuated outer jacket, a light source capsule mounted within an evacuated outer jacket, and getter assembly disposed within the outer jacket is disclosed. the getter assembly includes a getter and protection device for protecting lamp parts, e.g., the inner surface of the outer jacket, during flashing of the getter. In a most preferred embodiment, the protection device is formed by a small glass envelope, preferably similar to a photoflash bulb envelope, having a small opening. A getter, such as a getter ring, typically used in the lighting art, is mouted within the bulb envelope. When the getter is activated, the metal vapor of the activated getter is caught inside this bulb envelope and condenses on the inside glass surface of the latter. the impurities within the outer jacket of the lamp diffuse through the opening in the bulb envelope of the protection device of the preferred embodiment and are absorbed by the getter.

Abstract: An array wand for charged particle beam shaping and control applications can selectively and accurately shape or deflect single or multiple beams of charged particles so as to delineate a desired pattern in a substrate. The wand preferably takes the form of a monolithic block of material, for example semiconductor material, having one or more cavities etched through it which serve to form a collimated beam of particles. The array wand employs an Einsel lens structure which contains electrostatic electrodes for precise focusing of the beams of charged particles. The Einsel lens includes successive layers on the monolithic substrate which simultaneously act as a lens, an aperture, and a beam line for beams of charged particles.The array wand may be manufactured, in large quantity with precision, and may be employed to form small focused beams.

Abstract: An encapsulated high brightness source for use in or with an electron beam system such as an electron beam microscope. The source preferably includes a field emitter. The source includes source enclosure means which defines an ultra high vacuum enclosure for the field emitter. A lens which serves as part of the ultra high vacuum enclosure for the source defines a differential pressure aperture. Other lens elements draw electrons from the field emitter and form a focus on axis in the vicinity of the differential pressure aperture, which serves as an effective point source for the associated electron beam system. The source may be permanently built-in or modular; if modular, it may be assembled, tested, and stored in an ultra high vacuum operative condition for OEM assembly or as a replacement part.

Abstract: A spark gap switch is disclosed with a pumping system which utilizes flowing gas to replenish the interelectrode region between conductive pulses. The spark gap switch typically consists of a housing enclosing a gas filled chamber in which there are two end electrodes with an intervening trigger plane electrode that may be inserted at other than midplane. To initiate switch closure, a trigger pulse is applied between one end electrode and a trigger plane electrode causing the gas in the intervening gap to ionize and conduct and thereby bring on complete switch closure. To achieve proper gas flow each end electrode is configured as a truncated cone and gas is caused to flow from a multiplicity of ports spaced equidistantly around each cone base. The gas ascends the conical outer surface of each end electrode, sweeps over the crown and exhausts out through an opening in the center of each electrode.