Abstract: A network including a sensory assembly having a first wire coil coupled to a stationary component, and a spaced apart second wire coil coupled to a movable component. An interstice is formed between the wire coils. The stationary first wire coil is employed in a primary electrical circuit and the movable second wire coil is employed in a second electrical circuit. A magnet flux field permits at least a portion of an electrical current varied as a function of a parameter of the movable component to be transmitted between the electrical circuits.

Abstract: Navigation systems and methods for magnetic interference correction involve antennae that generate magnetic fields at different frequencies, sensors that measure the magnetic fields, and a computing device that uses sensor measurements to determine the magnetic interference and produce accurate sensor position and orientation information.

Abstract: The disclosure relates to a measuring device for measuring a physical variable. The measuring device has a converter, which is designed to convert an input variable present at a measurement input, into a measurement signal and to provide the same as an output variable. The measuring device comprises a processing unit, which is configured to process the output variable of the converter, and a signal generator, which is designed to generate a test signal on the basis of a specification which test signal corresponds to an output variable of the converter to an input variable of the converter corresponding to the specification. The processing unit can be connected via a switching element either to an output of the converter or to an output of the signal generator. The disclosure further relates to a method for testing a measuring device.

Abstract: A magnetic debris level measuring device for a magnetic filter is disclosed. The magnetic debris level measuring device includes a magnetometer and a temperature sensor. The temperature measured by the temperature sensor is used to calculate a corrected magnetometer reading, which in turn can be used to determine the amount of captured magnetic debris held within the filter. The device has a stored threshold for the corrected magnetometer reading, and when the corrected magnetometer reading crosses the stored threshold a notification is issued that the filter is full. If it is detected that debris continues to be captured after the ‘full’ notification has been issued, the stored threshold will be updated accordingly.

Abstract: A leakage detector is used with a cable tray run configured to support one or more electrical cables. The leakage detector includes an electrical conductor extending around the cable tray run generally transverse to a length of the cable tray run. A magnetic sensor is coupled to the electrical conductor. In use the leakage detector is configured to sense magnetic flux generated by current flowing through the one or more electrical conductors adjacent the leakage detector. More than one leakage detector can be used in a leakage detection system. The leakage detection system may further include a central computing device to determine if there is leakage current from the one or more electrical conductor in the cable tray run based on signals received from the leakage detectors.

Abstract: A radio-frequency method for range finding includes modulating a reference signal having an intermediate frequency to a downlink signal having a carrier frequency using a clock signal. The downlink signal is transmitted to a tag using a transceiver. An uplink signal backscattered front the tag is received and demodulated using the clock signal. The uplink signal has a frequency that is a harmonic of the carrier frequency. A distance between the tag and the transceiver is calculated based on a phase of the demodulated uplink signal. A system for range finding includes a transceiver and a processor. The transceiver modulates a reference signal to downlink signal and transmits the downlink signal. The transceiver receives and demodulates an uplink signal. The processor is configured to receive the demodulated uplink signal and calculate a distance between the tag and the transceiver using a phase of the demodulated uplink signal.

Abstract: A magnetic tracking device includes a sensor configured to generate a sensor electromotive force (EMF). The device includes a mechanism configured to select between a first operating mode in which the sensor generates the sensor EMF when receiving the magnetic field and a second operating mode in which the sensor generates a reduced amount of the sensor EMF when receiving the magnetic field. An interconnecting circuit generates a parasitic EMF in each of the first operating mode and the second operating mode. The interconnecting circuit connects to a processing device which receives a first measurement for the first operating mode, the first measurement representing the sensor EMF and the parasitic EMF, receives a second measurement for the second operating mode, the second measurement representing the parasitic EMF, compares the first measurement and the second measurement, and determines an approximate value of the sensor EMF.

Abstract: A device and method to test microelectronic parts to determine whether the parts are compromised by active illumination in a testing fixture within a shielded enclosure by analysis of emission metrics. The testing fixture can include a first layer with a capacitive member and a second layer with a cavity to receive a microelectronic part. A filter in a transmission chain can pass a high power signal to the fixture. A filter in a receving chain can pass a low power signal to the analysis unit.

Abstract: A device is dynamically isolated via a broadband switch that includes a plurality of cascade elements in series, wherein each cascade element comprises a first set of SQUIDs in series, a matching capacitor, and a second set of SQUIDs in series. The broadband switch is set to a passing state via flux bias lines during programming and readout of the device and set to a suppression state during device's calculation to reduce operation errors at the device. A device is electrically isolated from high-frequencies via an unbiased broadband switch. A device is coupled to a tunable thermal bath that includes a broadband switch.

Abstract: A dual integrator system comprises two integrators, an output stage, and a switching network. The first and second integrators receive a differential Hall sensor signal and a reference voltage. The first integrator outputs a first integrator signal based on the differential Hall sensor and the reference voltage. The second integrator outputs a second integrator signal based on the differential Hall sensor signal and the reference voltage. The first integrator comprises a first offset cancellation feedback loop, and the second integrator comprises a second offset cancellation feedback loop. The switching network is coupled to the first and second integrators and to the output stage, and alternates which of the first and second integrators is coupled to the output stage. In some embodiments, the first and second integrators each perform a reset operation, a sampling operation, an integration operation, a differential to single-ended conversion operation, and a holding operation.

Abstract: A transmitting element for generating a magnetic field for tracking of an object includes a first spiral trace that extends from a first outer origin inward to a central origin in a first direction. A second spiral trace can extend from the central origin outward to a second outer origin in the first direction. The second spiral trace can extend from the central origin to the second outer origin in the first direction. The first spiral trace and the second spiral trace can be physically connected at the central origin to form the fluorolucent magnetic transmitting element and at least a portion of the first spiral trace overlaps at least a portion of the second spiral trace.

Abstract: A speed sensor assembly (114) includes a printed circuit board (PCB) (120) having a first main side and a second main side, a magnet (116) directly coupled to the first main side of the PCB (120), a sensor (118) electrically connected to the PCB (120), and a pole piece (125) directly coupled to the magnet (116) and to the sensor (118), wherein the magnet (116) includes a slot partially enclosed by the pole piece (125). The speed sensor assembly (114) including a slotted magnet (116) to reduce magnetic field amplitude for single sensing element hall effect sensor applications. The speed sensor assemblies (114) operate with both minimum and maximum air gaps.

Abstract: A device for nondestructive viscoelastic characterization of materials, comprising: a tubular shell, having inside a through-recess provided with at least a first and a second shrinkage; a first rod, provided with a base of ferromagnetic material (8), sliding inside said shell between a first position, in which said ferrule does not project to the lower base of said shell, and a second position, in which said ferrule projects to said lower base; a first spring configured to push said ferrule outwards; a displacement sensor configured to read the displacement of said first rod; a button, sliding-between a stroke greater than the one of said first rod, and integral to a second rod provided with a magnet and coaxial to said first rod; a second spring.

Abstract: The invention relates to a complex proximity safety and warning system. The invention provides a safety system comprising a generator that generates a magnetic field that establishes a boundary, where the generator is capable of receiving radio frequency signals. Also provided is a radio frequency device that sends radio frequency signals, the radio frequency device being capable of sensing the magnetic field and generating a radio frequency response.

Abstract: A monitoring system that monitors at least one component of a cutting edge supported on an implement, the monitoring system comprising a monitor controller; at least one sensor in sensing communication with the at least one component, the at least one sensor configured to monitor wear of the at least one component; wherein the at least one sensor is connected to the monitor controller to communicate a sensor signal indicative of the wear of the at least one component to the monitor controller; the monitor controller including an output, wherein upon receiving a selected signal from the at least one sensor, the monitor controller is configured to communicate an alert via the output.

Abstract: An electronic package includes a mounting platform for mounting an electrically small device, at least one coil, and an insulator. The coil regulates a magnetic field through the electrically small device at the mounting platform. The coil is adapted to conduct a current for nullifying the magnetic field through the electrically small device at the mounting platform. The insulator is between the mounting platform and the coil for isolating the electrically small device from the coil. An electronic circuit includes this electronic package and the electrically small device mounted at the mounting platform of the electronic package. The electrically small device can be a quantum device and/or a topological device when cooled to a cryogenic temperature. The magnetic field is nullified to prevent the magnetic field from adversely affecting the electrically small device.

Abstract: A chopping technique, and associated structure, is implemented to cancel the magnetic 1/f noise contribution in a Tunneling Magnetoresistance (TMR) field sensor. The TMR field sensor includes a first bridge circuit including multiple TMR elements to sense a magnetic field and a second circuit to apply a bipolar current pulse adjacent to each TMR element. The current lines are serially or sequentially connected to a current source to receive the bipolar current pulse. The field sensor has an output including a high output and a low output in response to the bipolar pulse. This asymmetric response allows a chopping technique for 1/f noise reduction in the field sensor.

Abstract: A probe 100 includes exciter units 102 arranged in an array and detector units 104 and 106, also arranged in arrays, with the arrays positioned proximal to and in the shape of the exterior circumference of an individual boiler tube 108. The detector units 104 are “absolute” coil detectors which are used to detect and quantify general wall loss, for example, resulting from steam impingement erosion. The detectors 106 are differential, axial pairs which are used for detecting pits in the boiler tubers. The exciter units and detector units are mounted in a stainless steel housing 110 of the probe. The housing 110 is shaped to closely match the contour of the boiler tube 108. The probe can be moved along the boiler tubes by hand to inspect the flame side of boiler tubes, one at a time. Wheels 112 are provided to roll the probe along the boiler tubes.

Abstract: A magnetic field detector for detecting magnetic fields over a broad operational temperature range comprising: a plurality of Josephson junctions connected to each other by superconducting interconnecting paths, wherein the plurality of Josephson junctions are arranged in an array; and wherein the superconducting interconnecting paths connecting the plurality of Josephson junctions in the array are designed to not all have a uniform cross-sectional geometry with respect to each other.

Abstract: An embodiment of the invention relates to a sensor comprising a sensor element (10) for measuring a magnetic field, the sensor element (10) comprising a set of at least two first input ports (I1), a set of at least two exit ports (E) each of which is connected to one of the first input ports (I1) via a corresponding first beam path (B1), a set of at least two second input ports (I2) each of which is connected to a second beam path (B2), wherein the first beam paths (B1) extend through a common plane (CP) located inside the sensor element (10), said plane (CP) comprising a plurality of magneto-optically responsive defect centers, wherein the second beam paths (B2) also extend through said common plane (CP), but are angled with respect to the first beam paths (B1) such that a plurality of intersections between the first and second beam paths (B2) is defined, and wherein each intersection forms a sensor pixel (P) located at at least one of said magneto-optically responsive defect centers.

Abstract: A method of measuring target proximity comprising the steps of transmitting a magnetic field signal by a controller of a proximity sensor at a target, measuring impedance of an inductor of a proximity sensor, calculating a relative position of the target in relation to a sensor face, and providing a near/far output status of the target at a predetermined rate.

Abstract: A sensor system includes a multi-frequency sensor assembly including a single sensor body housing with a sensing region circuit and a sensor reader disposed in the sensor body. The sensor body is configured to be in operational contact with a fluid. The sensing region circuit is configured to generate different electric fields having different frequencies in the fluid. The sensor reader includes one or more processors configured to examine one or more impedance responses of the sensing region circuit at different frequencies and to determine one or more properties of the fluid based on the one or more impedance responses that are examined.

Abstract: A shoe for analyzing a component is provided. The shoe includes a housing, a NDT probe disposed on a side of the housing, and a shoe interface. The shoe interface is disposed at the side of the housing and contacts the component during the analyzing of the component. The shoe interface separates the NDT probe from the component during the analyzing of the component and moves along the component during the analyzing of the component. The shoe also includes first and second wear indicators. The first wear indicator indicates that the shoe interface is usable during the analyzing of the component. The second wear indicator indicates that the shoe interface should be replaced. Both of the wear indicators are configured similar to the shoe interface and move along the component while the shoe analyzes the component.

Abstract: A system for magnetically inspecting a metallic component uses a manipulator configured to manipulate a relative position between a part fixture that holds the metallic component and a probe fixture that holds a magnetic probe, thereby causing the probe tip to trace an inspection route along the surface of the metallic component so that the probe tip contacts the metallic component such that an angular difference between the probe axis and a vector normal to the surface is less than a predetermined angle delta. The magnetic probe has a probe tip that measures magnetic permeability of the metallic component along the inspection route, which the controller receives. A method of performing the magnetic inspection is also disclosed.

Abstract: A method for calibrating a rotary encoder for capturing rotational angle position of a machine shaft. The rotary encoder includes an exciter unit which is rotationally fixed to the machine shaft, and a stationary sensor unit which interacts therewith. The method includes rotating the machine shaft to perform a rotational movement at a predefined rotational speed at a first sensor temperature, capturing a first position measured value at a first predefined rotational angle position at the first sensor temperature, heating or cooling the sensor unit to a second sensor temperature, capturing a second position measured value at the first predefined rotational angle position at the second sensor temperature, determining a first deviation between at least the second position measured value and a first desired position measured value, and correcting an output signal from the rotary encoder via the first deviation.

Abstract: A superconducting electronic circuit includes at least two SQUID elements, an array of at least three Josephson Junctions, and a magnetic source element. Each SQUID element has no shared Josephson Junctions or at least one shared Josephson Junction with another SQUID element and at least one exclusive Josephson Junction. The array of at least three Josephson Junctions are connected in one, two, or three-dimensions. The magnetic source element has an electrically-tunable spatially non-uniform magnetic field.

Abstract: A receiver for detecting at least one electromagnetic signal while the receiver is moving relative to the Earth's magnetic field, the receiver comprising: an SQUID array for generating an output that is a transfer function of SQUID array magnetic flux that is supplied from a combination of an oscillating magnetic field of the at least one electromagnetic signal, the Earth's magnetic field, and a bias magnetic field; a bias-tee configured to divide the SQUID array output into a DC signal and an RF signal; a memory store configured to store a plurality of voltage and flux bias values, wherein each voltage value has a corresponding flux bias value that results in maximum SQUID array sensitivity; and a logic circuit configured to find a voltage value in the memory store that most closely matches the DC signal, and to apply to the SQUID array a flux bias corresponding to the most closely matched voltage value.

Abstract: A test and measurement instrument for measuring a current in a device under test, comprising an input configured to receive signals from a magnetic field probe; and one or more processors configured to measure, from a signal from the magnetic field probe, a magnetic field generated by a current-carrying conductor of the device under test based on a known current, determine a calibration factor based on the known current and the magnetic field, and generate a calibrated measurement of an unknown current in the current-carrying conductor using a magnetic field generated by the current-carrying conductor based on the unknown current and the calibration factor.

Abstract: In response to detecting that an external device is within communication range of an electronic device and in accordance with a determination that the external device is in a pairing mode, the electronic device displays an affordance corresponding to a pairing application of the electronic device. In response to detecting that an external device is within communication range of an electronic device and in accordance with a determination that the external device is not in the pairing mode, the electronic device forgoes display of the affordance. In response to user input corresponding to selection of the affordance, the electronic device displays a user interface associated with initiating a process to pair the electronic device and the external device.

Abstract: A RF antenna or sensor has a substrate, a resonator operable at UHF disposed on the substrate, the resonator preferably having a quartz bar or body with electrodes disposed on opposing major surfaces thereof and with a magnetostrictive material disposed on or covering at least one of the electrodes. A pair of trapezoidal, triangular or wing shaped high permeability pole pieces preferably supported by that substrate are disposed confronting the resonator, one of the pair being disposed one side of the resonator and the other one of the pair being disposed on an opposing side of said resonator, the pair of high permeability pole pieces being spaced apart by a gap G, the resonator being disposed within that gap G. The size of gap G is preferably less than 100 ?m.

Abstract: A method for actively calculating and monitoring the oil debris monitor phase angle includes sensing a noise from an in-line oil debris monitor sensor in an oil flow path, generating a polar plot of an I and Q channel data from only the noise. Linear regression of noise is then utilized from the I and Q channel data for calculating a slope of regression form the linear regression and converting the slope to a phase angle.

Abstract: A sensor drive circuit for driving a sensor with a current includes at least one circuit configured to generate a drive current for the sensor, the drive current having a reverse temperature characteristic with respect to a temperature characteristic of an output voltage of the sensor. A temperature characteristic of sensor sensitivity has a negative first order coefficient and a positive second order coefficient. The sensor drive circuit includes a first current source configured to generate a first current having a temperature characteristic of which a first order coefficient is positive. The sensor drive circuit includes a second current source configured to generate a second current having a temperature characteristic of which a first order coefficient is negative. The sensor drive circuit includes a first current calculator configured to add the first current and the second current to generate a third current.

Abstract: A radio-frequency method for range finding includes modulating a reference signal having an intermediate frequency to a downlink signal having a carrier frequency using a clock signal. The downlink signal is transmitted to a tag using a transceiver. An uplink signal backscattered from the tag is received and demodulated using the clock signal. The uplink signal has a frequency that is a harmonic of the carrier frequency. A distance between the tag and the transceiver is calculated based on a phase of the demodulated uplink signal. A system for range finding includes a transceiver and a processor. The transceiver modulates a reference signal to a downlink signal and transmits the downlink signal. The transceiver receives and demodulates an uplink signal. The processor is configured to receive the demodulated uplink signal and calculate a distance between the tag and the transceiver using a phase of the demodulated uplink signal.

Abstract: The magnetic sensor of the invention has an element portion that is elongate, that exhibits magnetoresistive effect and that has a magnetically sensitive axis in a direction of a short axis thereof. The element portion is non-oval and can be arranged in an imaginary ellipse, wherein the imaginary ellipse has a major axis that connects both ends of the element portion with regard to a direction of a long axis thereof to each other and a minor axis that connects both ends of the element portion with regard to a direction of the short axis thereof to each other, as viewed in a direction that is perpendicular both to the short axis and to the long axis of the element portion.

Abstract: In one embodiment, a method for detecting tremors includes generating electromagnetic fields proximate to an individual's body part with a circuit to generate an eddy current density on a surface of the body part, receiving magnetic fields generated by the eddy current with the circuit that change a resonant frequency of the circuit, sensing the resonant frequency as it changes over time, and determining a movement frequency of the body part from the resonant frequency to quantify tremors in the body part.

Abstract: An integrated circuit with a switched signal path and circuitry configured to determine an anticipated specification current through the signal path.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a hall electromotive force signal detection circuit and a current sensor thereof each of which is able to achieve excellent wide-band characteristics and fast response as well as high accuracy. A difference calculation circuit samples a component synchronous with a chopper clock generated by a chopper clock generation circuit, out of an output voltage signal of a signal amplifier circuit, at a timing obtained from the chopper clock, so as to detect the component. An integrating circuit integrates an output from the difference calculation circuit in the time domain. An output voltage signal from the integrating circuit is fed back to a signal amplifier circuit via a third transconductance element.

Abstract: Embodiments of an inline inspection (“ILI”) tool (10) of this disclosure include a plurality of composite field systems (20) arranged circumferentially about the body of the ILI tool, each composite field system including multiple magnetic circuits (60) to produce a composite or resultant angled field © relative to the target, along with a sensor array or circuit (40) configured for magnetic flux leakage (“MFL”) or magnetostrictive electro-magnetic acoustic transducers (“EMAT”) implementations. In embodiments, the pole magnets (61) of the magnetic circuits are oriented in the axial direction of the tool body rather than in the direction of the resultant angled field. The same is true of the sensors (43). This composite field system approach provides options to design geometries that were not previously possible in prior art single-circuit helical MFL designs and EMAT designs.

Abstract: The present invention provides an eddy current flaw detection device capable of applying a sufficiently strong magnetic field to a test object without using a significantly large magnet. A magnetic-field forming magnet 60 includes a base magnet piece 60a and a tip magnet piece 60b. The tip magnet piece 60b has a tip pole face 62 from which a magnetic pole is directed toward a test object 30. The tip pole face 62 has a smaller area than a base face 64 of the base magnet piece 60a, the base face 64 being located on the opposite side of the magnetic-field forming magnet 60 from the tip pole face 62.

Abstract: A current sensor and measurement system including such a current sensor. The current sensor includes: an insulating substrate provided with a central opening; a winding surrounding the central opening and including a coil wound around a portion of the insulating substrate; wherein the current sensor includes at least one ferromagnetic layer incorporated within the portion of the insulating substrate, the coil surrounding the ferromagnetic layer.

Abstract: The invention relates to a complex proximity safety and warning system. The invention provides a safety system comprising a generator that generates a magnetic field that establishes a boundary, where the generator is capable of receiving radio frequency signals. Also provided is a radio frequency device that sends radio frequency signals, the radio frequency device being capable of sensing the magnetic field and generating a radio frequency response.

Abstract: A component carrier with an integrated magnetic field sensor is disclosed. The component carrier includes a plurality of electrically conductive layer structures and/or electrically insulating layer structures; an excitation coil and sensor coils arranged on and/or in the layer structures; a first magnetic structure above the excitation coil and sensor coils; and a second magnetic structure below the excitation coil and sensor coils.

Abstract: A sensor assembly includes a connecting bar extending along a longitudinal axis and a tubular body extending along the longitudinal axis and at least partially surrounding the connecting bar such that the tubular body is radially spaced from the connecting bar. The tubular body includes a support member made of insulating material. The tubular body also includes a first section with an electric field sensor comprising a first layer of electrically conductive material on an inner surface of the support member to detect an electric field produced by the connecting bar. The first section also includes a first electric screen comprising a second layer of electrically conductive material on an outer surface of the support member to shield the electric field sensor from outside electrical interference. A second section disposed adjacent the first section includes a second electric screen. A dielectric material at least partially encloses the tubular body.

Abstract: An apparatus for automated inspection or maintenance is provided. The apparatus includes a dual slider mechanism for deploying a probe. The dual slider mechanism comprises: a frame; a probe slider configured to attach the probe; a probe linear guide coupled to the frame and configured to guide the probe slider and attached probe in a linear direction; a spring having one end attached to the probe slider; a spring slider attached to another end of the spring; and a spring linear guide coupled to the frame and configured to guide the spring slider and attached spring in the linear direction, in order to guide the probe slider and attached probe in the linear direction along the probe linear guide using the guided spring.

Abstract: A capacitive voltage sensor for estimating voltage on a power line. The sensor includes a dielectric bushing surrounding the line, and an annular conductor formed in the bushing and being capacitively coupled to the line, where a first capacitance is defined between the line and the annular conductor and a second capacitance is defined between the annular conductor and ground. The sensor also includes a capacitance compensation circuit having an amplifier including a first terminal electrical coupled to the annular conductor, and first and second capacitance compensation capacitors electrically coupled to the terminals of the amplifier, where the compensation capacitors are made of different materials having different dielectric constants, and where the materials of the compensation capacitors are selected so as to compensate for changes in the first and second capacitances in response to temperature changes. Also, a thermistor is provided in a resistor compensation circuit to provide resistance compensation.

Abstract: Aspects of the present disclosure generally pertain to a magnetic field sensor with flex coupling structures. Aspects of the present disclosure are more specifically directed toward Nanoscale Superconducting Quantum Interference Devices (nanoSQUIDs) with very low white flux noise characteristics can be fashioned into very sensitive magnetic field sensors by using external structures to increase the amount of flux that passes through the nanoSQUID aperture. Aspects of the present disclosure are also directed toward a magnetic flux pickup that can be coupled to a SQUID or nanoSQUID and incorporates an input coil made of a superconducting tape, which may be embodied in an electronic device for sensing magnetic fields, or more specifically an application specific electronic device for sensing a sensed property such as for geophysical sensing or biomedical imaging.

Abstract: The described embodiments relate to a method for analyzing a sample volume including magnetic particles. The method may include applying an electric excitation signal to a measuring coil so as to generate a magnetic field acting on the sample volume using the measuring coil. Furthermore, the method may include sensing an electric measurement signal dependent on the inductance of the measuring coil and analyzing magnetic permeability of the sample volume using the measurement signal.

Abstract: A device of detecting magnetic characteristic change for a long material includes: an exciting coil into which the long material is inserted and which magnetizes the long material in a longitudinal direction; a detecting coil into which the long material is inserted and which detects a magnetic flux generated in the long material due to magnetization by the exciting coil; and a yoke member which has a first opening portion which is positioned on one side of the long material in the longitudinal direction and into which the long material is inserted and a second opening portion which is positioned on the other side of the long material in the longitudinal direction and into which the long material is inserted, and has a shape which is substantially axially symmetrical about an axis passing the first opening portion and the second opening portion, and the exciting coil and the detecting coil are surrounded by the yoke member, the first opening portion, and the second opening portion.

Abstract: A magnetic field sensor comprises a substrate and two comb-shaped soft ferromagnetic flux concentrators with an interdigitated structure formed on the substrate. The concentrators comprise N and N?1 rectangular comb teeth and corresponding comb seats wherein N is an integer greater than 1. Gaps are formed between the comb teeth of one concentrator and the comb seat of the other concentrator in an X direction. Adjacent comb teeth in a +Y direction form 2m?1 odd space gaps and 2m even space gaps. Here, m is an integer greater than zero and less than N. Push and pull magnetoresistive sensing element strings are located respectively in the odd space gaps and the even space gaps, and are electrically interconnected into a push-pull bridge. The magnetization alignment directions of the ferromagnetic pinned layer of the magnetic sensing element strings are Y direction.

Abstract: An endoscope includes a sensor, and a temperature compensation circuit configured to perform temperature compensation of an output signal of the sensor, in a distal end portion. The temperature compensation circuit includes a differential amplifying section configured to amplify an output signal of the sensor, and a temperature sensing section in which a resistance is connected in series to a parallel connection portion of a temperature sensing element and a resistance.