Abstract: The present invention relates to soil moisture and soil matric potential measurement using microwave sensor composed of sensor element (1), porous matrix (2), phase shift measurement circuit (3) and circuit protective layer (4). Operating principle is based on the phase shift method in which phase shift of the signal propagating along sensor element (1) is related to the porous matrix (2) moisture content. Porous matrix (2) is in contact with surrounding soil (5) and reflects its water content. Phase shift measurement circuit (3) excite sensor element (1) and measures phase shift. The sensor is independent of soil electrical conductivity owing to the operating frequency in microwave range (˜GHz). In this manner, it is less sensitive to the soil type and therefore less demanding for calibration. The sensor is made of durable elements without consumable parts which enable a long-term operation. Its low power consumption makes it suitable for Internet of Things concept and automatic irrigation systems.

Abstract: An error correcting location system includes a ground station with fixed reference coordinates. The ground station may receive satellite broadcast messages from a plurality of location system satellites. Further, the ground station may determine location coordinates based on the satellite broadcast messages, and compare the location coordinates to the fixed reference coordinates to determine a compensation value. In addition, the ground station may send the compensation value to location system devices. Upon receipt of the compensation value, the location system devices may utilize the compensation value to generate highly accurate location coordinates.

Abstract: One example includes an aircraft navigation system associated with an aircraft. The system includes a radio receiver configured to receive a radio signal that propagates from a remote transmitter through a portion of atmosphere to the aircraft. The system also includes an occultation processor configured to process the radio signal to determine a hazardous characteristic of the portion of the atmosphere through which the radio signal propagates. The system further includes an inertial navigation system (INS) configured to detect an intended flight path through the portion of the atmosphere and to provide a warning alarm in response to a determination of the intended flight path through the portion of the atmosphere comprising the determined hazardous characteristic.

Abstract: A calibration device for precise calibration of a microwave radiometer is described. The calibration device has a housing that partially encompasses a calibration chamber. The housing includes a microwave transparent portion that is provided at a wall of the housing. The microwave transparent portion defines an entry for microwaves into the calibration chamber. The microwave transparent portion is made by a microwave transparent material that is insulating. An absorber at a defined temperature is provided within the calibration chamber. An interface between the microwave transparent portion and the absorber is provided, which ensures a substantially reflection free entry of the microwaves into the calibration chamber. The substantially reflection free entry of the microwaves corresponds to capturing at least 3 orders of reflection of the microwaves. Further, a method of calibrating a microwave radiometer is described.

Abstract: A detection system may include a reaction cell which is a container for reacting the detection sample, a light source configured to emit a detection light toward an inside of the reaction cell from one side of the reaction cell, and a photoelectric sensor arranged on the other side of the reaction cell so as to face the light source and configured to receive the detection light transmitted through the reaction cell and convert a signal of the received detection light into an electrical signal. A judging method may include judging whether or not the detection sample has been supplied based on whether or not the electrical signal output from the photoelectric sensor changes by sending an instruction to supply the detection sample to the reaction cell to the detection system in a state in which the light source and the photoelectric sensor are kept being operated.

Abstract: A system and method for sensing wave impedance of a material using an RF power source with a sensor structure comprised of a resonant electromagnetic radiative filter (MEF). The wave impedance is determined by processing a differential RF signal level within an interrogator comprising an impedance calculator. A differential RF signal between a source signal level and a response signal level affected by field coupling of the REF with a material of interest. In embodiments based on frequency scanning transmissometry (FST), the impedance spectrometer determines both the real and imaginary part of the wave impedance of the material. In embodiments the impedance spectrometer comprises an RFID transponder. In embodiments, the interrogator is disposed as payload on a UAV drone. In embodiments, the impedance spectrometer is a node within a communications network.

Abstract: The plant water Anomalous Phase sensor can determine moisture levels in plant leaves, stems and wood. The sensors described include several embodiments of the sensor, all of which estimate moisture levels by determining changes in the phase spectrum of an anomalous-phase resonator. Two embodiments include a planar transmitting antenna array with two slightly detuned patch antennas and a detector. In a first embodiment, the detector is a dipole antenna centered and out of plane with the transmitting antenna array. In a second embodiment, the detector is a singular rectangular patch antenna coplanar with the transmitting antenna array. The third embodiment is similar to the second embodiment, but is formed on a flexible substrate, so that the sensor can be wrapped about a twig, branch or other plant structure, in a non-coplanar arrangement. To compensate for temperature affects, a reference sensor may be integrated with an active sensor.

Abstract: A system and method for sensing the wave impedance of a material using an RF power source with a sensor structure comprised of a metamaterial radiative filter (MRF). The wave impedance is specified or monitored by processing a differential RF signal level with an impedance calculator. The differential RF signal level is obtained from a reference source signal and a response signal. RF field-coupling of the RF source with the material effects the response signal level. In embodiments, the spectrometer is physically configured for noninvasive and invasive measurements. In embodiments, the material is sensed when shielded by RF-opaque media. In embodiments, wherein the MRF has a fixed response characteristic, the dielectric constant may be obtained with a sensing structure comprised of two transponders and a single RF frequency. In embodiments wherein the MRF has a fixed response characteristic, both the dielectric constant and the loss tangent may be obtained using three transponders and a single RF frequency.

Abstract: The present disclosure describes methods and systems, including computer-implemented methods, computer program products, and computer systems, for measuring a water cut for hydrocarbon fluid in a production pipe. One method includes transmitting a microwave through a first waveguide attached to a production pipe, wherein the microwave is directed to the hydrocarbon fluid in the production pipe; and obtaining, measurement results based on reflection or propagation of the microwave, wherein the measurement results are used to determine a water cut of the hydrocarbon fluid.

Abstract: A microorganism evaluation system comprising a first viewing section, wherein a first fluid flow supplies and passes through the first viewing section, the first fluid flow defining a first fluid flow rate, a relatively smaller second viewing section, wherein a second fluid flow supplies and passes through the second viewing section, the second fluid flow defining a second fluid flow rate, and an isokinetic probe positioned so as to sample from the first fluid flow so as to provide the second fluid flow.

Abstract: A system and method for characterizing non-solid substances, the system comprising a housing body having a cavity therein the cavity is configured to contain said substances; a transmit/receive unit configured to generate and transmit Radio Frequency (RF) signals; at least one electromagnetic sensor attached to said housing body and said transmit/receive unit, wherein said sensor is configured to provide RF responses data of said substances; a Radio Frequency Signals Measurement Unit (RFSMU) configured to receive said RF responses and measure said RF responses; and a processor connected to said sensor said processor is configured to process said responses to identify the characteristics of said substances.

Abstract: Techniques for analysis and prediction of cloud particle distribution and solar radiation are provided. In one aspect, a method for analyzing cloud particle characteristics includes the steps of: (a) collecting meteorological data; (b) calculating solar radiation values using a radiative transfer model based on the meteorological data and blended guess functions of a cloud particle distribution (c) optimizing the cloud particle distribution by optimizing the weight coefficients used for the blended guess functions of the cloud particle distribution based on the solar radiation values calculated in step (b) and measured solar radiation values; (d) training a machine-learning process using the meteorological data collected in step (a) and the cloud particle distribution optimized in step (c) as training samples; and (e) predicting future solar radiation values using forecasted meteorological data and the machine-learning process trained in step (d).

Abstract: A dielectric waveguide (DWG) may be used to identify a composition of a material that is in contact with the DWG. A radio frequency (RF) signal is transmitted into a dielectric waveguide located in contact with the material. The RF signal is received after it passes through the DWG. An insertion loss of the DWG is determined. The presence of the material may be inferred when the insertion loss exceeds a threshold value. The composition of the material may be inferred based on a correlation with the insertion loss. Alternatively, a volume of the material may be inferred based on a correlation with the insertion loss.

Abstract: A solid state sensor may be used to down-convert microwave signal into a low-frequency voltage or current signal, where its phase still carries the information of a measured continuous wave (CW) microwave phase. Two CW microwaves may be mixed and a solid state sensor used to rectify the mixed microwave into a direct voltage or current signal. The measurement system may include an input node for receiving a microwave signal from a source from which the output microwave is coherently split into two parts by a microwave power divider. Each part may travel in a separate path and couple at the solid state sensor. A lock-in amplifier coupled to the solid state sensor may be used to determine simultaneously a magnitude and phase of the microwave signals received from the microwave source.

Abstract: Systems and methods for controlling a weather radar system are provided. A system for controlling a weather radar system includes a communications system including a transmitter-receiver and a processor. The transmitter-receiver is configured to receive first weather data from an external location. The first weather data includes a first weather condition, a location of the first weather condition, and a time of sensing the first weather condition. The processor includes a control module coupled with the communications system and configured to determine a point of interest based on the first weather data; acquire, by controlling an onboard weather radar system, second weather data at the point of interest; provide data representative of weather near the point of interest based at least in part on the second weather data; and transmit, by the transmitter-receiver, the data representative of weather near the point of interest to an external weather radar system.

Abstract: A method of measuring species diversity is provided. The method includes receiving a first image of a landscape and receiving a second image of a second landscape. The method also includes representing a portion of the first image as a first region of interest comprising a multiplicity of pixels and representing a portion of the second image as a second region of interest comprising a multiplicity of pixels. The method further includes comparing at least one textural feature of the first region of interest and the second region of interest and calculating the species diversity between the first landscape and the second landscape based on the comparison of the at least one textural features of the regions of interest.

Abstract: The present invention is directed to system and method of processing meteorological data. The process comprises receiving a meteorological data corresponding to a geographic region from at least one meteorological data source for a selected time slice, with the meteorological data including radar reflectivity data. The system processes the meteorological data to derive probability of severe hail for points within the geographic region, processes the meteorological data to derive vertically integrated liquid for the points within the geographic region, and processes the meteorological data to derive enhanced echo tops for the points within the geographic region. The system processes the vertically integrated liquid and the enhanced echo tops to derive vertically integrated liquid density for the points within the geographic region and processes the probability of severe hail and the vertically integrated liquid density to derive derived hail index numbers for the points within the geographic region.

Abstract: A method of positioning a plurality of radar units in a defined area amongst one or more legacy radar units that provide legacy radar coverage in the defined area is disclosed. The steps of identifying a location of each legacy radar unit, setting a threshold altitude, and determining a legacy occultation of each legacy radar unit from a landscape level up to the threshold altitude are also disclosed. Mapping the legacy occultation of the legacy radar units to provide a three dimensional occultation map in the defined area and locating gaps below the threshold altitude in the legacy radar coverage as a function of the occultation map are also disclosed. Identifying a plurality of sites as a function of the gaps where the sites are accessible to receive a radar unit is also disclosed. Determining an anticipated radar coverage of a radar unit positioned at each of the sites and determining a reduction in the gaps as a function of the anticipated radar coverage are also disclosed.

Abstract: A hazard warning system includes a processing system. The processing system determines a vertically integrated liquid (VIL) parameter. The processing system receives radar reflectivity data associated with an aircraft radar antenna and determines the VIL parameter by determining a first reflectivity value at a first altitude and a second reflectivity value at a second altitude using the radar reflectivity data. The processing system determines the VIL parameter using a base storm altitude and a top storm altitude.

Abstract: A hazard warning system includes a processing system. The processing system determines a vertically integrated liquid (VIL) parameter. The processing system receives radar reflectivity data associated with an aircraft radar antenna and determines the VIL parameter by determining a first reflectivity value at a first altitude and a second reflectivity value at a second altitude using the radar reflectivity data. The processing system determines the VIL parameter using a base storm altitude and a top storm altitude.

Abstract: Apparatus and methods are disclosed for enhancing data accuracy of a noncontact infrared thermometer. One method includes determining dry atmospheric constituency and water vapor absorption coefficients across the infrared thermometers spectral bandpass and implementing the coefficients in processing with site-based atmospheric temperature and water vapor density profile and pressure measurements to provide corrected target temperature data compensating for contamination in said raw data due to said intervening atmosphere. The method is particularly well adapted for use in correcting data from less expensive but also less accurate wideband infrared thermometers.

Abstract: Disclosed is a system and method to aid in these inspections that avoid the disadvantages of the prior art. The system and method are operative to take thickness measurements of, and thus evaluate the condition of, materials including but not limited to refractory materials, operating in frequency bands that result in less loss than previously known technologies, and utilizing a system configuration and signal processing techniques that isolate the reflected signal of interest from other spurious antenna reflections, particularly by creating (through the configuration of the antenna assembly) a time delay between such spurious reflections and the actual reflected signal of interest, thus enabling better isolation of the signal of interest.

Abstract: Microwave techniques for measuring moisture and other properties of paper and related products without requiring an independent measurement of temperature are provided. A sensor directly measures the reflection or transmission of microwaves at a number of well-chosen frequencies so as to characterize the absorption spectrum of the product. The technique of measuring the parameters of a composition includes: (a) directing incident microwave radiation over a spectrum of wavelengths from an antenna upon the composition; (b) measuring the microwave radiation over the spectrum of wavelengths that emerges from the composition; (c) determining the reflected and/or transmitted transfer function; and (d) relating the transfer function of the composition to the parameters of the composition by applying a theoretic, calibrated, or hybrid model. The product moisture and temperature are extracted from the transfer function.

Abstract: A wireless soil sensor includes a curved surface and at least two groups of sensor-pin electrodes. A tine-catching block is disposed within the sensor body, near a top of the sensor to protect against aeration tools damaging components of the sensor. The electrical circuitry and the battery are separately potted in an epoxy material and oriented vertically, creating a central gap through which an incoming aeration tine is directed.

Abstract: Microwave techniques for measuring moisture and other properties of paper and related products without requiring an independent measurement of temperature are provided. A sensor directly measures the reflection or transmission of microwaves at a number of well-chosen frequencies so as to characterize the absorption spectrum of the product. The technique of measuring the parameters of a composition includes: (a) directing incident microwave radiation over a spectrum of wavelengths from an antenna upon the composition; (b) measuring the microwave radiation over the spectrum of wavelengths that emerges from the composition; (c) determining the reflected and/or transmitted transfer function; and (d) relating the transfer function of the composition to the parameters of the composition by applying a theoretic, calibrated, or hybrid model. The product moisture and temperature are extracted from the transfer function.

Abstract: An open sensor is provided for testing a split sample of a composite medium. The open sensor generally includes a longitudinal section of a tube and a plurality of serpentine conductors which are successively layered on top of each other. The interior surface of the tube section forms a trough into which the split sample of the composite medium can be disposed. The number of serpentine conductors is two or greater.

Abstract: The device that has been invented senses moisture contact of round bales as they are formed in the chamber of a round baler, by supplying voltage to a sensor located on one of the side walls of the baler and reading the voltage on a second sensor located on the opposing side wall of the baler.

Abstract: A first isolator, which is disposed in a direction where a signal is transmitted only to an antenna direction, is connected directly to a connector portion of an antenna on an oscillation side without a cable, and a second isolator 15b, which is disposed in a direction where a signal is transmitted only to a receiver direction, is connected directly to the connector portion of the antenna on a receiver side without a cable. A data processing apparatus includes a peak level detector, a resonant frequency detector, and an arithmetic part for calculating a moisture content amount and a coating amount of a coating layer of a sample based on the detection values detected by these detectors.

Abstract: The present disclosure includes a method for quantifying contribution to overall variability of moisture content in wood products and associated computer software. The method comprises the steps of obtaining moisture content data for the wood products and identifying one or more sources of variability in the moisture content data. A contribution to overall variability from each of the one or more sources of variability is then quantified. One or more opportunities to impact the overall variability are then quantified, each of the one or more opportunities being associated with one or more executable steps.

Abstract: A salinity determining system for determining a salinity of water in a hydrocarbon emulsion of oil and water. The salinity determining system includes an antenna element in contact with the hydrocarbon emulsion and a switch coupled to the antenna element. The salinity determining system includes a first analyzer device configured to be coupled to the antenna element via the switch. The first analyzer device is associated with a first coincidence function based on first measured electrical parameters of transmitted radio-frequency (RF) energy. The salinity determining system also includes a second analyzer device configured to be coupled to the antenna element via the switch.

Abstract: A device for using electromagnetic pulses to determine a distance to a surface includes a pulse generator, a real time sampler and a calibration unit having a signal generator for generating a calibration signal with a predefined frequency. In a calibration mode the real time sampler receives the calibration signal, and an average sample time delay of the sampler is determined based on the sampled calibration signal and the known calibration frequency. In a measurement mode, the real time sampler receives a reflection signal and the distance is determined based on a sampled reflection signal and the average sample time delay. Knowledge of the average delay of the sampler makes it possible to exactly determine the distance (in time and thus space) between two points in the sampled signal.

Abstract: A microwave sensor and algorithm for instantaneous and nondestructive determination of bulk density and moisture content in granular or particulate materials at a single microwave frequency, especially agricultural commodities, which uses an inexpensive microwave circuit for determining the real and imaginary parts of relative complex permittivity using an algorithm for phase correction.

Abstract: The moisture measuring method and apparatus determines the moisture content of post-harvest in-shell peanuts. A crystal oscillator generates a high frequency signal that is directed through a selected sample of in-shell peanuts. Capacitance, impedance, and phase change data associated with the sample are generated at (at least) two frequencies. The data is then substituted into a semi-empirical equation to determine the moisture content of the in-shell peanuts.

Abstract: The invention relates to a measuring device comprising a signal unit (20) for emitting a measuring signal (22.1, 22.2) in a measuring frequency range (60, 62, 68, 70) adapted for measurement and an evaluation unit (36) for the spectral evaluation of an evaluation signal (34.1, 34.2) induced by the measuring signal (22.1, 22.2) to a measuring result. According to the invention, the measuring device comprises a signal processing unit (30) adapted to displace a generation signal (26) for generating a measuring signal (22.1, 22.2) in a generation frequency range (48) from the generation frequency range (48) to the measuring frequency range (60, 62, 68, 70).

Abstract: A method for the measurement of humidity and/or density in a measurement target. The phase and the amplitude of the microwave radiation transmitted through the measurement target is determined for a number of frequencies. The complex-valued transmission function of the measurement target is calculated from the determined values using the complex-valued transfer function of the measurement arrangement, and transformed into the time domain as a complex-valued time domain function. The point in time at which the amount of the main pulse has its maximum value is determined as a characteristic variable A from the time domain function. From the time domain function, the width of the main pulse is determined as a characteristic variable B, and/or the amplitude value of the main pulse as a characteristic variable H. A humidity and/or density of the measurement target is determined depending on the characteristic variable A and the characteristic variables B and/or H.

Abstract: Apparatus comprising: a radio frequency (RF) Robinson oscillator comprising: a resonator comprising a sensor rhumbatron, the sensor rhumbatron comprising a cavity member, the cavity member having a re-entrant boss member, the re-entrant boss member being arranged to project into a cavity portion of the cavity member; a feedback element arranged to provide positive radio frequency (RF) feedback to the cavity member thereby to increase a quality factor Q of the cavity member, the feedback element having first and second terminals coupled to the cavity member, the apparatus being operable to cause the oscillator to oscillate at a resonant frequency; and an output arranged to provide a signal that varies according to a value of at least one electrical parameter of the oscillator, said at least one electrical parameter being selected from amongst an electromagnetic loss and a resonant frequency.

Abstract: Method and apparatus for the measurement of mass or density and/or for the measurement of the humidity in a plurality of portioned units in a non-metallic carrier material, which provides the following: a microwave measuring instrument, consisting of at least one microwave resonator for generating at least one resonance mode in a spatially limited measurement area and an analyzing unit for analyzing at least one variable of the at least one resonance mode, a conveying device for the carrier material, which transports the carrier material with the portioned units through the measurement area, the microwave measuring instrument measures at least one variable of the at least one resonance mode at a time when only the carrier material without portioned unit is in the measurement area, and at a time when the portioned unit is at least partially in the measurement area, the analyzing unit subtracts the variable measured for the carrier material from the measurement values for the portioned unit, and determines a va

Abstract: A system for the detection of water in a sandwich structure for aircraft including: a microwave generator, at least two microwaves emitters/sensors mounted in the structure, and a microwave detector capable of detecting the microwaves after propagation in the structure; a data-processing unit associated with a library containing at least one model of the structure when empty. Also methods for implementing this system as well as an aircraft including such a system.

Abstract: A self-checking analyzer system is provided according to an embodiment of this disclosure. The analyzer system includes a pipeline for receiving a multi-phase fluid flow and a first measuring device configured to provide a first frequency response corresponding to the multi-phase fluid flow. The analyzer system also includes a second measuring device differing in frequency response from the first measuring device and configured to provide a second frequency response corresponding to the multi-phase fluid flow. The analyzer system is configured to validate the first frequency response using the second frequency response.

Abstract: An electromagnetic field tuning and detection apparatus generates in to a material space and in at least two different directions radio frequency electromagnetic fields adapted to resonate in different directions at a different frequency on the basis of a material insertable into the material space; and a signal processing unit configured to determine a moisture content of the material on the basis of a resonance frequency of each electromagnetic field and quality of each resonance in different directions. While controlling a process, a control system comprises a measurement chamber and an electromagnetic field tuning and detection apparatus placed on each material feed line of the process. A controller may control the process on the basis of each determined moisture content on each feed line.

Abstract: A cylindrical waveguide (1) used for analyzing a flowing stream of corn masa (18) using a guided microwave spectroscopy (GMS) process. The waveguide (1) includes opposed spaced apart plates (2, 5) that each define a plane within the waveguide housing (3) that is parallel to the direction (47) of corn masa flow through the waveguide. The housing (1) includes two opposed frames (7, 19) that each surround an aperture (6) that permits access to the region between the waveguide plates (2, 5). A microwave probe assembly (81) is mounted at each frame (7, 19) to permit the radiation and reception of electromagnetic waves within the housing (1) as required to perform the GMS process. A temperature probe (51) is inserted into the interior of the housing (1) at a fitting (13). In an actual installation a y-shaped assembly (89) can be used to divide the corn masa flow into two separate paths with one path containing the waveguide (1).

Abstract: A salinity determining system for determining a salinity of water in a hydrocarbon emulsion of oil and water. The salinity determining system comprises an antenna element in contact with the hydrocarbon emulsion and a switch coupled to the antenna element. The salinity determining system comprises a first analyzer device configured to be coupled to the antenna element via the switch. The first analyzer device is associated with a first coincidence function based on first measured electrical parameters of transmitted radio-frequency (RF) energy. The salinity determining system also comprises a second analyzer device configured to be coupled to the antenna element via the switch.

Abstract: To provide new image forming apparatus and a printing method that can obtain information on image forming by using terahertz waves. An image forming apparatus includes a stock unit for stocking a media stack made of a plurality of media with images formed on; an electromagnetic wave generation unit for generating a terahertz wave to radiate on the media stack; an electromagnetic wave detection unit for detecting the terahertz wave propagated in a laminating direction of the media stack; a memory unit for storing reference data; a processing unit for generating data related to an image forming state from the detection signal from the electromagnetic wave detection unit, information on the number of sheets of the medium, and information on the image formed on the medium; and a comparative unit for comparing the data generated by the processing unit and the reference data stored in the memory unit.

Abstract: A hydration and composition measurement device and technique that in one embodiment includes a microcontroller; a phase lock loop frequency synthesizer controlled by the microcontroller to generate radio frequencies; a cavity for use in resonating at a set of frequencies; a radio frequency power detector for measuring perturbed cavity resonance; and an analyzer. The hydration and composition measurement device may further include a circulator, which receives frequencies from the phase lock loop frequency synthesizer, and an antenna connected to the circulator and cavity. The cavity may be defined by a metallic material or members, and the cavity includes a hole configured to provide access of tissue to be tested to the cavity.

Abstract: A device for transmitting and/or receiving electromagnetic RF signals, in particular a UWB antenna, has a planar, ultra-wideband antenna structure made of a plurality of dipole elements. Each dipole element comprises two poles having substantially elliptical base shapes. A measuring machine, in particular a locating and/or material identifying device for identifying objects encased in a medium and/or for identifying material parameters, in particular the moisture of a material, has at least one UWB sensor comprising at least one device for transmitting electromagnetic RF signals. A machine tool monitoring device has a detecting device for detecting the presence of a material type, in particular of tissue, in a machine tool working area, and has a working mechanism wherein the detecting device comprises a sensor unit having at least one device for transmitting electromagnetic RF signals.

Abstract: A sensor for detecting a substance in a physical space, having an RF energy emitter fed by a signal source on one side of the space and an RF energy receiving element coupled to a detector at an opposite side of the channel, spaced apart by a distance (r) selected so that when the signal wavelength (?) changes based on the value of the dielectric constant (?) of the particular substance in the physical space between the emitter and receiver, the mode of field type within the sensor channel changes between near field and intermediate or far field mode.

Abstract: An admittance meter having an electrical alternating signal source, a diode ring operated as a synchronous rectifier with at least four diodes connected in series and in the same direction in succession, a measuring sensor, and an evaluation unit. The diode ring is subjected to an alternating signal via first second feed points, which are each connected via two series-connected diodes. The measuring sensor is connected to the first feed point, and the evaluation unit is connected to a first or a second measurement point of the diode ring. The first and second measurement points are each connected via one diode to the first and second feed points, respectively.

Abstract: A device for analyzing the contents of a container includes electromagnetic field emitting/receiving means (40) at least several frequencies in a determined range of frequencies, means (22) supporting a container (R), the contents of which have to be analyzed, suitable for ensuring accurate relative positioning between the emitting/receiving means (40) and the container (R), means (50) capable of measuring the complex impedance of the emitting/receiving means influenced by the load formed by the container (R) and its contents, representative of the complex dielectric characteristics of the container and of its contents, means (53, 55) for obtaining at least one additional physical datum relating to a characteristic of the container (R), and means (50) capable of providing information relating to the nature of the contents of said container (R) depending on the measured complex impedance and on the additional physical datum.

Abstract: Method for measuring a moisture value F of dielectric materials using at least one microwave resonator, one shift A of the resonant frequency being respectively evaluated for at least two resonance modes with resonant frequencies which are different from one another and a density-independent moisture value being calculated from the measured shifts in the resonant frequency.

Abstract: A sensor for measuring moisture content of a substrate, comprising: a coplanar waveguide; a directional coupler having a pair of generally parallel first and second strips defining a coupling gap therebetween; and a high frequency signal generator electrically coupled to said first strip and operable to couple power to said second strip with the substrate placed across said coupling gap to thereby generate a coupled power signal in said second strip having an amplitude related to moisture content of the substrate.