Abstract: A binary bi-phase shift modulator having an input piezoelectric transducer and an output piezoelectric transducer connected in series between a radio frequency input and a radio frequency output. A fixed DC pole voltage having a first polarity is connected to one of the transducers. A DC switched pole voltage is connected to the other transducer which switches between the pole voltage of the first polarity and a pole voltage of the opposite polarity in accordance with a binary data signal. The polarity of the radio frequency input relative to the radio frequency output varies as a function of the polarity of the DC switched pole voltage.

Abstract: A feedback loop is used to determine phase distortion created in a signal by directly extracting the phase distortion information from a feedback signal using original frequency modulation information.

Abstract: The present invention is a method and an apparatus for optical modulation, for example for use in optical communications links. In one embodiment, an apparatus for optical modulation includes a first silicon layer having one or more trenches formed therein, a dielectric layer lining the first silicon layer, and a second silicon layer disposed on the dielectric layer and filling the trenches.

Abstract: Modulators for amplitude-modulating signals defined by phase information and envelope codes are provided with first transistors for receiving the phase information and second transistors for receiving the envelope codes. The first main electrode of one transistor is coupled to the second main electrode of the other transistor and the other second main electrode constitutes an output of the modulator. This modulator can be used in any kind of transistor environment and is simple and low cost. The doped areas of the coupled first and second main electrodes comprise an overlap to reduce cross-talk and to reduce silicon area. Polar transmitters are provided with this modulator and with a circuit for generating a phase/frequency code and the envelope code and with an oscillator for receiving the phase/frequency code and for generating the phase information. A phase shift between the phase information and the envelope code reduce aliases.

Abstract: A voltage control oscillator includes: first and second field effect transistors, a drain of one of which is connected to a gate of the other and a drain of the other of which is connected to a gate of the one; third and fourth field effect transistors, a drain of one of which is connected to a gate of the other and a drain of the other of which is connected to a gate of the one; a first inductor connected between the drain of the first field effect transistor and the drain of the second field effect transistor; a second inductor connected between the drain of the third field effect transistor and the drain of the fourth field effect transistor; a third inductor magnetically coupled to the first inductor; a fourth inductor magnetically coupled to the second inductor; a first capacitor that capacitively couples one end of the third inductor and one end of the fourth inductor; and a second capacitor that capacitively couples the other end of the third inductor and the other end of the fourth inductor.

Abstract: A feedback loop is used to determine phase distortion created in a signal by directly extracting the phase distortion information from a feedback signal using original frequency modulation information.

Abstract: A circuit for providing AM/PM modulation is described. The circuit provides two drive signals which are later combined in a constructive/destructive fashion. The circuit provides AM modulation with a drive signal having a consistent power level modulated to have varying pulse widths in order to provide variable power within each cycle.

Abstract: A method is provided for controlling turn-on of phases of a multiphase regulator. According to the method, there are tested the conditions necessary for the turn-on of a phase to be turned-on indicated by a first cell of the phase register, and in response to a positive result a corresponding ramp signal is reset. There is then tested the conditions necessary for the turn-on of a phase successive to the phase to be turned on according to the list of priorities of the phase register, and corresponding ramp signals are reset if there is a positive result. In response to no positive results of testing conditions necessary for the turn-on of all phases successive to the phase to be turned on, there is reset a ramp signal corresponding to a phase successive to a last turned on phase indicated by a last cell of the phase register.

Abstract: The present invention is a method and an apparatus for optical modulation, for example for use in optical communications links. In one embodiment, an apparatus for optical modulation includes a first silicon layer having one or more trenches formed therein, a dielectric layer lining the first silicon layer, and a second silicon layer disposed on the dielectric layer and filling the trenches.

Abstract: Polar feedback architecture. A polar modulator, as may be implemented within a transmitter module, of a communication device includes feedback. This feedback involves monitoring of phase information and magnitude/amplitude information of an output signal generated by the polar modulator. The output signal can be a radio frequency (RF) signal such as may be transmitted via a communication channel within a communication system. A baseband processing module processes the monitored phase information and magnitude/amplitude information to perform adjustment of a phase modulator and/or other components within the polar modulator.

Abstract: A communication apparatus has a local oscillator which performs phase modulation based on a phase component of a baseband signal and outputs a phase modulated signal, a controlling circuit which is supplied with an integer portion included in an amplitude component of the baseband signal and generates and outputs a controlling signal based on a size of the integer portion, a subtractor which is supplied with the integer portion and the controlling signal, subtracts a value of the controlling signal from the integer portion, and outputs a result, a MASH (Multi-stAge-noise-Shaping) circuit which is a second-order delta-sigma modulation means supplied with a fractional portion of the amplitude component, an order of the MASH circuit being switchable between a first order and a second order based on the controlling signal, and an amplifier which sets a voltage value based on an output of the MASH circuit and an output of the subtractor, multiplies the voltage value and the phase modulated signal, and outputs a re

Abstract: The present disclosure relates to I/Q modulation circuits, devices, and methods.

Abstract: Disclosed herein is a method and apparatus used to add high-performance phase modulation to an applied input signal with data or clock edges which overcomes limitations of range, bandwidth and operating data rate by utilizing parallel devices to singularly modulate rising and falling edges separately and then re-add them together. In an embodiment of this invention, T-type (toggle) flip flops and exclusive-OR gates are used to achieve very high-performance results.

Abstract: A switching circuit comprising: first and second steering switches operable to make or break a path between first and second terminals thereof, and each steering switch further having a control terminal for controlling the switch, the first and second steering switches having their control terminals driven by first and second switching signals, the first and second switching signals having a first frequency and the second switching signal being in anti-phase with the first switching signal and a first chopping switch operable to make or break a path between first and second terminals thereof and being connected in series with at least one of the first and second steering switches and receiving at its first terminal an input to be modulated, wherein the control terminal of the chopping switch is driven by a first switching control signal such that the chopping switch is non-conducting while the first and second steering switches are changing between being conducting and being non-conducting.

Abstract: A quadrature modulation circuit includes a mixer circuit including an integrated sign modulation control circuit and a plurality of mixer ports. The mixer ports include a first input port, a second input port, an output port and a sign modulation control port. The modulation circuit generates a modulated signal by operation of the mixer circuit multiplying a modulating signal applied to the first input port with a carrier signal applied to the second input port to generate a mixed signal output from the output port, and by operation of the integrated sign modulation control circuit controlling polarity switching of a signal at one of the mixer ports in response to a sign modulation control signal input to the sign modulation control port.

Abstract: A circuit includes a first semiconductor device and a second semiconductor device. The first semiconductor device has a first source region, a first gate region, and a first drain region. The first gate region and the first drain region are separated by a first distance. The second semiconductor device has a second source region, a second gate region, and a second drain region. The second gate region and the second drain region separated by a second distance. The first distance is greater than the second distance.

Abstract: A polar modulator arrangement has a first and a second node to receive a digital signal with a first and a second component corresponding to a digital amplitude component and a digital phase component. A digital interpolation filter generates an interpolated first component by interpolating and filtering the first component. A polar modulated radio frequency signal is generated by a combination element as a function of the interpolated first component and the second component.

Abstract: A polar-based modulator includes an amplitude signal generator operating at a set gain and a command module that selects an appropriate one parameter lookup table based on an identification of the current network communication system. The command module receives a digital representation of the desired amplitude and using the received digital amplitude and selected parameter lookup table determines control commands used by a scalar to appropriately modulate an amplitude modulated signal output from the amplitude signal generator. Use of the parameter lookup table and command module in the digital realm eliminates the complexities of comparable functionality in the analog realm. Further, operating the amplitude signal generator at a set gain and scaling the output eliminates the complexities associated with generating an appropriately amplified signal within the amplitude signal generator and improves the overall efficiency for generating such an amplitude modulated signal.

Abstract: Phase shift key modulators (100, 500, 1000, 1400, 1700) are provided in which a multiphase signal source (108, 1402, 1406-1412,1702) is used to generate a plurality of phases of a carrier signal. A selector (110) is used to select one phase or a sequence of phases of the carrier signal to represent each bit pattern that is received from a binary data source (102, 1422). The multiphase signal source preferably comprises a multiphase oscillator that includes a phase locked ring of variable propagation delay inverters (202). Preferably, a phase sequencer (502) is used to select a monotonic sequence of phases to represent each bit pattern. Preferably two phase selectors (110, 1004) are used to simultaneously select two phases of carrier signal, and a phase interpolator (1106) is used to generate a sequence of phases from the two phases selected by the two phase selectors (110, 1004).

Abstract: An apparatus and method for high speed phase modulation of optical beam with reduced optical loss. In one embodiment, an apparatus includes a first region of an optical waveguide disposed in semiconductor material. The first region has a first conductivity type. The apparatus also includes a second region of the optical waveguide disposed in the semiconductor material. The second region has a second conductivity type opposite to the first conductivity type. A first contact is included in the apparatus and is coupled to the optical waveguide at a first location in the first region outside an optical path of an optical beam to be directed through the optical waveguide. The apparatus also includes a first higher doped region included in the first region and coupled to the first contact at the first location to improve an electrical coupling between the first contact and the optical waveguide. The first higher doped region has a higher doping concentration than a doping concentration within the optical path.

Abstract: Polar modulators include a phase splitter, a controller, variable current sources, transistor circuits, and a combiner. The phase splitter splits a RF carrier signal into quadrature component signals that are 90 degrees out of phase with each other. The controller generates modulation control signals based on information that is to be transmitted. The variable current sources each generate a variable amplitude current signal based on a different one of the modulation control signals. Each of the transistor circuits amplify a different one of the quadrature component signals with a variable amplification based on the variable amplitude current signal from a different one of the variable current sources to generate an amplitude adjusted quadrature component signal. The combiner combines the amplitude adjusted quadrature component signals from each of the transistor circuits to generate a phase-modulated RF carrier output signal.

Abstract: A phase modulator for communication applications is constructed in so as to be easily implemented by way of MMIC technology. A phase modulator section is followed by a saturated amplifier section so as to provide substantially constant amplitude for all bits or states. The phase modulator section is a bi-phase shift keyed or quadrature-phase shift keyed modulator constructed in accordance with the present invention for discretely varying the phase of an input carrier signal between two or four possible phase states, respectively. The bi-phase shift keyed modulator includes at least a first pair of first and second transmission line segments and a pair of switches which each serve as a single-pole double-throw switch for operatively connecting one of the pair of transmission line segments between an input associated with the first switch, and an output associated with the second switch.

Abstract: A phase-locked loop applied as a phase modulator using an external analog control signal whereby a single-ended pulse-width modulated digital signal may be derived from the phase detector output, and two phase modulated square-wave digital signals may be derived from a reference oscillator and the feedback voltage controlled oscillator. The pulse width modulation and/or phase modulation in power applications can be achieved with far greater speed, precision, simplicity and economy than by existing techniques.

Abstract: A balanced modulator has a pair of diodes, a plurality of line patterns including a balance-to-unbalance converter, the line patterns including lines extending toward and connected to the diodes, respectively, and at least a set of capacitive stubs disposed near the lines and spaced from each other by a distance of .lambda./8 (.lambda. is the wavelength at a frequency used). The capacitive stubs are connectable to the lines by bonding wires for isolation adjustments.

Abstract: An electronic phase shifter splits an input signal into two signals whose amplitudes are set by a weighting circuit controlled by a phase shift control signal. Each of the two outputs of the weighting circuit is loaded with an RLC resonator, one tuned to a frequency lower than that of the input signal and one tuned to a frequency higher than that of the input signal. The loaded outputs are recombined in a vector summing network to synthesize the required phase shifted output signal. This technique permits implementation on a monolithic integrated circuit (MIC) with high gain at high frequencies (e.g. 10 GHz). It also allows a large dynamic range of operation and a large (i.e., greater than 90 degrees) controllable phase shift. This is accomplished without the use of variable reactance elements or any other components external to the MIC.

Abstract: A phase modulator having a Gilbert cell mixer can be used in frequency ranges from a microwave frequency band of several GHz to a millimeter wave band of several 10 GHz. Two output signals Vout1, Vout2 from the Gilbert cell mixer are supplied to balanced input terminals of a balanced-to-unbalanced converter, which produces a phase-modulated output signal Vout from an unbalanced output terminal thereof. Even when a differential amplifier comprising FETs Q1, Q3 and a differential amplifier comprising FETs Q2, Q4 do not operate symmetrically, the phase modulator generates phase-modulated output signals that have the same amplitude as each other and are in opposite phase to each other. With the Gilbert cell mixer comprising FETs, the phase modulator can be used in the frequency ranges described above. If the balanced-to-unbalanced converter is in the form of a planar circuit, then the phase modulator may be implemented by an MMIC.

Abstract: The present invention is achieved by layering a dielectric slab between a ground plane and a two dimensional quasi quantum well heterostructure and by switching between an unbiased state and a negative potential which is established between the quantum well heterostructure and the ground plane. In the unbiased state, the device supports wave propagation in the dielectric with a phase velocity similar to that of a wave propagating in a parallel plate waveguide. Upon application of the bias voltage, that is establishing a negative potential difference between contacts based on either side of the quantum well heterostructure, the conductivity of the quantum well decreases. Therefore, as the carrier wave propagates the wave interacts with a boundary similar to that of a dielectric-air interface. This new boundary condition, in turn, produces a faster phase velocity. Hence, toggling the bias modulates the quantum well conductivity which changes the phase velocity of the carrier wave.

Abstract: A small and inexpensive mixer that does not require a choke inductor and a large-capacitance capacitor. The mixer has a FET. The FET's source is grounded via a capacitor and is also connected to a power-supply terminal. The FET's gate is coupled to a bias voltage and also connected to a gate input terminal via a capacitor. The FET's drain is connected to an output terminal via a capacitor. A modulating signal is input into the power-supply terminal, and a local signal is input into the gate input terminal, so that a modulated signal is output from the output terminal.

Abstract: A binary phase shift keyed (BPSK) modulator (200) used for digital phase modulation is shown. Phase shift is achieved by electrically switching an RF input signal (201) through either a direct signal path (203) or through a half wave transmission signal path (205) to shift its phase by 180 degrees. Both the data signal (211) and its complement (213) are used to turn on one of PIN diodes (207, 209) while simultaneously turning off the other diode with reverse bias. This technique allows for obtaining maximum diode isolation. The BPSK modulator (200) has the advantages of very low insertion loss, dc coupling for low frequency modulation components and high performance with minimum parts.

Abstract: Microwave two-phase modulator and mixer each comprising a balance/unbalance transformer section to which a microwave signal is applied; a synthetic/branching line section which is connected to the both ends of the balancing line of the balance/unbalance transformer section on the balancing line side; isolation diodes are mounted between diode-mounting lines section and fan-shaped patterns; a plurality of modulating characteristic-adjusting, capacitive stubs placed near the diode-mounting lines; an input line; a modulating signal input line; and a modulated signal output line. The modulating characteristics are adjusted by connecting the diode-mounting lines and the plurality of capacitive stubs by bonding wires or cutting some of the connecting wires.

Abstract: The invention concerns multipliers used to modulate a carrier by a signal. The signal is delivered by a Surface Acoustic Wave (SAW) filter, which requires a load impedance of low value, in the range of tens of ohms, and almost certainly less than 200 ohms. The invention modifies a Gilbert multiplier such that its signal-input stage presents the required load impedance to the SAW. The input impedance of the signal-input stage is adjustable.

Abstract: A phase modulator for a microwave band having a desirable modulation characteristic by maintaining the impedance thereof constant, includes two PIN diodes 2 and 3 connected to a merchant balun 1 and a bias circuit 18 which supplies bias voltages to the PIN diodes 2 and 3 such that the sum of the bias voltages applied to the diodes 2 and 3 is constant. The bias voltages are selected so as to have the input and output impedances to be in the most stable state when a modulation signal is equal to zero.

Abstract: A digital adjustable phase modulator and method includes a first circuit path and a second circuit path for a signal. A fixed bias voltage is coupled to the first circuit path and to the second circuit path which respectively include first and second active variable reactance components such as varactor diodes. The first circuit path and the second circuit path further include chip capacitors to provide a DC block for first and second MMIC single pole double throw switches, and transmission lines for the signal have a length of one-fourth of a wavelength of the signal to provide an RF short. A control voltage is coupled to the first and second varactor diodes such that the capacitances across the first and second varactor diodes changes, resulting in a phase difference between the signal traversing the first circuit path relative to the signal traversing the second circuit path.

Abstract: An apparatus for providing electronically tunable biphase modulation including an input and a first switch having a first output, a second output and a first input coupled to the input. The first switch couples the first input to either the first output or to the second output in response to a modulating signal. The apparatus also includes a first signal path having a first phase shift and a second signal path having a second phase shift different than the first phase shift. The first signal path is coupled to the first output and the second signal path is coupled to the second output. The apparatus also includes a second switch having a first input coupled to the first signal path, a second input coupled to the second signal path and a terminal output.

Abstract: There is provided a phase modulator having a low signal loss characteristic and a simple circuitry configuration, comprising a phase modulating circuit and a linearizer connected thereto, wherein the phase modulating circuit includes a transformer to which high frequency signal is inputted, a first PIN diode connected to one of the terminals of the secondary coil of the transformer, a second PIN diode connected to the other terminal of the secondary coil with the reverse polarity to the first PIN diode, and a capacitor and a choke coil connected to the connecting point between the first and second PIN diodes, and the linearizer includes an operational amplifier whose output terminal is connected to the choke coil, a signal input terminal connected to the inverting input terminal of the operational amplifier, a feedback resistor connected to the output terminal of the operational amplifier, and two diodes connected, in parallel and with reverse polarity, between the feedback resistor and the inverting input te

Abstract: A variable electronically controlled phase shift circuit including a phase splitter stage including a 90 degree phase divider to split an RF input signal into 0 and 90 degree components. Each split signal is further split into two pairs that are displaced in phase by 180 degrees to provide, 0 degree, 180 degree and degree, 270 degree pairs. Four signals of the signal pairs are applied to a phase controller subcircuit wherein one of each of the two signal pairs may be attenuated by a control signal. The signal pairs from the phase controller sub-circuit are then summed and the summed pairs are combined into a single output signal. The phase of the output signal is controlled by varying the relative amplitudes of at least one of the component signals of the 0 degree, 180 degree and 90 degree, 270 degree pairs by means of the control signals on the phase control sub-circuit.

Abstract: An input carrier signal is applied to two paths. The two paths are such that the phase difference between the output of the two paths is substantially 90.degree.. At least one of the two paths responds to a modulating signal to select the polarity of the phase difference between the outputs of the two paths. The two paths are such that the phase angle between the output and input of the modulator is substantially independent of the amplitude of the modulating signal. In specific embodiments, one of the two paths includes a mixer or a quadrature hybrid with reflective diodes where the mixer or the diodes are operated in saturation. The outputs of the two paths are combined to provide a modulated carrier signal.

Abstract: A phase modulator circuit includes a pair of similar long-tailed pair transistor amplifiers (TR11, TR12 and TR13, TR14) to which sinusoidal signals are fed. The transistor pairs form the collection loads of a further long tailed pair (TR21, TR22) fed with a modulator signal. The circuit generates an output of constant amplitude but modulated in phase in correspondence with the modulated signal. The circuit may be used in the supervisory unit of a telecommunication repeater.