Abstract: An additive manufacturing method for a component, the component being produced layerwise by fused filament fabrication, includes magnetizing a substrate plate, depositing at least one first layer on the substrate plate, this first layer including a first substance that contains magnetic material, depositing at least one further layer of a second substance, and demagnetizing the substrate plate. An apparatus for producing a component by fused filament fabrication includes a substrate plate for depositing layers of the component, wherein the substrate plate is magnetized before depositing a first layer on the substrate plate, the first layer including a first substance that contains magnetic material, and further layers including a second substance that does not contain a magnetic material are deposited on the first layer, and the substrate plate is demagnetized after forming the part.

Abstract: Provided herein are coil support structures and methods of retaining a printed circuit board assembly (PCBA) of a relay. In some embodiments, a bi-stable relay assembly may include a coil support structure, having a central section extending between a first end section and a second end section, and set of biasable fasteners extending from the first end section and the second end section, wherein each of the set of biasable fasteners includes a sloped engagement surface and a retention slot. The coil support structure may further include a PCBA coupled to the first and second end sections of the coil support structure, wherein the coil support structure extends within the retention slot of each of the set of biasable fasteners.

Abstract: An electromagnetic relay includes a base, a spool provided on the base, a coil wound on the spool, a yoke inserted into a hole formed in the spool, an armature movably disposed on the base, a movable contact fixed on the base, a static contact fixed on the base, a driving member connected between the armature and the movable contact, and an elastic pressing member fixed on the base. The elastic pressing member is pressed against an outer side of the armature so as to position the armature on the base and provide an auxiliary thrust to the armature.

Abstract: An electromagnetic relay includes a base, a spool provided on the base, a coil wound on the spool, a yoke inserted into a hole formed in the spool, an armature movably provided on the base, a movable contact fixed on the base, a static contact fixed on the base, and a driving member connected between the armature and the movable contact. The yoke is L-shaped. The yoke and the armature form a rectangular magnetic loop.

Abstract: A switch includes a first fixed contact, a second fixed contact, a movable contact, a drive shaft, a first outside yoke, a second outside yoke, a first inside yoke, a second inside yoke, and a permanent magnet. The permanent magnet magnetically couples the first outside yoke, the second outside yoke, the first inside yoke, and the second inside yoke, and produces a magnetic field component in a direction in which the first fixed contact point and the second fixed contact point are aligned, between the first fixed contact point and the first movable contact point and between the second fixed contact point and the second movable contact point.

Abstract: An electromechanical relay is provided with a housing, a relay assembly within the housing, and a data collection cover enclosing the relay assembly within the housing. The data collection cover includes sensing members that extend in toward the relay assembly and engage disconnect switches of the relay assembly. The sensing members transmit analog signals to an analog-to-digital converter that converts analog signals to digital signals. The cover then stores, displays and/or communicates the digital information.

Abstract: An electromagnetic relay is provided with a housing; a first fixed contact terminal and a second fixed contact terminal secured to the housing; a movable contact accommodated in a chamber in the housing; a movable shaft with one end connected to the movable contact, and a solenoid configured to drive the movable shaft in a contact movement direction. A movable armature in the solenoid includes a groove that allows the movable shaft to be inserted from a direction intersecting with the contact movement direction. The other end of the movable shaft includes a first locking part and the groove in the movable armature includes a second locking part. The movable shaft and the movable armature engage in the contact movement direction with the engagement of the first locking part and the second locking part and move integrally in the contact movement direction.

Abstract: A seal housing for an electrical device comprises a base, a cover adapted to cover an inwardly facing side of the base to form a closed chamber for accommodating components of the electrical device, and a sealing plate adapted to partially cover an outwardly facing side of the base. The sealing plate has an outward side with a profile that is shaped to divert fluid or fluid condensate formed at the outward side of the sealing plate.

Abstract: Testable sealed and/or self-diagnosing electromagnetic or solid-state relays simplify troubleshooting of electrical circuits. The testable relay comprises a relay housing with terminals adapted to connect to a circuit and an opposing top wall with testable terminals formed as projections being flush with or extending from the top wall and being exposed for testing the relay by applying a multimeter device. A self-diagnosing relay comprises a relay housing with terminals adapted to connect to a circuit, and at least two light-emitting diodes (LEDs). One of the LED indicates the relay is energized, and another LED light is a diagnostic LED and indicates if the relay is damaged.

Abstract: A terminal connection structure with a good material yield and high productivity, free of mounting failure. The terminal connection structure is provided with: a base including a terminal hole, a fixed contact terminal portion, a through hole passing through the fixed contact terminal portion along its shaft center and communicating with the terminal hole, and a conductive film formed in a continuous manner on an inner circumferential surface of the terminal hole, an inner circumferential surface of the through hole, and an exposed surface of the fixed contact terminal portion; and a touch piece press-fitted into the terminal hole and electrically connected to the fixed contact terminal portion via the conductive film.

Abstract: A guard member is for an electrical switching apparatus of an electrical system. The electrical system includes at least one electrical conductor. The electrical switching apparatus is structured to move from a CLOSED position to an OPEN position in response to a trip condition. The electrical switching apparatus has a terminal end coupled to the electrical conductor. The guard member includes a body having a receiving portion structured to receive the electrical conductor, and a coupling portion extending from the receiving portion and being structured to be coupled to the terminal end. The coupling portion has a number of thru holes in order to dissipate heat generated by the electrical switching apparatus moving from the CLOSED position to the OPEN position.

Abstract: An automation device has a main module and an interchangeable connection module in which a fieldbus port of the automation device is located. The automation device is characterized in that the interchangeable connection module contains a non-volatile memory which can be read out by the main module of the automation device. A method for operating the automation device includes the steps of connecting a main module of the automation device with a connection module, reading the non-volatile memory of the connection module, detecting any incompatibilities between the main module and the connection module, and placing the automation device in operation if no incompatibilities are detected.

Abstract: A charging connector comprising: a pair of power supply terminals for pinching power supply terminals of a Type-C plug connector complying with the USB connector standard from both sides, and a pair of grounding terminals and for pinching qrounding terminals of the plug connector from both sides; wherein the power supply terminals and the grounding terminals are configured by fork terminals.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a molded-case circuit breaker for direct current (DC), and more particularly, to a molded-case circuit breaker for DC in which a connecting conductor for connecting terminals in the DC circuit breaker is configured as an assembly unit and contained in a terminal receiving portion to improve insulation performance and assemblability and reduce occupied space. There is provided a molded-case circuit breaker for DC that contains a plurality of interruption units, the DC circuit breaker including a terminal connecting unit that connects terminals of adjacent interruption units, the terminal connecting unit being placed within a terminal receiving portion on the front or rear of an outer casing of the circuit breaker.

Abstract: A stator is fixed to a frame of an electric motor. A rotor is rotatably mounted to the frame to face the stator in a radial direction. A heat sink, to which a control substrate is attached, is mounted in an opening of the frame. A motor cover is attached to a front end of the frame to cover the heat sink. An adhesive groove, which has a fixed depth and is filled with an adhesive, is formed on the front end. A joining portion is formed on the rear end of the motor cover, and is inserted into the adhesive groove is an axis of rotation direction to join the motor cover with the frame in a liquid-tight manner.

Abstract: The present description discloses a battery pack capable of being detachably attached to an apparatus including an apparatus terminal having a flat plate-like shape by sliding the battery pack in a sliding direction along the apparatus terminal. The battery pack includes a battery terminal capable of engaging with the apparatus terminal so as to be electrically connected therewith. The battery terminal includes a pair of elastic clamping pieces configured to receive the apparatus terminal when the battery pack is attached to the apparatus and to clamp the apparatus terminal from both sides of the apparatus terminal. In the battery pack, the pair of the elastic clamping pieces extends in a direction perpendicular to the sliding direction.

Abstract: An electric connection box includes a housing in which a containing space is provided, and a first substrate unit and a second substrate unit which are contained in the containing space and output power input from a power source on the outside of the housing with respect to a load. The first substrate unit includes a first power source input terminal including a first terminal exposed portion, and the second substrate unit includes a second power source input terminal including a second terminal exposed portion. The first terminal exposed portion and the second terminal exposed portion are fastened by a fastening member and are electrically connected along with a power source connection terminal at least a part of which is exposed to the outside of the housing and which is connected to the power source, in a state where the first and second substrate units are contained in the housing.

Abstract: An adaptor assembly is provided. The adaptor assembly is structured to allow a cable of a first amperage to be coupled to, and placed in electrical communication with, a terminal of a different amperage. That is, an adaptor assembly includes a lug body and an adaptor body. The adaptor body is coupled to, and in electrical communication with, the lug body. The lug body includes a cable passage, wherein said cable passage has a cross-sectional area corresponding to a cable of a first amperage. The adaptor body includes a conducting surface, wherein said conducting surface has a surface area corresponding to a conductor terminal end mating surface of a second amperage.

Abstract: A guard member is for an electrical switching apparatus of an electrical system. The electrical system includes at least one electrical conductor. The electrical switching apparatus has a housing. The guard member includes a base portion structured to receive the electrical conductor, a number of coupling portions extending from the base portion and being structured to be coupled to the housing, and a plurality of petal portions extending from the base portion away from the number of coupling portions. At least one of the petal portions is orientated at an acute angle with respect to the base portion.

Abstract: A terminal barrier for covering an electrical terminal of an electrical switching apparatus having a housing is provided. The terminal barrier comprises a flexible portion that is configured to flexibly bend away from a rest position after the terminal barrier is installed. The terminal barrier further comprises a wall portion configured to surround the electrical terminal to block any access to the electrical terminal from one or more sides except an access for installation of a service line wire in the electrical terminal. The terminal barrier further comprises a snap portion for snapping in place around the electrical terminal to removably attach the terminal barrier to the housing of the electrical switching apparatus.

Abstract: An electrical device includes a case defining an interior space. The case includes a sidewall and a cover. The sidewall defines an opening therethrough to provide access to the interior space. The electrical device also includes a power connector coupled to the case and disposed at least partially within the interior space. The power connector is coupleable to a cable extending through the opening into the interior space of the case. The electrical device further includes a shield removably coupleable to the case. The shield includes an engagement feature and a wall. The engagement feature is arranged to engage the case. The wall is arranged to at least partially cover the opening when the shield is coupled to the case such that the wall and the cable are spaced apart a distance that is less than a width of the opening when the cable is coupled to the power connector.

Abstract: An electrical switch element is disclosed. The electrical switch element includes a housing having a switch chamber, an opening to the switch chamber, electrical switch contacts arranged in the switch chamber, and at least one positive-locking counter-element extending at least partially around the opening. The electrical switch element also includes a cover having at least one positive-locking element engaging the at least one positive-locking counter-element, the cover extending over the opening.

Abstract: A circuit breaker includes a housing having a bottom containing a first cavity, a second cavity and a trip mechanism disposed in the housing. A first terminal is electrically connected to the trip mechanism and located in the first cavity and a second terminal is electrically connected to the trip mechanism and located in the second cavity. A first terminal barrier is connected to the housing and is movable from a first position covering the first cavity to a second position at least partially exposing the first cavity and a second terminal barrier is connected to the housing and is movable from a first position covering the second cavity to a second position at least partially exposing the second cavity.

Abstract: A circuit breaker, and method of assembling the circuit breaker, includes a circuit breaker housing defining an interior portion, and which includes a molded base and a separable cover. The molded base includes an interior surface and an exterior surface. The exterior surface of the molded base is operatively disposed outside of the interior portion of the circuit breaker housing, and the exterior surface of the base defines at least one current sensing unit receiving cavity configured to receive a current sensing unit therein. The molded base and separable cover are cooperatively disposed to surround the interior portion of the circuit breaker housing.

Abstract: A housing assembly is for an electrical switching apparatus. The electrical switching apparatus includes an arc chute and a collar. The housing assembly comprises: a plurality of housing members comprising a first base member and a second base member, the first base member being structured to receive the collar, the second base member being coupled to the first base member and being structured to receive the arc chute. The first base member is made from a first material and the second base member is made from a second, different material.

Abstract: A semiconductor device includes a semiconductor element accommodated in an outer case; a control circuit board fixed to the outer case at a position away from the semiconductor element; and a shield plate provided between the semiconductor element and the control circuit board. The outer case is provided with a support having a convex portion longer than a thickness of the shield plate at a distal end thereof. The shield plate is formed with a through-hole in which the convex portion of the support passes through. The shield plate is fixed to the support with a fixing device engaging with the convex portion.

Abstract: An interlock assembly for a circuit breaker prevents inadvertent installation or removal of the circuit breaker from a circuit breaker panel while current is flowing. The interlock assembly cooperates with the circuit breaker panel to physically prevent the circuit breaker from being inserted into the circuit breaker panel until the circuit breaker is put into a tripped state. Likewise, the interlock assembly cooperates with the circuit breaker panel to physically prevent the circuit breaker from being taken out of the circuit breaker panel until the circuit breaker is put into a tripped state. This ensures that the circuit breaker will not be inadvertently installed or removed from the circuit breaker panel while current can immediately flow or is flowing through the circuit breaker.

Abstract: A sealed contact device having a small number of components and high productivity. In the sealed contact device a ring-shaped flange portion extending laterally from a lower opening edge part of a metallic case is welded and integrated with an upper surface of a plate-shaped yoke to form an internal space and a stationary contact and a moving contact are opposed to each other in the internal space so as to enable approach/separation. A ring-shaped projection provided along a lower surface of the ring-shaped flange portion is integrated with the upper surface of the plate-shaped yoke by resistance welding.

Abstract: A non-fusible switch assembly including a line base assembly is disclosed. Line base assembly includes a load bus connector assembly with single-piece lug body, first and second load lugs formed in the lug body, and load-side sliding nuts slidably received in first and second load-side slide features, and load-side stationary contacts positioned directly underneath of the first and second load lugs within a projected footprint of the lug body. Line base assemblies, load lug connector assemblies and methods of operating a line base assembly are provided, as are other aspects.

Abstract: An electromagnetic contactor includes: a lower frame having an accommodation space therein; a bobbin having a fixed core, and accommodated in the lower frame; a movable core inserted into the bobbin so as to be moveable up and down; a spring installed between the bobbin and the movable core, and configured to provide an upward restoration force to the movable core; and a ‘b’ contact switch installed at one side of the bobbin, wherein a button for operating a switch lever of the ‘b’ contact switch is provided at a movable core plate positioned above the movable core.

Abstract: A coaxial RF switch optoelectronic indicator comprising a light-emitting diode (LED), a photo sensor, and a shutter assembly wherein the shutter assembly interacts with the soft-iron rocker in the switch and causes the optical path between the LED and photo-sensor to open or close, corresponding to the states (connected or disconnected) of an RF channel in the switch, providing an indicator means to the switch.

Abstract: In an electromagnetic actuator for a solenoid valve, the electromagnetic actuator has a magnetic coil and a first electrical connector adapted to receive a control signal which determines a switching position of the electromagnetic actuator. The electromagnetic actuator further has a second electrical connector which is provided directly on the electromagnetic actuator and is separate with respect to the first electrical connector. The magnetic coil and the first electrical connector are coupled by an electrical connection which is interrupted at the second electrical connector. Further proposed are a valve terminal having at least one solenoid valve, and a module arrangement.

Abstract: A circuit breaker includes: a main body housing circuit-breaking parts; a terminal portion exposed outside the main body; a lug-type terminal block attached to the terminal portion and connecting a wire to the terminal portion; and an insulating member provided between the lug-type terminal block and the main body.

Abstract: An operating device having an operating element with haptic feedback. The operating element can be actuated by an operator by means of an input member, the operating device includes two ferromagnetic planar components and a flat coil. The largest surfaces of the ferromagnetic planar components are oriented toward each other and the components can be moved relative to each other. The flat coil is disposed between the ferromagnetic components and the ferromagnetic planar components can be moved toward each other by energizing the flat coil. The movement of one of the ferromagnetic planar components can be perceptible to the tactile sense of the operator on the operating element either directly or by a coupling device.

Abstract: A molded case circuit breaker, includes: a case; a power side terminal portion and a load side terminal portion formed at two sides of the case; a mounter installed at the terminal portion with a structure to enclose a terminal connector connected to the terminal portion, wherein the mounter includes: a mounting surface for mounting the terminal connector; insulation surfaces extending from two side edges of the mounting surface, and spaced from each other; and a cover surface having an opening, and formed on outer side surfaces of the insulation surfaces so as to cross the insulation surfaces and the mounting surface. Under such configuration, a regulated insulation distance can be obtained, and the terminal connector can be supported more stably.

Abstract: Disclosed is an electronic contactor including: a lower body; a magnetic force generator disposed within the lower body and magnetized by electric power transferred from outside to perform suctioning operation; a crossbar coupled to an upper portion of the magnetic force generator and provided with a movable contact to be lifted or lowered; a pair of separable upper bodies each being provided at one side thereof with a stationary contact and an auxiliary stationary contact and respectively coupled to upper opposite ends of the lower body such that the movable contact and auxiliary movable contacts are placed therein, facing ends of the upper bodies being coupled to each other inside the upper bodies so as to face each other; and a cover coupling upper ends of the upper bodies such that an upper end of the crossbar and the movable contact are exposed.

Abstract: An electromagnetic relay, includes: a first movable contact that comes in contact with a first fixed contact; a second movable contact that comes in contact with a second fixed contact; a first elastic body that biases the first movable contact; a second elastic body that biases the second movable contact; a pressing member that presses the first elastic body and contacts the first movable contact to the first fixed contact, presses the second elastic body and contacts the second movable contact to the second fixed contact; wherein the pressing member contacts the second movable contact to the second fixed contact before contacting the first movable contact to the first fixed contact.

Abstract: The present invention provides a sealing type automotive relay with a safety device in the field of automotive relays, which addresses the problems of inconvenient fuse replacement and poor sealing property of the fuse in the existing relays. The sealing type automotive relay with a safety device comprises a relay main body and a safety device. The relay main body includes a base, a casing and a weak current system and a strong current system located on the base. The casing is fixedly connected with the base. The safety device includes two fuse sockets positioned on the base and a fuse inserted between the said two fuse sockets. The top of the casing is provided with a fuse inserting hole corresponding to the said two fuse sockets. The fuse is inserted into the inserting hole. A sealing cover is provided at the port of the fuse inserting hole.

Abstract: An electromagnetic relay which is provided with an armature, a moving electrode which has a moving plate and a moving contact and a fixed electrode which faces the moving electrode and has a fixed plate and a fixed contact. At least a portion of the moving plate onto which the moving contact is arranged and at least a portion of the fixed plate onto which the fixed contact is arranged are inclined in width direction.

Abstract: A conductor guide member for a circuit breaker terminal assembly includes a body having at least one conductor guide surface configured and disposed to facilitate alignment between at least one terminal connection member of the terminal assembly and at least one conductor. The at least one conductor guide surface gradually slopes from a first end to a second end. The second end defines a recess.

Abstract: An adjustable rear stud connector is suitable for connecting a circuit breaker to a bus bar. Rear stud connectors are rotationally adjustable to contact a corresponding bus bar, while minimizing the stress applied to the rear stud connector when connected. The rear stud connector includes a rear stud, including a stud blade and a stud base, and a rear stud adapter including an adapter base and an adapter mount. The adapter base includes a plurality of connector holes for connecting the stud base to the adapter base with fasteners. The stud base includes a plurality of circumferentially extending slots, with reference to a center axis of the stud base, for connecting the stud base to the adapter base with fasteners and to allow for a degree of positional flexibility of the stud base relative to the adapter base in a circumferential direction with respect to the center axis.

Abstract: A switching device is disclosed, in particular an electrical circuit breaker, including a housing and a switching unit disposed inside the housing. In at least one embodiment, the housing includes an openable housing cover with a switching opening through which a control lever head, which can be moved between an on-position and an off-position, of a control lever for switching the switching unit projects. The switching opening includes an opening contour and the control lever head includes an outer contour, which are aligned with one another such that the control lever head in the on-position prevents any movement of the housing cover via the control lever head, and in the off-position permits a movement of the housing cover via the control lever head.

Abstract: A relay connector assembly configured to electrically connect a power supply and a load includes a housing having a bottom configured to be mounted to a circuit board, the housing having contact cavities. Power contacts are received in corresponding contact cavities and held by the housing. The power contacts have relay tab ends and terminating ends having interfaces configured to be terminated to high current power conductors of either the power supply or the load. A relay is coupled to the housing. The relay has coil contacts configured to be electrically connected to a coil circuit of the circuit board used to energize the relay. The relay has relay tabs being terminated to the relay tab ends of corresponding power contacts. The relay electrically connects corresponding power contacts when the relay is energized.

Abstract: A movable hook portion (13) provided in a unit side coupling surface (2a) of an accessory unit (2) includes a hook portion main body (14), which is formed with a movable claw (23a) and a pressed piece (22), and a straight spring (15), slidably accommodates the hook portion main body (14) in a main body accommodation concave portion (16) formed in the unit side coupling surface (2a), and accommodates the straight spring (15) in a spring accommodation concave portion (17a) formed in the unit side coupling surface (2a) so as to be orthogonal to a sliding direction of the hook portion main body (14), with a middle portion in a length direction of the spring being engaged with the hook portion main body (14).

Abstract: A protective cover 10 is mounted to the outer surface of a yoke 2 of a canister vent solenoid valve 1 installed near a rear wheel of a vehicle body. A guide groove engaged with fringes of a yoke mounting board 3 is provided in the inner walls of opposite side plates 10b of the cover 10. On the sides of the plates 10b opposite a top plate 10a are provided mounting sections 12 projecting in a direction parallel to the guide groove. At the tips of the sections 12, there are provided claw sections 12a locking edges on the rear of the yoke 2 when the cover 10 is mounted along the groove 11 from the front of the yoke 2. The top plate 10a of the cover 10 is provided with a connector hole 13 passing through a power source connector 5 of the valve 1.

Abstract: Disclosed is an electronic contactor including: a lower body; a magnetic force generator disposed within the lower body and magnetized by electric power transferred from outside to perform suctioning operation; a crossbar coupled to an upper portion of the magnetic force generator and provided with a movable contact to be lifted or lowered; a pair of separable upper bodies each being provided at one side thereof with a stationary contact and an auxiliary stationary contact and respectively coupled to upper opposite ends of the lower body such that the movable contact and auxiliary movable contacts are placed therein, facing ends of the upper bodies being coupled to each other inside the upper bodies so as to face each other; and a cover coupling upper ends of the upper bodies such that an upper end of the crossbar and the movable contact are exposed.

Abstract: A system comprising a circuit interrupter configured to interrupt flow of current through a circuit during an over current condition, wherein the circuit interrupter comprises two contacts configured to remain in contact when a current flowing through the two contacts is less than a threshold value, a tripping mechanism configured to separate the two contacts when the current equals or exceeds the threshold value, and at least one of either a permanent magnet or an electrode configured to extinguish an electric arc formed between the two contacts of the circuit interrupter when the two contacts are separated, wherein the circuit interrupter does not include an arc chute.

Abstract: A sealed solenoid, magnetically operated electric power switch is suitable for use as capacitor, line and load switch operating at transmission and distribution voltages that includes no dynamically moving seals through the sealed container housing the contactor portion of the switch. The sealed solenoid switch includes a magnetically operated drive system with an actuator that magnetically couples across the container wall to avoid the use of a moving or sliding seal as part of the drive system. The sealed solenoid switch may also include a ballast resistor and resistor contact located inside the sealed container to avoid another seal as part of the ballast system. A magnetic latch holds the switch in a closed position, and a spring holds the switch in the closed position, to avoid the need for an energizing current to maintain the switch in either position.

Abstract: An object of the present invention is to provide a contact switching device that does not require proficiency for brazing a metal component to a through-hole of a sealed container made of ceramic, and is excellent in impact resistance. For this, there is provided a contact switching device that drives a contact mechanical portion arranged inside a sealed space to switch contacts, based on excitation and degauss of an electromagnet portion arranged outside the sealed space. Particularly, a ceramic plate (131) holding a fixed contact terminal (133) of the contact mechanical portion, and a first metal component are bonded and integrated to form the sealed space, and an outer circumferential portion of a vent pipe (134) is brazed through a metal ring portion (172a) arranged along an opening edge portion of a through-hole (131b) provided in the ceramic plate (131).

Abstract: An inductive proximity switch for detecting the presence of an object in a monitored area includes a coil (2), a pulse source (4) for supplying the coil (2) with transmitting current pulses (S1, S2, S3) at a period (T) larger than the duration (Ts) of the transmitting current pulses, and a processing circuit (6) for generating an output signal (9) based on received voltages (Ui1, Ui2, Ui3) varying in dependence of a change of position of the object. The received voltages are induced in the coil (2) after the duration (Ts) of a transmitting current pulse by the decaying current which previously flows in the object due to the voltage induced therein by the coil. The proximity switch has a suppression circuit (13, 13a, 13b, 13c) for suppressing a signal duration lower than a predetermined perturbation time (Tc1, Tc2) in the output signal (9).