Abstract: A detection system includes a signal transmitter for transmitting transmitted signals into a region and a receiver for receiving reflected signals generated by reflection of the transmitted signals and for generating receive signals indicative of the reflected signals. A processor coupled to the receiver receives the receive signals and processes the receive signals to generate detections of one or more objects in the region. The processing includes altering phase shift to generate phase-modulated signals from the receive signals and generating the detections from the phase-modulated signals.

Abstract: A radar system may include (1) a wearable device, (2) a set of radar devices secured to the wearable device, wherein the set of radar devices (A) transmit radar signals to at least one transponder and (B) receive the radar signals, (3) an error-mitigation device secured to the wearable device, wherein the error-mitigation device provides data for mitigating position errors in triangulation calculations involving the radar signals, and (4) at least one processing device communicatively coupled to the set of radar devices and the error-mitigation device, wherein the processing device (A) calculates, based at least in part on roundtrip flight times of the radar signals and the data, distances between the set of radar devices and the transponder and (B) triangulates, based at least in part on the distances, a three-dimensional location of the transponder relative to the wearable device. Various other apparatuses, systems, and methods are also disclosed.

Abstract: First information is obtained from a sensing device at a first time. The first information corresponds to a radio signal received at the device from a candidate location. The device is at a first location at the first time. Second information is obtained from the device at a second time. The second information corresponds to a radio signal received at the device from the candidate location. The device is at a second location at the second time. A system determines that a pattern is in each of the first and second information and determines relationships between the candidate location and the device at each first and second location. The system obtains inverses of the relationships and determines estimates of the received radio signals based on the information and inverses. The system measures or estimates energy emitted from the candidate location based on the estimates.

Abstract: A server according to one embodiment includes a receiving unit, a position determination unit, and a transmitting unit. The receiving unit receives, from a terminal, selection information indicating at least one item selected on the terminal displaying a list containing a set of a plurality of items. The position determination unit determines a position to which the at least one item can be moved in the list by referring to a storage unit storing constraint information. The transmitting unit transmits, to the terminal, position information indicating a determination result by the position determination unit in order to display a position to which the at least one item can be moved and a position to which the at least one item cannot be moved in a distinguishable manner on the terminal at an arbitrary time before movement of the at least one item is completed.

Abstract: The invention regards a navigation system and a method for error correction. The navigation system comprises a base navigation system and a correction system. Measurement uncertainties are assigned to each measurement and an error threshold is computed on the basis of these uncertainties. Redundant measurements are determined and residuals for at least a pair of redundant measurements as a discrepancy measure are calculated. In case that the residual exceeds a respective threshold an error count for each measurement involved in the determination of the residual is increased. All residuals for each measurement are summed up for a particular measurement and for carrying out the correction in a fusion filter measurements are selected on the basis of their respective error count and summed up residuals.

Abstract: A method for tracking an object of interest with a passive radar system using multiple radar sensors. The method includes the steps of receiving, with at least one controller, radar sensor characteristics and radar sensor locations data for a plurality of radar receivers occupying an area of interest. Data indicative of direct or reflected radar return signals from emitters of opportunity received by the plurality of radar receivers is also received at the controller. From this data, objects of interest are identified. The controller is configured to calculate optimized radar sensor parameters for the plurality of radar receivers for each identified object of interest, and transmit the same to the plurality of radar receivers for implementation. Radar return data received by the plurality of radar receivers using the optimized sensor parameters is provided to the central controller, and updated optimized sensor parameters according to the updated received radar return data are calculated.

Abstract: Techniques are disclosed for determining characteristic feature(s) of a vehicle travelling on a roadway, comprising: a detector, which is directed towards the roadway and is configured to measure the movement vector of the vehicle at a current location and time, a tracking unit, connected to the detector, for calculating a target location of the vehicle at a target time on the basis of current location and time and movement vector, a first radar sensor, connected to the detector, for transmitting a radar beam directed towards the current location, receiving a reflected radar beam, and determining a frequency spectrum thereof, a second radar sensor, connected to the tracking unit, for transmitting a radar beam directed towards the target location at the target time, receiving a reflected radar beam and determining a frequency spectrum thereof, and an evaluation unit for generating characteristic feature(s) of the vehicle from the determined frequency spectra.

Abstract: An apparatus is disclosed for measuring the position of a vehicle or a surface thereof on a roadway. The apparatus comprises at least one radar transmitter, which is arranged in a transmitting position above the plane of the roadway and transmits radar beams downwardly, a plurality of radar receivers, which are distributed above the plane of the roadway in different receiving positions at distances from one another, receive reflections of the radar beams from beneath, and convert the reflections into a received signal, and an evaluation device, which is connected to the radar transmitter and the radar receivers and is configured to measure the said position from the transmitting position, the receiving positions and the received signals.

Abstract: A floodlight radar system includes a transmitter arranged to generate output waveforms at first and second centre frequencies, and at least one transmit antenna configured to illuminate a search volume constantly at the first and second centre frequencies. A sparse array of receive antennas is arranged in a common plane and configured to monitor the search volume constantly. The system includes a receive circuit arranged to extract target position information from return signals received by each antenna, and a signal processor circuit which is arranged to resolve ambiguity in the position information using a known relationship between calculated Doppler spectra, wavelengths and phase differences at the first and second frequencies, to calculate azimuth, elevation, range and velocity of a target identified in the search volume. The system is able to rapidly detect and locate multiple fast moving targets in three dimensions.

Abstract: In a method of determining a deviation of a path of a projectile from a predetermined path, the method uses an image of a target area in which the desired path or direction is pointed out. Subsequently, the real direction or real path is determined and the deviation is determined.

Abstract: A method for distinguishing a target, wherein the target includes one or more objects of interest possibly located among a plurality of objects. The method comprises the following stages: obtaining and processing sonar or radar raw data; tracking the objects of the plurality using the processed raw data; grouping the tracked objects by associating them into one or more groups, while hierarchically arranging the tracked objects in the groups and controllably applying prior knowledge at least about characteristic features and/or constraints of the target's class; classifying the groups to classes and determining whether any of the groups matches to the target's class.

Abstract: In a radar device, an azimuth estimating module estimates, when there are a plurality of arrival echo and an angular range between the arrival azimuth of one of adjacent arrival echoes in the plurality of arrival echoes and the arrival azimuth of the other thereof is equal to or smaller than a predetermined azimuth resolution of a plurality of receiving antennas, a virtual azimuth and virtual power for each of first frequency components and second frequency components. The virtual azimuth is within the angular range between the arrival azimuth of one of adjacent arrival echoes in the plurality of arrival echoes and the arrival azimuth of the other thereof, and the virtual power is received power of a virtual arrival echo from the virtual azimuth.

Abstract: A method of detecting motion in a load bearing member on a machine. The method includes positioning a Doppler radar detector on the machine and orienting the Doppler radar detector such that the Doppler radar detector floods the load bearing member transmitted radio frequency signals. The method further includes receiving reflected radio frequency signals from the load bearing member with an antenna and generating intermediate frequency signals based on differences between the transmitted radio frequency signals and the reflected radio frequency signals. The method further includes measuring the intermediate frequency signals.

Abstract: A relative positioning system enabling a user to return to a starting position or some other point on the user's path. The system may include an array of accelerometers. The output from the accelerometers may be integrated to quantify movement of the array. The various movements of the array may be reconstructed to determine a net two or three dimensional translation. The current location of the array may be compared to a reference point to derive at trajectory directing the user to the reference point, such as an originating point. The trajectory may be continuously or periodically updated. Applications may include various displays presenting images, numbers, pointers, paths, vectors, or data by digital screens, watch faces, or other devices integrated with or remote from the processor calculating the vector back to the point of origin.

Abstract: A radar system tracks targets, and for each target determines the maximum acceleration of the target which can be tracked. The target acceleration is compared with the maximum acceleration that the radar can maintain in track, and if the decision is that the radar cannot maintain track, the radar data rate is increased, at least for that target. In at least some cases in which the target acceleration is such that the target can be maintained in track, the data rate for that target is decreased.

Abstract: A base station is capable of performing a method for velocity estimation in a mobile communication system. In the velocity estimation method, a received signal is delayed by a plurality of different sample intervals. A candidate maximum Doppler frequency for each of the delayed received signals is estimated. A maximum Doppler frequency in a reliable period is selected among the candidate maximum Doppler frequencies.

Abstract: The invention relates to a method for determining the navigation speed of a carrier using a hybridization device (1) including a Kalman filter (3) developing a hybrid navigation speed (Vref) from inertial measurements calculated by a virtual platform (2) estimating a speed of the carrier (formula (I)) and frequency measurements outputted by a Doppler radar (4) having a multi-lobe antenna built therein, such that a Doppler frequency (F1, F2, F3, F4) is associated with each of the lobes, wherein said method includes the following steps: estimating, from the estimated speed (formula (I)), frequencies (F1, F2, F3, F4) corresponding to each of the Doppler frequencies (formula (II)) outputted by the radar; determining a group of observations where each observation represents an estimation deviation on the Doppler frequency associated with a lobe; calculating, by the Kalman filter (3), a speed correction (?V) to be applied to the estimated speed (formula (I)) on the basis of the group of observations.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a method enabling precise determination of the elevation of a projectile following a ballistic trajectory by use of a conventional Doppler surveillance radar. The method includes calculating first the estimate {circumflex over (?)}? of the value of the radial component ?? of the acceleration of the projectile from the quantities {dot over (d)} and {umlaut over (d)}, respectively representing the first derivative and the second derivative with respect to time of the Doppler velocity d of the projectile, then calculating the estimate {circumflex over (V)} of the speed V of the projectile from d, {dot over (d)} and {circumflex over (?)}?, and finally calculating the estimate Ê of its angle of elevation E from d and {circumflex over (V)}. The method according to the invention may apply to the protection of sensitive areas against the firing of ballistic projectiles.

Abstract: A method for calculating a drop track time for a radar system includes receiving characteristics of the radar system as an input, determining in a computer process the characteristics of a target being tracked by the radar system, calculating in a computer process a target track drop time for the target based on the characteristics of the radar system and the target, determining in a computer process whether a value associated with the target being tracked has been updated within the target track drop time, and discontinuing the tracking of the target if a value associated with the target being tracked is not updated within the target track drop time.

Abstract: A relative positioning system enabling a user to return to a starting position or some other point on the user's path. The system may include an array of accelerometers. The output from the accelerometers may be integrated to quantify movement of the array. The various movements of the array may be reconstructed to determine a net two or three dimensional translation. The current location of the array may be compared to a reference point to derive at trajectory directing the user to the reference point, such as an originating point. The trajectory may be continuously or periodically updated. Applications may include various displays presenting images, numbers, pointers, paths, vectors, or data by digital screens, watch faces, or other devices integrated with or remote from the processor calculating the vector back to the point of origin.

Abstract: In a method for determining the kinematic state of an object by evaluating a sequence of discrete polar measured values of a sensor, the polar measurements rm, ?m are converted to Cartesian coordinates and subsequently scaled to Cartesian pseudo-measurements using a scaling factor ? calculated as a function of measured range rm. Associated pseudo-measurement error variance matrices are determined, each comprising nominal measurement error variances in the range direction R2m and transversely thereto C2m as a function of the measured range rm. The state of the object is estimated, with an estimated variance {circumflex over (?)}2cross being determined transversely with respect to the range direction in an estimation device, based on the Cartesian pseudo-measurements and the pseudo-measurement error variance matrices.

Abstract: Embodiments of the present invention is directed to a method and system for use of ranging MW to reduce dual (MW/PIR) intrusion detector false alarms. A Doppler microwave system may be provided that is capable of detecting an object range and adjusting the sensitivity of the PIR detector to account for object size and range. Multiple range limited MW stages may be configured for different ranges to determine the general range of the moving object. Based on signal levels present on these MW stages, an approximate object range is determined. The sensitivity of the PIR is then adjusted based on a PIR sensitivity vs. object range function that is optimized to alarm on humans and ignore small animals and insects.

Abstract: A system comprising a moving radar, a processing device, and a phase difference determination device is used to monitor a target. The moving radar has first and second phase centers that transmit and receive signals normal to a direction of movement of the radar. The processing device receives first and second ones of the received signals from the first and second phase centers, respectively, and performs a target motion compensation and target acceleration correction for each of the first and second received signals to produce first and second images. The phase difference determination device determines a phase difference image from a comparison of the first and second images.

Abstract: In a method for determining the kinematic state of an object by evaluating a sequence of discrete polar measured values of a sensor, the polar measurements rm, ?m are converted to Cartesian coordinates and subsequently scaled to Cartesian pseudo-measurements using a scaling factor ? calculated as a function of measured range rm. Associated pseudo-measurement error variance matrices are determined, each comprising nominal measurement error variances in the range direction R2m and transversely thereto C2m as a function of the measured range rm. The state of the object is estimated, with an estimated variance {circumflex over (?)}2cross being determined transversely with respect to the range direction in an estimation device, based on the Cartesian pseudo-measurements and the pseudo-measurement error variance matrices.

Abstract: A data processor applies transform processing to a first group of samples at a primary sampling rate, where the first group of samples is within a data window associated with at least one of the data blocks. A detector detects an estimated frequency shift between the transmitted signal and the reflected signal based on a primary peak frequency determined by the transform processing at the primary sampling rate. The data processor applies transform processing to a second group of samples at a secondary sampling rate, where the data window contains previously read samples and at least one new sample, if the estimated frequency shift falls within a target response frequency band. The detector detects an observed frequency shift between the transmitted signal and the reflected signal based on a secondary peak frequency determined by the transform processing at the secondary sampling rate.

Abstract: A target tracking method uses sensor(s) producing target signals subject to positional and/or angular bias, which are updated with sensor bias estimates to produce updated target-representative signals. Time propagation produces time-updated target states and sensor positional and angular biases. The Jacobian of the state dynamics of a target model produces the state transition matrix for extended Kalman filtering. Target state vector and bias covariances of the sensor are time propagated. The Kalman measurement residual is computed to produce state corrections, which are added to the time updated filter states to thereby produce (i) target state updates and (ii) sensor positional and angular bias updates.

Abstract: A method for determining or compensating for the positional errors of a sensor tracking a target comprises the steps of operating the sensor to generate sensed information relating to the target and adding any sensor positional bias update information to produce updated sensed information. The target state is propagated to produce time updated state estimates. The Jacobian of the state dynamics and the state transition matrix for the extended Kalman filter algorithm are computed. The covariance of a state vector is time propagated using the state transition matrix.

Abstract: This invention relates to a target detection device and its detection method, comprising: a transmitting unit for transmitting a detecting pulse to detect target which then reflects the detecting pulse to generate a reflected pulse; a plurality of measuring units, located at different positions respectively which receive said reflected pulse and generates measured values of distance and measured values of velocity according to the reflected pulse received; a plurality of two-stage linear Kalman filters, corresponding to said plural measuring units respectively, each of said plural two-stage linear Kalman filters proceeds an operation according to the measured values produced by corresponding measuring unit so as to generate respectively the estimation values of distance, velocity and acceleration; an arithmetic unit connecting to said plural two-stage linear Kalman filters, which proceeds a triangulation operation according to said estimation values so as to generate distance component values, velocity compon

Abstract: A method and system for predicting a trajectory of an air-to-surface target missile is provided, including detecting a plurality of echo wave signals from the target missile through a plurality of sensors deployed at various locations relative to the target missile, extracting at least one range distance and at least one radial velocity, respectively, from the detected echo wave signals from the sensors by using a hybrid FSK/LFM unit, using a two-stage Kalman filter to filter the computed range distance and radial velocity to obtain a relative distance, a relative velocity and a relative acceleration, respectively, of the target missile, and finally applying trilateration on the relative distance, relative velocity and relative acceleration of the target missile from each two-stage Kalman filter to obtain a location, velocity and acceleration along the x, y, z directions.

Abstract: A method and system is proposed for use by a moving station (such as a jetfighter) for radar tracking of a moving target (such as an air-to-air missile). The proposed method and system involves the use of a hybrid FSK/LFM (Frequency Shift Keying & Linear Frequency Modulation) scheme for acquiring a collection of raw radar data, a first Gaussian-noise filter array of one-stage linear Kalman filters for S/N-enhancement of the raw radar data, a trilateration module, and a second Gaussian-noise filter array of one-stage linear Kalman filters for S/N-enhancement of the trilateration-resulted radar data. These features allow the radar tracking of moving objects to be more fast and accurate.

Abstract: A method and system for predicting a trajectory of an air-to-surface target missile is provided, including detecting a plurality of echo wave signals from the target missile through a plurality of sensors deployed at various locations relative to the target missile, extracting at least one range distance and at least one radial velocity, respectively, from the detected echo wave signals from the sensors by using a hybrid FSK/LFM unit, using a two-stage Kalman filter to filter the computed range distance and radial velocity to obtain a relative distance, a relative velocity and a relative acceleration, respectively, of the target missile, and finally applying trilateration on the relative distance, relative velocity and relative acceleration of the target missile from each two-stage Kalman filter to obtain a location, velocity and acceleration along the x, y, z directions.

Abstract: A relative positioning system enabling a user to return to a starting position or some other point on the user's path. The system may include an array of accelerometers. The output from the accelerometers may be integrated to quantify movement of the array. The various movements of the array may be reconstructed to determine a net two or three dimensional translation. The current location of the array may be compared to a reference point to derive at trajectory directing the user to the reference point The trajectory may be continuously or periodically updated. Another application may include an accelerometer array secured at various positions on a ski to monitor distortion of the ski and the skier's movements. Reconstructing the skier's movements may be accomplished by integrating the accelerometer output and transforming the integrated output into a two or three dimensional path or location.

Abstract: Systems and methods are disclosed to provide power management for a mobile communication device having a location determination function. The frequency of the location determination function may be adjusted based on whether the mobile communication device is moving and may be further adjusted based on battery voltage or expected battery life.

Abstract: A Base Station (BS) apparatus for estimating a velocity of a Mobile Station (MS) in a mobile communication system includes a channel estimator for performing channel estimation according to a velocity band, receiving a wireless channel signal from the MS, and performing channel estimation using channel estimation coefficients optimized for individual velocity bands; and a velocity estimator for dividing the velocity band into a plurality of sub-Doppler bands, detecting a sub-Doppler band including a frequency index having a maximum frequency response from among the divided sub-Doppler bands, and transmitting information of the detected sub-Doppler band to the channel estimator such that a channel estimation coefficient corresponding to the information is transmitted.

Abstract: Unknown alignment biases of sensors of a tracking system are estimated by an iterative Kalman filter method. Current measurements are corrected for known alignment errors and previously estimated alignment biases. The filter time reference is updated to produce estimated target state derivative vectors. A Jacobian of the state dynamics equation is determined, which provides for observability into the sensor alignment bias through gravitational and coriolis forces. The target state transition matrix and the target error covariance matrix are propagated. When a new measurement becomes available, the Kalman gain matrix is determined, the state vector and covariance measurements are updated, and sensor alignment biases are estimated. The state vector, covariance measurements, and estimated sensor alignment biases are transformed to an estimated stable space frame for use in tracking the target and updating the next iteration.

Abstract: A synthetic aperture radar (SAR) system having a single phase center antenna is provided, the SAR system including a measurement unit and a tracker unit. The measurement unit is capable of receiving a phase history of a target point scatterer. From the phase history, then, the measurement unit is capable of estimating a ground position, velocity and acceleration of the target to thereby detect the target. The tracker unit, in turn, is capable of updating the ground position, velocity and acceleration of the target to thereby track the target based upon the ground position, velocity and acceleration. In this regard, the tracker unit is capable of updating the ground position, velocity and acceleration using a Kalman filter.

Abstract: A target tracking arrangement predicts the state of a target. The predictor may be a Kalman filter. In the presence of a target which is maneuvering, the prediction may be in error. A maneuver detector is coupled to receive residuals representing the difference between the predictions and the target state. The maneuver detector is matched to the predictor or Kalman filter to thereby tend to reduce the undesirable effects of system noise. The matching may be of the frequency response.

Abstract: Disclosed is a method for estimating a Doppler frequency with phase information, thereby estimating a maximum Doppler frequency. The method for estimating the Doppler frequency includes the steps of measuring phases of phase samples from a plurality of slots of a received signal, evaluating a phase difference of the measured phase, and estimating a maximum Doppler frequency according to a mean of at least one phase difference.

Abstract: An ultra wideband radar system for detecting moving objects comprising an antenna, which may be scanned in at least one dimension, and a signal processor wherein the signal processor includes a scan combiner that combines scan information in accordance with a candidate trajectory for the moving object. Scans may be combined by integration or filtering. A fast calculation method is described wherein the scans are combined into subsets and subsets are shifted in accordance with the candidate trajectory before further combination. A method is described wherein a region is scanned with an ultra wideband radar, the scan information is combined in accordance with an expected trajectory to enhance the object signal to noise. Further features are described wherein the scan information is combined according to a family of trajectories. A trajectory yielding a potential object detection initiates a further scan combination step wherein the family of trajectories is further resolved.

Abstract: A method and a device for ascertaining the imminence of an unavoidable collision of a vehicle with an object, all locations within a determinable prediction time interval being predetermined as a function of the maximum possible longitudinal acceleration and lateral acceleration of the vehicle and of the at least one object. The imminence of an unavoidable collision between the vehicle and the object may be recognized, also taking into account the extension of the vehicle and of the at least one object.

Abstract: A method and apparatus for detecting a radar signal is disclosed. The method includes counting pulses emanating from an engine of a motor vehicle. An operating mode is determined in response to a moving average of pulses counted. An alarm signal is transmitted in response to detection of a radar signal and the operating mode.

Abstract: A traveling support information processing unit which can prevent willful assessment of information by a device installed on a road or loaded in a vehicle and makes it possible for the device to always issue a demand for acquisition of required information or a demand for consultation for cooperated determination, and which does not require any specific and additional device for acquisition of positional information for each vehicle and also can improve safety and efficiency in road utilization. In a computer system, vehicles 114A to 114C, 115C, and 115D with the behaviors on a road such as acceleration, deceleration, and lane change projected are made to run on a road 113 simulating the road structure. Communication is performed between a function 101 for tracking or projecting behaviors of the vehicle and the vehicles 115A, 115B having a communicating function.

Abstract: In a method for controlling the distance and/or the speed of a following vehicle running behind a leading vehicle, the distance between the following vehicle and leading vehicle is measured, and the speeds of the following vehicle and of the leading vehicle are measured, in the event of undershooting a minimum distance and/or in the event of overshooting a minimum speed difference a desired deceleration is determined for the following vehicle and automatic actuation of the vehicle brake on the following vehicle is initiated. The automatic actuation of the vehicle brake is triggered only for the case in which the absolute value of the desired deceleration overshoots a threshold value.

Abstract: When a new target is detected, if it is determined that the distance difference between the newly detected target and the previously detected target is within a predetermined range, the difference between the relative velocity of the newly detected target and the relative velocity of the previously detected target is obtained to determine whether the difference is greater than a predetermined value &Dgr;Va, and when the difference is greater than the predetermined value, it is determined that the new target is a target obtained as a result of mispairing.

Abstract: A system 100 is disclosed for monitoring the position of one or more RFID tags 201. The system has a detector 301 incorporating circuitry 304 for detecting changes in the range of an RFID tag 201 from the detector and for triggering an alarm 401 if a detected change in range of an RFID tag 201 exceeds a predetermined threshold or if the RFID radio tag cannot be detected by the detector 301. Range may be detected, for example, by measuring the time of a returned radio signal from a tag 201, by measuring the strength of a returned radio signal from a tag, or by detecting changes in a periodic interval at which energy is transmitted by a tag.

Abstract: A police radar and/or laser detector senses radiant electromagnetic signals (e.g. radar, laser) characteristic of a police traffic surveillance device and responds thereto with a displayed and/or audible alert. During periods when no alert is necessary, the detector senses and displays, in numeric or bar graph form, vehicle parameters, such as sound pressure level and acceleration. In addition, calculations based on acceleration provide 0-60 m.p.h. time and quarter mile time. Thereby, the detector enhances information available to the driver without the inconvenience, expense, and clutter of multiple displays.

Abstract: A radar system and radar processing method includes a number of aspects for providing improved function. The system and method may employ one or more of the following aspects: timely range-velocity (range-Doppler) compensation for target nonstationarity by integration along hypothesized range-Doppler trajectories, allowing noncoherent integration over an elongated time interval; noncoherent integration of an enlarged signal set obtained from overlapped coherent processing intervals (CPIs); hypothesized joint multiple accelerations used to generate multiple hypothesized range-Doppler trajectories; and sliding window integration to increase data output rates with use of large noncoherent integration intervals (NCIs). These aspects allow for improved signal-to-noise ratios, for acquisition and tracking of targets at longer ranges, and for improved target parameter estimation.

Abstract: The present invention is an emergency apparatus deployment system and method. The emergency apparatus, such as an airbag, is pre-deployed or, in the case of a braking system, simply activated based on information determined by impulse radio radar means relating to the distance and closure between two objects, such as between an automobile and a tree or between two automobiles. Upon information that a collision between two objects is imminent, the emergency apparatus, for example, an airbag, is deployed immediately prior to the collision.

Abstract: A method for controlling the distance of a vehicle (F) to a vehicle (P) traveling ahead, in which the distance Dist and the relative velocity of the vehicle (P) traveling ahead are measured and the distance, in a distance control mode, is controlled by accelerating or decelerating the vehicle (F) to a preestablished setpoint distance Dsoll, wherein the deceleration permitted by the distance control process is limited and, in situations in which the setpoint distance Dsoll cannot be maintained at this limited deceleration, the transition is made from the distance control process to a process limiting the distance to a minimum distance Dmin which is smaller than the setpoint distance, and the vehicle (F), after reaching the minimum distance, is further decelerated, so that the distance once again increases to the setpoint distance.

Abstract: A system is disclosed for determining precise locations of the golf carts on a golf course in real time as the carts are in use during play of the course. Each cart is outfitted with a dead reckoning navigation (DRN) system for determining speed and direction, and a compass for determining heading of the cart during play. With these parameters and a known origin of the cart to which the DRN system has been calibrated, such as location of a tee box, the location of the cart relative to a known feature of the course such as a cup or hazard may be calculated. The DRN system uses a magnetic wheel sensor assembly having a magnetic strip with spaced alternating opposite magnetic poles affixed to the rim of an inside wheel well or mounting fixture therefor of the cart, mounted to confront a Hall effect sensor. During rotation of the wheel and the strip when the cart is moving, the sensor detects passage of the alternating poles, to measure speed and forward or backward direction of the cart.