Abstract: Anti-fogging system for an endoscope including an endoscope having an outer housing, an imaging arrangement, and a distal window. A filter lens is located at the distal window, with the filter lens allowing a first portion of electromagnetic light to pass therethrough while absorbing a second portion of electromagnetic light in order to heat the filter lens.

Abstract: An inspection device for an optical ferrule includes one or more reflectors. Each reflector has a mating surface and a mirror disposed at an oblique angle with respect to the mating surface. Each reflector is configured to mate with the optical ferrule when the optical ferrule is disposed within a housing of an optical connector. When the mating surface of the reflector is in mated contact with the mating surface of the optical ferrule, the mirror is positioned to provide a reflected view of at least a portion of a mating surface of the optical ferrule.

Abstract: Disclosed is a liquid storage container which has an inspection window to check the completely filled state of the liquid storage container with a liquid injected thereinto and inhibit occurrence of a detection error of an optical concentration sensor due to light flowing into the liquid storage container through the inspection window. The liquid storage container includes a container main body configured to store the liquid, an inlet configured to inject the liquid into the container main body therethrough, the inspection window installed on the container main body and to confirm the completely filled state of the container main body with the liquid, a concentration sensor configured to detect the concentration of the liquid in the container main body, and a light blocking device installed in the container main body to block light entering through the inspection window.

Abstract: This application relates to an optical refractometer. In one aspect, the optical refractometer includes a prism, a light source and a sensor. The prism includes a first surface to which light is incident, a second surface to which the incident light is refracted when it contacts a substance, and a third surface reflecting the light refracted at the second surface toward the first surface. The light source emits light onto the first surface of the prism to be refracted toward the second surface. The sensor receives the light reflected from the third surface and output from the first surface. The light projected from the light source travels an optical path that directs the light to pass through the first surface of the prism, refract on the second surface, reflect on the third surface, and emit and condense to the first surface.

Abstract: A communication system uses multiple communications links that may include a high latency/high bandwidth link using a fiber-optic cable configured to carry large volumes of data but having a high latency. The communications links may include a low latency/low bandwidth link using skywave propagation of radio waves and configured to carry smaller volumes of data with a lower latency. The low latency/low bandwidth link employs a transmitting antenna system where aspects such as antenna height, type of ground, and typography of the surrounding area at the transmitting site are adjusted to optimize the direction and angle of propagation. Controlling these and other aspects increases the predictability and reliability of the wireless link by managing the number of hops and skip distance between the transmitting and receiving antennas. The two communications links may be used together to coordinate various activities such as the buying and selling of financial instruments.

Abstract: An inspection object imaging apparatus includes: a light source configured to produce a light beam belonging to an infrared wavelength band and having a predetermined spread half-angle on a surface of an inspection object; a projection optical system to project the light beam on the surface of the inspection object at a predetermined projection angle; and an imaging unit. The imaging unit includes an imaging optical system configured to condense reflected light and branch the reflected light to two different directions, and a first image sensor and a second image sensor, the first image sensor positioned on the inspection object side with respect to a position of the imaging optical system that is conjugate with the surface of the inspection object, along an optical axis of the reflected light, and the second image sensor positioned on the reflected-light travel direction side with respect to the conjugate position.

Abstract: An exemplary arrangement includes a prism-shaped measuring window, which has a measuring surface adapted to contact a substance being measured. A first surface is adapted to direct light originating from a light source to the measuring surface through the measuring window. A second surface is adapted to direct totally reflected light from an interface between the measuring surface in contact with the substance being measured and a substance being measured outside of the measuring window. A first lens arrangement is adapted to focus the light from the light source on the first surface. A second lens arrangement is adapted to focus the totally reflected light passing through the second surface to a device used for analysis. A lens in each of the first and second lens arrangements closest to the measuring window is integrated into the measuring window and establishes optical refractive power in the first and second surfaces.

Abstract: Apparatus and methods for measuring mode spectra for ion-exchanged glass substrates having a steep index region are disclosed. An interfacing fluid is provided between the coupling prism and the glass substrate. The interfacing fluid thickness is selected so that the variation in modal birefringence with fluid thickness is reduced to an acceptable level. The coupling prism can include a prism coating on the coupling surface so that the substrate-prism interface includes the prism coating. The coupling prism can also include stand-off members that serve to define the thickness of the interfacing fluid.

Abstract: A mobile device includes a main body, a display secured to the main body, and at least one refractor integrated with the display. The main body includes a storage device, a controller, and a switch unit coupled to the controller. A video content is stored in the storage device, and a switch unit is used to open or close the controller. The at least one refractor is used to define at least one projection region. When the controller is opened by the switch unit, the video content is divided into a plurality of video segments to be played on the display and the at least one projection region, and when the controller is closed by the switch unit, the video content is displayed on the display.

Abstract: In one aspect, an apparatus for determining a property of a fluid is disclosed that in one embodiment may include a transparent member having an axis and a first end substantially perpendicular to the axis and a second end having an outer surface at a first angle to the axis, a light source directing light at the first end, a detector placed spaced from the second end, the space between the second end and the detector containing a fluid, wherein the detector detects light exiting from the outer surface at a second angle to the axis and passing through the fluid, and a controller for determining the second angle from the light detected by the detector. A processor determines the bulk fluid refractive index from the light detected by the detector and a property of the fluid therefrom.

Abstract: A sensor for monitoring a medium has an electromagnetic radiation source, mirrors, and a detector for electromagnetic radiation arranged inside a cup-shaped housing part. The cup-shaped part has flat, angularly arranged wall areas defining a cavity in which, outside of the housing, the medium is contained. The flat wall areas are transparent for electromagnetic radiation and arranged in the beam path from the electromagnetic radiation source to the detector so that the electromagnetic radiation passes through first wall, medium in the cavity, and second wall. The first and second wall areas and the medium form a refracting prism. A cover closes off the cup-shaped part so that electromagnetic radiation source, detector, and mirrors are enclosed in the housing. A data processing system is connected to electromagnetic radiation source and detector so that electromagnetic radiation of different wavelengths is refracted in the prism and the resulting spectra are detected and evaluated.

Abstract: A V-block refractometer capable of enhancing measurement accuracy is provided. An incident angle of measurement light incident on a V-block prism 1 from a collimator lens 48 is changed through the rotation of a motor 7, and the measurement light from the V-block prism 1 at each incident angle is detected by a detector 2. This configuration eliminates the need to provide the detector 2 near the motor 7 as in the conventional art, whereby deterioration in measurement accuracy caused by an increase in load to the motor 7 can be prevented, and the measurement accuracy can be enhanced.

Abstract: Method and device for measuring the Abbe number in a process liquid. Light generates successively at wavelengths of 486.1 nm, 589.3 nm and 656.3 nm and different light wavelengths are directed successively through a measuring window in the process liquid so total reflection occurs at each wavelength on the measuring window surface and process liquid. Partial light reflected at each wavelength is directed to a sensor, whereby an image forms on the sensor surface; between light and dark boundary region corresponding to each wavelength critical angle, in which total reflection occurs. At each wavelength between light and dark boundary region detection by image analysis. At each wavelength, dependency between light and dark boundary region and refractive-index of process liquid measurement is detected, the Abbe number by refractive-index values obtained from: V D = n D - 1 n F - n C ; nD=refractive-index of process liquid to measure at 589.3 nm; nF=refractive-index at 486.

Abstract: The present invention relates to optical confinements, methods of preparing and methods of using them for analyzing molecules and/or monitoring chemical reactions. The apparatus and methods embodied in the present invention are particularly useful for high-throughput and low-cost single-molecular analysis.

Abstract: Refractometers for simultaneously measuring refractive index of a sample over a range of wavelengths of light include dispersive and focusing optical systems. An optical beam including the range of wavelengths is spectrally spread along a first axis and focused along a second axis so as to be incident to an interface between the sample and a prism at a range of angles of incidence including a critical angle for at least one wavelength. An imaging detector is situated to receive the spectrally spread and focused light from the interface and form an image corresponding to angle of incidence as a function of wavelength. One or more critical angles are identified and corresponding refractive indices are determined.

Abstract: An image-based refractive index measuring system comprises an optical device and an electronic device. The optical device is used to guiding an external light which is passed through an analyte. The electronic device comprises an image capture module, an image analyze module and a display module. The image capture module generates a first image by capturing the external light source. The image analyze module connects to the image capture module to receive the first image, and analyzes the first image in order to generate an analytical result comprising the refractive index of the analyte. The display module connects to the image analyze module to receive and display the analytical result.

Abstract: In a refractive index measuring device (1) for measuring a refractive index of a solid sample (S), the solid sample (S) is closely attached to a prism (3) having a predetermined refractive index with a refractive index liquid (4) having a predetermined refractive index interposed therebetween. A scaled angle (light receiving member) (6) having a light receiving surface (6a) that receives first reflected light (R1), which is a part of light from a light source (2) and which is reflected by the prism (3), is provided. When the prism (3) is rotationally driven by a rotary table (rotational drive unit) (5) and an intensity of second reflected light (R2) detected by a detector (7) becomes lower than a predetermined value, the refractive index of the solid sample (S) is measured by using a position of the first reflected light (R1) on the light receiving surface (6a) of the scaled angle (6).

Abstract: A detection device is disclosed which includes: a detection plate in which a silicon layer and a silicon oxide layer are arranged in this order on a silica glass substrate; and optical prism which is optically adhered to a surface of the silica glass substrate of the detection plate, where the surface is not provided with the silicon layer and the silicon oxide layer; a light-irradiation unit configured to irradiate light to the detection plate through the optical prism and arranged so that light is incident on the optical prism with a fixed incident angle; and a light-detection unit configured to detect intensity of reflected light reflected from the detection plate, wherein the detection device detects a change in dielectric constant by detecting a change in property of the reflected light.

Abstract: A system and method for measuring the quality of a fluid includes an optical body forming a measurement surface configured for contacting the fluid to be measured; a light source for projecting radiant energy into the optical body and toward the measurement surface at a predetermined angle; an optical sensor module arranged for detecting an image of at least reflected radiant energy from the measurement surface, the optical sensor module includes a two-dimensional array of light sensors or pixels, each pixel having a plurality of brightness levels; and a processor for setting a brightness threshold value, comparing the threshold value to the brightness level of each pixel, and counting the number of pixels above and/or below the brightness threshold value.

Abstract: An optical instrument includes a controller and a field head arranged for measuring the refractive index of a medium, or a derivable quantity therefrom. The field head includes a measurement prism having a medium-boundary surface, a first wave guide for providing broad-band light from a broad band light source, a dispersive element for dispersing the broad-band light into at least one component light beam of plural component light beams, so that each incident component light beam has a differently directed propagation path and at least one different wave length, and a condenser for collecting at least one component light beam reflected at the medium-boundary surface into a second wave guide. The dispersive element is arranged to direct at least one component light beam into a critical angle of total reflection from the boundary surface, and at least other light beam component into an angle leading into the condenser arranged to collect at least one other component light beam to be passed to a spectrometer.

Abstract: Refractometers for simultaneously measuring refractive index of a sample over a range of wavelengths of light include dispersive and focusing optical systems. An optical beam including the range of wavelengths is spectrally spread along a first axis and focused along a second axis so as to be incident to an interface between the sample and a prism at a range of angles of incidence including a critical angle for at least one wavelength. In some cases, the prism can have a triangle, parallelogram, trapezoid, or other shape. In some cases, the optical beam can be reflected off of multiple interfaces between the prism and the sample. An imaging detector is situated to receive the spectrally spread and focused light from the interface and form an image corresponding to angle of incidence as a function of wavelength. One or more critical angles are identified and corresponding refractive indices are determined.

Abstract: Methodology of determining refractive index and extinction coefficient of a prism shaped material, including simultaneously for a multiplicity of wavelengths using an easy to practice technique.

Abstract: Refractometers for simultaneously measuring refractive index of a sample over a range of wavelengths of light include dispersive and focusing optical systems. An optical beam including the range of wavelengths is spectrally spread along a first axis and focused along a second axis so as to be incident to an interface between the sample and a prism at a range of angles of incidence including a critical angle for at least one wavelength. An imaging detector is situated to receive the spectrally spread and focused light from the interface and form an image corresponding to angle of incidence as a function of wavelength. One or more critical angles are identified and corresponding refractive indices are determined.

Abstract: A flow-through sensing apparatus includes a flow-head and a sensor that are configured to be selectively coupled through use of a quick-disconnect mechanical coupling. When the sensor is coupled with the flow-head, the sensor cooperates with the flow-head to at least partially define a sensing chamber. The sensor is configured to determine a process parameter, such as refractive index, regarding a substance in the sensing chamber.

Abstract: In a refractive index measuring device (1) for measuring a refractive index of a solid sample (S), the solid sample (S) is closely attached to a prism (3) having a predetermined refractive index with a refractive index liquid (4) having a predetermined refractive index interposed therebetween. A scaled angle (light receiving member) (6) having a light receiving surface (6a) that receives first reflected light (R1), which is a part of light from a light source (2) and which is reflected by the prism (3), is provided. When the prism (3) is rotationally driven by a rotary table (rotational drive unit) (5) and an intensity of second reflected light (R2) detected by a detector (7) becomes lower than a predetermined value, the refractive index of the solid sample (S) is measured by using a position of the first reflected light (R1) on the light receiving surface (6a) of the scaled angle (6).

Abstract: The invention discloses the Schlieren type ultrasonic wave observer system. The invention states optics interference by the ultrasonic wave sound field after perturbation the medium, and combines to make the interference penetration optical projection the image, the goal lies in the observation ordinary naked eye blind ultrasonic wave sound field distribution. Characteristic of the invention using the spectroscope and the reflector combination, as well as microcontroller precise time delay control, might formerly be limited under the 4F optical field length limit to enhance largely the field of vision the several fold.

Abstract: A system for testing a lens module is provided. The lens module includes a barrel and a lens received in the barrel. The barrel includes a side surface which is parallel to the central axis thereof. The lens includes a smooth flat non-optical surface. The system includes an alignment device, a position detection device, and a processing device. The alignment device includes a leveling unit and an alignment block including an alignment surface for being in contact with and parallel to the side surface. The leveling unit adjusts the alignment surface to be perpendicular to a horizontal plane such that the side surface is perpendicular to the horizontal plane. The position detection device determines the three dimensional coordinates of three non-collinear points on the non-optical surface. The processing device determines whether the non-optical surface is parallel to the horizontal plane according to the coordinates of the three non-collinear points.

Abstract: A portable liquid design system includes a portable information handling system (IHS) that employs a liquid design application capable of operating in different modes to design different liquids such as corn syrup, espresso, coffee, soda pop and others. The portable liquid design system may include a refractometer to measure the refractive index and temperature of a liquid under test. The liquid design application may apply the measured refractive index and temperature to a 3 dimensional representation of the correlation of refractive index, temperature and concentration (% total dissolved solids) to determine a particular concentration corresponding to the measured refractive index and temperature. A single 3 dimensional scale may apply to virtually all values of interest of refractive index, temperature and concentration for a particular liquid under test.

Abstract: A jewelry fixture having a mounting pedestal cooperatively engaged with the top side of a base is disclosed. First and second angled surface are cooperatively positioned on the top side of the base. The angled surfaces have a reflective or mirrored surface. The angled surfaces are positioned adjacent and perpendicular to each other. A jewelry holder allowing cooperative engagement with an item of jewelry is positioned between the angled surfaces and cooperatively engaged with the mounting pedestal on the top side of the base. The base has reference and prime positioning guides. The full-image jewelry positioner (fixture) improves the development of images for duplication or replication of jewelry or other items having detailed structures. When combined with a camera or a camera and a computer system, the images developed may be captured and manipulated for auto-tracing and duplication or replication of the item of jewelry.

Abstract: A system for detecting the presence of one or more fluids in a rotating component of a gas turbine engine. A first reflector structure includes a first face that receives light from the light source. The first reflector structure reflects at least a substantial portion of the received light from the light source if a second face thereof is in the presence of a first fluid and does not reflect a substantial portion of the received light from the light source if the second face is in the presence of a second fluid. A reflection receiver structure receives light reflected by the first reflector structure. If the reflection receiver structure receives a first predetermined amount of light reflected by the first reflector structure it can be determined that the second face of the first reflector structure is not in the presence of the second fluid.

Abstract: A transmitted light refractometer allows high measurement accuracy across a broad measurement range, even under difficult measuring conditions. The transmitted light refractometer can be connected to a process simply via a single access. In accordance with advantageous features, the transmitted light refractometer covers a measurement range for all practically relevant media and includes integrated temperature compensation. A reversing optics unit is arranged relative to an illumination optics unit such that the reversing optics unit deflects a parallel beam through the process liquid and a measurement prism into the transmitted light refractometer back to the side from which it was radiated. The illumination optics unit, an imaging optics unit, and a detector plane are arranged on the light radiation side such that only one process access is needed.

Abstract: An optical instrument includes a controller and a field head arranged for measuring the refractive index of a medium, or a derivable quantity therefrom. The field head includes a measurement prism having a medium-boundary surface, a first wave guide for providing broad-band light from a broad band light source, a dispersive element for dispersing the broad-band light into at least one component light beam of plural component light beams, so that each incident component light beam has a differently directed propagation path and at least one different wave length, and a condenser for collecting at least one component light beam reflected at the medium-boundary surface into a second wave guide. The dispersive element is arranged to direct at least one component light beam into a critical angle of total reflection from the boundary surface, and at least other light beam component into an angle leading into the condenser arranged to collect at least one other component light beam to be passed to a spectrometer.

Abstract: Certain embodiments of the present invention provide a refractometer including: a housing having an immersion portion, the immersion portion having an opening; a light source for emitting a light; a light sensor for converting a received light into an electrical signal; a prism including faces, including: a first face proximal to the light source and the light sensor; a second face, at least a portion of the second face configured for contacting a sample liquid through the opening, and for forming an interface between the second face and the sample liquid; and a third face, wherein the light travels by: being directed towards the second face; being reflected at least in part by the interface towards the third face; and being reflected at least in part by the third face towards the light sensor. In an embodiment, the refractometer further includes a control portion for receiving the electrical signal, and for determining a refractive index of the sample liquid based at least in part on the electrical signal.

Abstract: A speaker system comprising a magnetic circuit, a cylindrical shaped voice coil unit generating oscillation in the magnetic circuit, an oscillating plate extending in a circular conical shape from a outer peripheral surface of the voice coil unit, a dust cap connecting to the oscillating plate covering an open face of the voice coil unit on a side surrounded by the oscillating plate, a plurality of linking members connecting to the voice coil unit, and a detection unit. The link members extend toward a center axis of the voice coil unit. The detecting unit further comprises a first component part fastened to the linking members and positioned at the center axis of the voice coil unit closer to the voice coil unit side than the dust cap, and a second component part positioned facing the first component part and is independent of the voice coil unit such that the second component part is held between the first component part and the dust cap.

Abstract: A swept-angle SPR measurement system deflects an optical beam over a range of deflection angles according to a control signal and maps the deflected beam to a target within a range of incidence angles that corresponds to the range of deflection angles.

Abstract: The invention provides a luminescent based sensor having a luminescent material optically coupled to a substrate, and adapted to be used in a medium or environment such as water or air. A detector is provided to detect light that is emitted into the substrate by the material. The substrate is adapted to redirect light that is emitted into the substrate at angles with the range ?esc ? ? ? ?lsc where ?esc is the critical angle of the environment/substrate interface and ?lsc is the critical angle of the luminescent layer/substrate interface. Examples of possible configurations are described.

Abstract: The device for detecting changes in the refractive index of a dielectric medium comprises: at least one metallic layer (300) ready to be placed in contact with the dielectric medium (200); at least one light source (20) configured to direct transversal magnetic (TM) polarized light towards such metallic layer, so that the light is reflected on such metallic layer; coupling means (10); and at least one detector (31) configured to receive light reflected by the metallic layer and to detect at least one feature of such light. According to the invention, the metallic layer contains a ferromagnetic material. The invention also relates to a method.

Abstract: A refractometer is disclosed having a light source and an optical window to be positioned in a process liquid. A beam of rays is directed from the light source to an interface (RP) between the process liquid and the optical window and leading back part of the beam of rays refracted from the interface to the inside of the optical window. An image formed in the above manner is observed. The beam of rays from the light source is directed to the interface (RP) between the process liquid and the optical window from the side of the process liquid and in the direction of the interface.

Abstract: A fuel property detection device for detecting a property of fuel based on a detection signal output from a photoreceptor includes a light guiding member having a reflecting surface located in direct contact with the fuel. The light guiding member includes a light emitting surface through which measurement light from a light source is emitted from the light guiding member into the fuel, a light incident surface through which the measurement light emitted from the light emitting surface and passing through the fuel enters again the light guiding member, and the reflecting surface from which the measurement light incident from the light incident surface is reflected toward the photoreceptor. The light incident surface and the light emitting surface are opposite to each other to have a space therebetween in the light guiding member, and the space is provided to be filled with the fuel.

Abstract: Certain embodiments of the present invention provide a refractometer including: a housing having an immersion portion, the immersion portion having an opening; a light source for emitting a light; a light sensor for converting a received light into an electrical signal; a prism including faces, including: a first face proximal to the light source and the light sensor; a second face, at least a portion of the second face configured for contacting a sample liquid through the opening, and for forming an interface between the second face and the sample liquid; and a third face, wherein the light travels by: being directed towards the second face; being reflected at least in part by the interface towards the third face; and being reflected at least in part by the third face towards the light sensor. In an embodiment, the refractometer further includes a control portion for receiving the electrical signal, and for determining a refractive index of the sample liquid based at least in part on the electrical signal.

Abstract: A fuel property detection device for detecting a property of fuel based on a detection signal output from a photoreceptor includes a light guiding member having a reflecting surface located in direct contact with the fuel. The light guiding member includes a light emitting surface through which measurement light from a light source is emitted from the light guiding member into the fuel, a light incident surface through which the measurement light emitted from the light emitting surface and passing through the fuel enters again the light guiding member, and the reflecting surface from which the measurement light incident from the light incident surface is reflected toward the photoreceptor. The light incident surface and the light emitting surface are opposite to each other to have a space therebetween in the light guiding member, and the space is provided to be filled with the fuel.

Abstract: Method and system for identification of a changed state of a fluid with respect to a reference state of the same fluid, the fluid having an optical parameter changing with the change of the state of the fluid. The method comprises: a) providing an optical arrangement including a transparent enclosure with a portion of the fluid, and an object observable through the optical arrangement, the arrangement being designed such that an image of the object in the changed state of the fluid is optically distinctive from an image of the object in the reference state of the fluid due to change of the optical parameter, at least one of the images being predetermined; b) illuminating the object with diffuse light; c) observing a current image of the object though the optical arrangement along an optical axis; and d) comparing the current image to the predetermined image to identify the changed state of the fluid. The comparison and the identification may be performed by eye or by a sensor with a logical circuit.

Abstract: A portable refractometer is provided that includes a lens barrel having a lens barrel axis. A prism is secured to one end of the lens barrel, the prism having an entry face that provides a boundary surface between the prism and a substance to be measured. A tube shaped optical chassis is inside the lens barrel, and is rotatably supported about a predetermined rotational axis perpendicular to the lens barrel axis. An objective lens is arranged in the optical chassis, and is positioned in relation to the optical chassis. An optical scale is arranged inside the optical chassis, at the focal point of the objective lens. A mover moves the objective lens relatively in relation to the optical scale in response to changes in temperature by turning the optical chassis about the rotational axis.

Abstract: A system for determination of optical constants of liquids, including provision for reducing stress induced effects while obtaining data.

Abstract: An improved surface plasmon resonance (SPR) sensor is provided based on direct measurement of the Goos-Hänchen effect. Sensor sensitivity is enhanced by selecting the thickness of the metallic layer of the SPR sensor to be close to a critical thickness dcr where the effect of the surface plasmon resonance on the Goos-Hänchen shift is most pronounced. Overall sensor sensitivity is surprisingly found to improve with this approach, even though the measurement is based on a second order effect (i.e., the Goos-Hänchen shift) instead of the first order reflectance change measured in conventional SPR sensor approaches. The invention is also applicable to sensors based on measurements of other non-specular reflection parameters, such as temporal shifts, frequency shifts, and/or angular shifts.

Abstract: A swept-angle SPR measurement system deflects an optical beam over a range of deflection angles according to a control signal and maps the deflected beam to a target within a range of incidence angles that corresponds to the range of deflection angles.

Abstract: The present invention relates, in general, to a fluorescence microscope and method of observing samples using the microscope and, more particularly, to a fluorescence microscope and method of observing samples using the microscope, which can reduce optical noise and obtain images with higher sensitivity, thus obtaining precise information about the density, quantity, location, etc. of a fluorophore, and which can simultaneously process separate images even when a plurality of fluorophores having different excitation and fluorescent wavelength ranges is distributed, thus easily obtaining information about the fluorophores. The fluorescence microscope of the present invention includes an objective lens, and first and third medium units. The first medium unit has a refractive index of n1 to accommodate one or more micro-objects including fluorophores and provide a path of excitation light to excite the fluorophores.

Abstract: Systems and methodology for determining not only precise and repeatable results, but accurate values of the refractive index of solids, fluids and liquids.

Abstract: The invention relates to a portable refractometer comprising a depression (7) for samples, located on an insertion tip (11) in such a way that once the insertion tip (11) has penetrated a liquid or a fruit, a sufficient quantity of the sample liquid remains in the depression (7) for samples, thus wetting a measuring surface (4) that is delimited in said depression by a transparent body. The refractive index of the wetting liquid can be determined by measuring the intensity of an optical beam that is reflected by the measuring surface (4).

Abstract: A system for reprocessing and sterilizing a previously used endoscope having at least one lumen is disclosed. The reprocessing system includes a reaction chamber into which individual chemical components of a sterilant are transferred by pneumatic force. The system includes a central processor which controls the asynchronous reprocessing and sterilization of at least two endoscopes. A novel sterilant is also disclosed. Also disclosed is a combination of the sterilization device and the sterilant and methods of using the same.