Abstract: Systems, methods, and devices are provided for detecting the presence of an object near an electronic device. A radio frequency (RF) system of an electronic device may include a first circuit that includes one or more transmission paths for transmitting a reference signal external to the electronic device. The RF system may include a second circuit that includes one or more receiving paths for receiving a reflection signal based on the reference signal. The RF system may also include a processor that may instruct the RF system to perform a comparison between the reference signal and the reflection signal, determine whether the object is in proximity based at least in part on whether comparison results exceed a comparison threshold, and decrease power output by the RF system below the comparison threshold.

Abstract: In some implementations, a first processing component of a network device may receive first traffic data obtained by a second processing component of the network device. The first processing component may store the first traffic data as residual statistics. The first processing component may obtain second traffic data associated with a copy of a traffic stream processed by the first processing component based on storing the first traffic data as the residual statistics. The first processing component may perform a switchover from the second processing component to the first processing component. The first processing component may determine current traffic data based on the residual statistics and the second traffic data. The current traffic data may be determined based on performing the switchover from the second processing component to the first processing component.

Abstract: In one embodiment, a communication apparatus includes a network interface configured to receive over a network a sequence of data packets of a network flow having a defined packet order, wherein the network interface is configured to receive an out-of-order data packet, a timer, and packet processing circuitry configured to activate the timer responsively to receiving the out-of-order data packet.

Abstract: A system for an enhanced X2 interface in a mobile operator core network is disclosed, comprising: a Long Term Evolution (LTE) core network packet data network gateway (PGW); an evolved NodeB (eNodeB) connected to the LTE PGW; a Wi-Fi access point (AP) connected to the LTE PGW via a wireless local area network (WLAN) gateway; and a coordinating node positioned as a gateway between the LTE PGW and the eNodeB, and positioned as a gateway between the LTE PGW and the Wi-Fi AP, the coordinating node further comprising: a network address translation (NAT) module; and a protocol module for communicating to the eNodeB and the Wi-Fi AP to request inter-radio technology (inter-RAT) handovers of a user equipment (UE) from the eNodeB to the Wi-Fi AP and to forward packets intended for the UE from the eNodeB to the Wi-Fi AP.

Abstract: A transmission system including a plurality of edge routers. The system manages a plurality of virtual networks, each network linking a plurality of remote networks therebetween. An edge router manages a topology table that indicates one or more adjacent edge routers for a given virtual network and at least one remote network identifier for an adjacent edge router. A route change made in relation to a remote network of a given virtual network is detected on the edge router. On the basis of the topology table, one or more adjacent edge routers and the corresponding remote network identifiers are determined for the virtual network. The route change is transmitted to said adjacent edge routers by indicating the corresponding remote network identifiers.

Abstract: A method to transmit and receive Internet protocol data packets comprising running an Internet protocol application, outputting an Internet protocol data packet based on the running of the Internet protocol application and transmitting the Internet protocol data packet via a physical layer compliant with Ethernet first mile standards.

Abstract: A first Multi Protocol Label Switching (MPLS) Internet Protocol (IP) data network transmits data to a second MPLS IP network via a legacy network, which would not otherwise be able to handle the required user network interface (UNI) protocol by configuring the legacy network and its network management system (TNMS) so that they emulate an MPLS network. When a first network element (NE) receives a connection (UNI) request from the MPLS network under a UNI protocol, the UNI request is passed to the TNMS, which then sets the required connection across the legacy network via a second edge NE to an NE of the second network. Once the connection has been set, the TNMS instructs the edge NE to send a return signal to the requesting network indicating that the connection has been successfully set. Data packets may then be transmitted across the network.

Abstract: The invention provides multicast communication using distributed topologies in a network. The control nodes in the network build a distributed topology of processor nodes for providing multicast packet distribution. Multiple processor nodes in the network participate in the decisions regarding the forwarding of multicast packets as opposed to multicast communications being centralized in the control nodes.

Abstract: Disclosed is a method and system in which an intermediary is provided within a communication path through which a message is transmitted from its originator to a client device, and the intermediary operates to insert into the message a target port number based at least in part on the originator of the message. In a scenario where the message originator provided or is otherwise associated with a given application group on the client device, the intermediary may thus modify the message to have the message designate as target port number the port number that the client device associates with the application group. Ultimately, when the client device receives the message, the client device would read the target port number and responsively route the message to the appropriate application or application group.

Abstract: The invention concerns a method of providing session mobility to an IP based real-time session in a telecommunications network whereby the telecommunications network uses the session initiation protocol for the setup and control of the session. The session comprises a media stream between a first terminal associated to a first network access point of the telecommunications network and a second terminal associated to a second network access point of the telecommunications network. A re-invite session initiation protocol signalling message related to session mobility of said session is intercepted at a session-related session border controller of the telecommunications network. Said session border controller initiates a corresponding session hand-over of said session. In said session hand-over, the media stream of said session is redirected to a new network access point of the first terminal and/or a new terminal.

Abstract: A first multi protocol label switching (MPLS) enabled Internet Protocol (IP) data network is able to transmit data to a second MPLS enabled IP network via a legacy optical network, which would not otherwise be able to handle the user network interface (UNI) protocols required to be used within an MPLS network environment, by means of configuring the legacy optical network and its traditional network management system (TNMS) so that they simulate or emulate an MPLS enabled optical network. The simulation/emulation of an MPLS network is performed as follows: when a first legacy network element (NE) receives a connection request (a UNI request) from the MPLS network under a UNI protocol, the UNI request is passed to the TNMS, which then sets the required connection across the legacy network via a second edge NE to an NE of the second IP network.

Abstract: Preemption techniques are disclosed which permit multiple high-priority packets to preempt a single low-priority packet. In one aspect, a first device is configured for communication with a second device via an interface bus. The first device comprises interface circuitry configured to receive from the second device a start indicator of a first type and a start indicator of a second type, and to allow at least one data segment associated with the start indicator of the second type to preempt at least one data segment associated with the start indicator of the first type. The start indicator of the second type may have a longer pulse width than that of the start indicator of the first type, such as a double-length pulse width. The first and second devices may comprise physical layer and link layer devices of a communication system.

Abstract: A system is provided that includes a hardware forwarding engine that routes data packets. The system also comprises a processor coupled to the hardware forwarding engine, the processor having a software forwarding engine that routes data packets. If data packets are forwarded from the hardware forwarding engine to the software forwarding engine, the hardware forwarding engine provides route lookup results for at least some of the data packets forwarded to the software forwarding engine.

Abstract: A system and method for providing an integrated storage appliance is disclosed. The storage appliance includes a storage subsystem, a process cluster coupled to the storage subsystem, and a customizable software stack that includes storage-access application so executed by the processor cluster, wherein subsystem, processor cluster and software stack are integrated such that the storage appliance exhibits greater combined reliability, higher availability, and higher serviceability characteristics than would be provided by a sum of the characteristics unintegrated components.

Abstract: A mobile terminal and method are disclosed for use in a wireless communication system in order for the mobile terminal to be able to transition to a dual mode, in which a packet switched connection and circuit switched connection are used together, from a single mode in which packets are transferred. A packet associated control channel is used to convey a radio link control or multiple access control (RLC/MAC) message, and meanwhile packet switched resources are maintained. Then a dual transfer mode assignment message is received, as a result of using the packet associated channel to convey the radio link or multiple access control message.

Abstract: A method and system for inspecting a data packet stream in a computer network for patterns that fall across data packet boundaries is disclosed. This includes determining if two or more data packets are consecutive in the data packet stream, combining data payloads from the consecutive data packets, and analyzing the combined data payloads from the consecutive data packets for a plurality of patterns of character combinations, wherein the maximum length of the combined data payloads is one less than the maximum number of characters for a pattern having a longest length of the plurality of patterns of character combinations. This can include a content searching engine and/or a regular expression engine. There are optional aspects to return data packets to an outgoing data stream based on predetermined criteria and if the data packets are in the system for over a predetermined time period.

Abstract: An approach for providing voice processing over a packet switched network is disclosed. A communication system includes a special forking proxy server that receives a message for establishing a session between a calling user agent and a called user agent. The message has a first payload corresponding to a first call leg. The system also includes a bridging user agent that communicates with the first network element and generates a response that contains the first payload and a second payload that corresponds to a second call leg. The bridging user agent is configured to bridge the first call leg and the second call leg to establish a session between the calling user agent and the called user agent. The special forking proxy server is configured to fork an acknowledgement message from the calling party to acknowledge the session establishment by the called user agent. The present invention has particular applicability to SIP (Session Initiation Protocol) IP (Internet Protocol) telephony services.

Abstract: A PCI-Express compatible switch is provided with two or more, internal virtual buses. In one embodiment, at least one of the plural virtual buses is designated as a special bus that is limited to having no more than 16 devices on it even though the protocol allows for more. In a supplemental or alternate embodiment, at least one virtual bus is limited to having no devices on it. A non-transparent bridge is provided on at least one of the special buses for providing cross-border routing of packets from one root domain to another root domain. The number-of-devices limitation placed on the special bus reduces the number of bits needed in a corresponding Device identifying field of a destination ID Tag to 4 or less, this integer number being smaller than the prescribed 5 bits called for by the PCI-Express standard for addressing the maximum of 32 devices per bus.

Abstract: A broadcast overlay network has a ring topology to carry broadcast traffic from a head-end network. A digital subscriber line access multiplexer (DSLAM) has a network interface in communication with the broadcast overlay network. The DSLAM is to receive a request for a particular video channel from a customer premise via a line interface and to deliver the particular video channel from the network interface to the line interface.

Abstract: In the method, a packet call controller establishes a bearer path between the end point and the second network when a call transfer request associated with the mobile station is received from a network providing circuit switched communication. The call transfer request is triggered by a circuit voice call origination from the mobile station that includes an identifier that the packet call controller uses in recognizing that the call transfer request requests transfer of a packet switched call to a circuit switched call on the network.

Abstract: The present invention is directed to a mobility management protocol for supporting real-time and non-real-time multimedia applications on mobile stations of third generation internet protocol (3G-IP) networks. The present invention utilizes as well as extends the session initiation protocol (SIP) to provide for domain hand-off (i.e., roaming) and subnet hand-off (i.e., macro-mobility) so that users can access the network from any location using their own mobile station as they roam across different 3G-IP networks. The present invention supports mobile transmission control protocol (TCP) applications without modifying TCP.

Abstract: An object is to select destination mobile stations so as to prevent directional beams directed to the respective mobile stations from interfering with each other in application of a directional antenna, and to allocate the radio resources to the mobile stations thus selected.

Abstract: A system and method is disclosed for providing concurrent data transmissions in a wireless communication network. The invention comprises a register unit within a base transceiver station that prepares data packets to be transmitted to mobile stations within a plurality of cell sectors. The register unit identifies the cell sector destination of each data packet in a first data call and sends the data packet to a buffer associated with the cell sector destination. The buffers store their respective data packets for each cell sector in a first subframe of a data frame. The buffers send their respective data packets within the first subframe to their respective antennas. The data packets for each cell sector are then concurrently transmitted during the first subframe. Data packets of a second data call are transmitted during the second and third subframe so that two data calls are concurrently transmitted.

Abstract: A method and apparatus for performing classification in a hierarchical classification system performing caching are described. In one embodiment, the method comprises walking a classification tree in the hierarchical classification system to determine whether an incoming flow matches a class in the classification tree, and performing a lookup on a cache storing a data structure of multiple classes of one classification type to compare the incoming flow with multiple classes at the same time to determine whether the incoming flow matches one of the classes.

Abstract: Methods, apparatus, and articles of manufacture for efficiently handling incoming network traffic by preventing protocol stack overruns and minimizing packet latency are disclosed herein. Embodiments of the present invention monitor the level of a protocol stack's packet queue, and, in response to an increase in the level of the packet queue above an initial threshold value, disable the generation of receive interrupts from the communications interface, disable automatic packet indication of packets by the device driver to the protocol stack, and identify and indicate new incoming packets to the protocol stack at a rate equal to or less than the rate at which packets are being processed by the protocol stack. In addition, in response to a decrease in the level of the packet queue below an exit threshold value, the generation of receive interrupts and the automatic indication of packets to the protocol stack may be re-enabled.

Abstract: A method and apparatus for baseband transmission between a top floor unit and an outdoor unit in a terminal for a wireless metropolitan area network. A terminal for a wireless link in a metropolitan area network includes an extender device (e.g. a top floor unit) for receiving data packets from a computer network coupled to the extender device and for forwarding the data packets, and a broadcast device (e.g. an outdoor unit) coupled to the extender device for receiving the data packets from the extender device according to baseband transmission and having a wireless transceiver for communicating the data packets over the wireless link. The terminal can include a cable coupled between the extender device and the broadcast device wherein the cable comprises a twisted pair of conductors for providing the data packets from the extender device to the broadcast device. The twisted pair of conductors can be a Category 5 twisted pair of conductors.

Abstract: The Fibre-Channel flow control mechanism is augmented to facilitate efficient data exchange between Fibre-Channel ports over extended distances. A supplemental buffer mechanism may be maintained as part of an interface to a transport network used to carry Fibre-Channel traffic. The transport network interface makes a remote Fibre-Channel port aware of the augmented local receiver buffer capacity by intercepting certain frames used in link establishment and substituting an enhanced buffer capacity for the local Fibre-Channel port's internal buffer capacity. This technique provides improved throughput and readily accommodates large distances and large frame sizes.

Abstract: Apparatus and method for establishing call connection state in packet data communication system. The apparatus controls a Service General Packet Radio Service (GPRS) Support Node (SGSN) to avoid establishing a call connection state associated with an erroneous Gateway GPRS Support Node (GGSN). The SGSN attempts to establish a call connection state with a GGSN connected to the SGSN, and stores the attempt result information in a specific memory. In this case, the memory stores information indicating success or failure of the attempt directed to the specific GGSN, and call setup attempt time information, etc. Thereafter, if a call setup operation associated with the specific GGSN is re-attempted, then information associated with the specific GGSN is read from information pre-stored in the memory. Based on the read information, it is determined whether a call setup operation directed to the specific GGSN is reattempted, or another call setup operation directed to another GGSN is newly attempted.

Abstract: A base station subsystem (BSS) and method is provided that handles an increase in traffic volume which temporarily overloads at least one terrestrial link in an IP network by gracefully downgrading the transmission rate of one or more calls. More specifically, the BSS includes a base station transmitter (BTS), an IP gateway and an IP network which passes at least one packet based call on a terrestrial link between the BTS and the IP gateway. The BTS and IP gateway each include an end-point having a buffer for measuring a delay in passing the at least one packet based call through the terrestrial link of the IP network and for downgrading a service when the delay as measured by one of the buffers exceeds a predetermined value.

Abstract: In accordance with the present invention a method is provided for encoding connection ownership information in the sequence number field of an outgoing TCP/IP data packet header. That connection information includes the network layer address of the processor node to which the packet is associated. With such an invention, the connection registration database is only updated after 32 megabytes have been transferred across that connection. Because fewer data packets are being registered in the connection registration database, sufficient time is allowed for registering other connections in background operations. Further, connections that do not send more than 32 megabytes of data never need to be registered.

Abstract: A network-provisioning data generating method, by which manual data registration can be prevented so that correct network provisioning data can be collected and registered in real time, and a transmission device, which is constituted according to the generated network structure, are provided.

Abstract: An Internet network based telephone call forwarding system comprising a home unit to which a user's telephone calls are directed and a remote unit to which a user's telephone calls are forwarded, wherein the home unit has an incoming line connectable to a telephone network and an outgoing line connectable to an Internet network and the remote unit has a line connectable to the Internet network, wherein the home unit is operable to forward calls directed to the home unit on the incoming line to the remote unit on the outgoing line via the Internet network.

Abstract: Methods, apparatuses and systems are provided for use in a wireless routing network. One apparatus, for example, includes an adaptive antenna that is configurable to receive a transmission signal from a transmitter and in response transmit corresponding outgoing multi-beam electromagnetic signals exhibiting a plurality of selectively placed transmission peaks and transmission nulls within a far field region of a coverage area. The adaptive antenna may also be configured to selectively receive at least one incoming electromagnetic signal directed through the coverage area. The adaptive antenna includes at least one antenna array and logic. The antenna array has a plurality of antenna elements. The logic is operatively coupled to the antenna array and configured to selectively control the placement of the transmission peaks and transmission nulls within the outgoing multi-beam electromagnetic signals.

Abstract: A digital headend architecture and full service network are provided to selectively demodulate and decode a variety of digital and analog feeds into baseband signals or pass digital programming through the headend. In accordance with one embodiment, the head end is provided with digital-turn-around capability to allow precompressed signals to passed through the head end with out any decompress or decoding into baseband signals. The head end includes at least one receiver for receiving signals sent by satellite, at least one antenna for receiving over-the-air signals as baseband composite video and audio signals, and a decoder connected to the at least one receiver for converting received satellite signals into baseband video and audio signals. At least one MPEG encoder is provided for encoding the baseband video and audio composite signals into multiplexed Single Program Transport Streams (SPTS).

Abstract: A packet routing system is disclosed that allows for efficient transfers of IP streams from router to router with use of supertrunking. The router that receives an IP stream set for transmission on a supertrunk, individually inputs the IP packets, determines the logical output port corresponding to the IP stream, assigns each IP packet to a physical output port within the logical output port with use of a load balancing function, encapsulates each IP packet within a supertrunk header comprising an IP stream identifier and a packet sequence identifier and an IP header that has identical source and destination addresses as the original IP packet, and forwards the encapsulated packets to the receiving router via a plurality of physical links. The router that receives the encapsulated IP packets then re-orders the packets into the proper order with use of a sorting algorithm, removes the IP and supertrunk headers, and outputs an IP stream similar to that input to the original router.

Abstract: A new communication distribution platform for a customer premise creates a new paradigm where components from the physical layer are shared, components from the MAC layer are shared, and a common network layer is used. A single modulation unified system and shared MAC is used across multiple media. Varied implementations may chose to share only physical layer components, or MAC layer components, or both. One implementation disclosed is the use of a common physical layer modulation combined with a MAC layer with many common functions in support of delivery of IP based services within the premises. This combination optimizes customer experience, flexibility in use, provides simpler maintenance, and simpler reduced inventory requirements and operations support for service suppliers. It can be used to support either a circuit switched environment or packet switched environment.

Abstract: A wireless communication system having base station equipment which forms a wireless zone and base station control equipment which performs channel control of calls occurred in the radio stations located in the wireless zone, in cooperation with a switching center. The base station equipment extracts a specific speech signal that has control information included in speech signals generated by a variable rate codec. The base station equipment disassembles the speech signals and the control information into individual transmission units and transmits the transmission units to the radio base station. The base station radio control equipment outputs or accepts control information including identification information, and performs delivery of the control information between the radio station and the switching center.

Abstract: An Internet router treats plural output ports with a common destination as a composite port. A routing table uses the IP address to determine a composite trunk to which the packet is to be forwarded. A forwarding table identifies a route along a routing fabric within the router to a specific output port of the composite port. Output ports and fabric routes are selected to maintain order within a flow by routing the flow along a single fabric route to a single output trunk. The forwarding table may favor output ports which are nearest to a packet input port, and the forwarding table may be modified to dynamically balance load across the trunks of a composite trunk.

Abstract: A system and a method for communicating dialed digits between a communication device and a call processor during call setup include transmitting at least the first digit of a telephone number from the communication device to the call processor within a first data packet. The call processor references a dialing plan to determine if the first data packet provides sufficient digits to complete the requested call. If not, the call processor determines the minimum quantity of digits required under the dialing plan to determine the destination of the call and transmits a protocol command to the communication device to transmit the minimum quantity of digits to the call processor within a subsequent data packet. The call processor continues to reference the dialing plan to determine whether additional digits are required and to request additional packets until sufficient packets have been received to establish the call.

Abstract: A signal used in the transmission of data in a communication system including immediately successive cells for the purpose of cell synchronization, includes filler cells containing a predefined bit pattern. This pattern is provided with an error protection code that differs from an error protection code used for user data. Even if the user data should coincidentally contain the predefined bit pattern, the synchronization circuit will not be able to be simulated, since this false bit pattern is provided with a different error protection code. In order to test and ensure the synchronization state, a BIP (bit interleaved parity) value at the end of the cell is checked at the receiver end.

Abstract: A two-line videophone can be used to initiate video communication while maintaining audio communication throughout the initiation period. A user uses a first line to initiate an analog voice call with another user. The videophone then uses a modem to initiate a video (including image and voice) link on a second line. During this initialization period, the first line continues to carry the analog audio communication. After the video link on the second line is established, voice communication can be switched to the second line. The system then uses another modem to initiate a separate video link on the first line. During the setting up of the digital link on the first line, video communication (including voice and images) continues to be carried on the second line. Consequently, there is no gap in audio communication. After the digital link on the first line is established, both the first and the second lines can be used to carry video communication.

Abstract: A communication device (10) includes a number of input/output modules (12) coupled to a switch control module (14) using an interconnect (40) and to a redundant switch control module (16) using a redundant interconnect (42). Each interconnect (40) and redundant interconnect (42) includes a control interconnect (44) and a data interconnect (46). The control interconnect (44) establishes control information for transferring a cell in the communication device (10) and the data interconnect (46) performs the cell transfer.

Abstract: A number of storage units and a number of state machines are provided to reorder interleaved ATM data cells for a number of channels incoming to a networked host computer. The storage units store the incoming ATM data cells, a number of data structures tracking the stored ATM data cells for the channels and the free resources, and an unload schedule queue. The state machines load and unload the incoming ATM data cells, and update the tracking data structures and schedule queue accordingly.

Abstract: A packet switching architecture provides for a switch system comprised of a cellular base station in communication with the PSTN through a switch. Data packets are routed through the switch system as necessary to effect communication between the public switched telephone network (PSTN) and mobile radiotelephones disposed within the cellular coverage area surrounding the base station. A packet interconnection subsystem operates to transfer data packets between a plurality of interface ports, to which are coupled a corresponding plurality of signal lines. Within the interconnection subsystem, one or more distribution/consolidation (DISCO) interface units are mutually coupled together through a central router unit. Each DISCO interface unit is configured to consolidate the data packets received through at least two signal ports onto a consolidation bus, as well as to distribute the addressed data packets from a distribution bus to two or more of ports.

Abstract: An apparatus and a method to synchronize the clock signal of a first (or slave) data terminal equipment A (240-1) to a second (or master) data terminal equipment B (240-2) connected to a communication network (10) through respectively a first network node (51) and a second network node (52). The communication network has a reference clock that it transmits to the second network node which compares it with the clock signal that it receives from the second data terminal equipment. The phase difference is then detected and converted into a frame which may be an ATM cell or any other frames so that it can be switched with the data frames sent by the second DTE and transmitted to the first DTE through the communication network. The frame containing the phase difference has a specific header so that it can be distinguished from the other transmitted data frames. The first network node receives the frames, detects the phase difference frame and decodes it before it is sent to a digital to analog converter.

Abstract: A high bandwidth gateway comprises a source of packet traffic wherein received packets are stored in a buffer, a destination interface circuit for the packets, a microprocessor and a bus that interconnects the components. The microprocessor, which in the prior art controls data transfers, periodically gives up control to a hardware assist engine. The hardware assist engine detects the presence of packets in the source buffer and causes the source buffer to output one or more packets to the destination directly, thus by-passing the microprocessor completely. By this system, bandwidth is improved by the source and the destination working together directly, without having the overhead associated with microprocessor-based or initiated data transfers.

Abstract: A method and apparatus for playing the same video game by a number of players at remote locations over a telephone network. More specifically, a video representation of the game played by a number of video game players stored at each of the player locations. The control signals representing the actions of the players are then transmitted to a single one of the locations where the control signals are sequenced. The sequence control signals are then stored in a queue wherein the video game is played at each of the locations by synchronously reading the control signals from each queue at each of the locations and sending them to corresponding ports of each video game at each location.

Abstract: In a fast Ethernet, each station is connected to the hub by four unshielded twisted pairs. A first pair is transmit only for the station and receive only for the hub, a second pair is transmit only for the hub and receive only for the station, and the third and fourth pairs are bidirectional. Both the station and the hub use their transmit only and the bidirectional pairs for data transmission and their receive only pair for collision detection.

Abstract: A hierarchical communication network management system is structured by a plurality of agents and sub-managers connected to lower communication networks and an integration manager connected to a higher communication network. Each of the sub-managers functions as an agent to the integration manager and functions as a manager to each agent, so that it becomes possible to employ a Simple Network Management Protocol (SNMP) between each agent and its sub-manager and between a sub-manager and the integration manager.

Abstract: In a packet switched network, a method and system order packets arriving out-of-sequence from a lower service. An ordering service temporarily buffers packets (101-115) while delayed packets arrive and forwards in-sequence packets to an upper service. Delay introduced by buffering does not accumulate as a propagation toleration timer (304) is activated for a predetermined time period (120) while awaiting the arrival of delayed packets or until the delayed packet arrives. Out-of-sequence packets are grouped between a lower-bound and an upper-bound of sequence identifiers to avoid accumulated delay due to repetitive lost packets.