Abstract: A computerized authorization system configured to authorize electronically-made requests to an electronic entity. The computerized authorization system comprises a store configured to store an indication of at least one predetermined electronic authorization device configured to authorize each electronically-made request. The computerized authorization system is further configured such that: in response to receiving an electronically-made request to the electronic entity, an indication of the request is output to the at least one predetermined electronic authorization device configured to authorize the request as indicated in the store; and in response to receiving an indication of authorization from the at least one predetermined electronic authorization device, an indication of authorization of the request is output to the electronic entity.

Abstract: A data storage device includes a plurality of tiles whose faces are marked with characters. An elongated core is configured to enable slots of the tiles to fit over an openable end of the core to mount the tiles on the core with the marked faces aligned and to slide along the core. The length of the core is sufficient such that tiles of a mounted stack of tiles are slidable away from other tiles of the stack to form a gap that is sufficient to enable reading the character on the tile. A locking element is placeable on the openable end to prevent removal of tiles from the stack, and removable to enable addition of tiles or removal of tiles. A casing is closable over the core and includes a limiting structure to limit sliding of the tiles when the casing is closed.

Abstract: In one exemplary embodiment of the invention, a method for computing a resultant and a free term of a scaled inverse of a first polynomial v(x) modulo a second polynomial fn(x), including: receiving the first polynomial v(x) modulo the second polynomial fn(x), where the second polynomial is of a form fn(x)=xn±1, where n=2k and k is an integer greater than 0; computing lowest two coefficients of a third polynomial g(z) that is a function of the first polynomial and the second polynomial, where g(z)?i=0n?1(v(?i)?z), where ?0, ?1, . . . , ?n?1 are roots of the second polynomial fn(x) over a field; outputting the lowest coefficient of g(z) as the resultant; and outputting the second lowest coefficient of g(z) divided by n as the free term of the scaled inverse of the first polynomial v(x) modulo the second polynomial fn(x).

Abstract: In one exemplary embodiment of the invention, a method for computing a resultant and a free term of a scaled inverse of a first polynomial v(x) modulo a second polynomial fn(x), including: receiving the first polynomial v(x) modulo the second polynomial fn(x), where the second polynomial is of a form fn(x)=xn±1, where n=2k and k is an integer greater than 0; computing lowest two coefficients of a third polynomial g(z) that is a function of the first polynomial and the second polynomial, where g ? ( z ) ? = def ? ? i = 0 n - 1 ? ? ( v ? ( ? i ) - z ) , where ?0, ?1, . . . , ?n?1 are roots of the second polynomial fn(x) over a field; outputting the lowest coefficient of g(z) as the resultant; and outputting the second lowest coefficient of g(z) divided by n as the free term of the scaled inverse of the first polynomial v(x) modulo the second polynomial fn(x).

Abstract: A password management service located either on a user computer or in the cloud intercepts a user's attempt to create an account on a Web site. The user enters a sequence of a physical key combination and the service assigns a particular keyboard layout for this Web site. The service generates a password by combining the key combination with the assigned keyboard layout and returns this password to the user or to the Web site. The service stores the name of the Web site in association with the designated keyboard layout. Upon a subsequent login attempt, the service again intercepts the user's typing of the same physical key combination, generates the same password by combining the key combination with the previously assigned and stored keyboard layout, and returns the generated password to the Web site for authentication. A keyboard layout for a site may be chosen by the user, may be selected by the service, or a random layout may be generated.

Abstract: Systems and methods for providing encryption and decryption of data transmitted on a computer implemented network, preferably user authentication identifier data, such as a password, at the point of entry into the user's computer. The systems and methods enable an end user to mentally select a marker from one of the randomly arranged elements on a first portion of a graphical image. A second portion of the graphical image includes an arrangement of possible elements of any individual authentication identifier sequence, and is positioned adjacent to the first portion. The systems and methods prompt a user to enter each element of the identifier by moving the selected marker and the first portion as necessary to substantially align the selected marker with a chosen element of the authentication identifier appearing on the outer portion. According to one embodiment, the image portions are concentric wheels. According to another embodiment, the image portions are arranged in adjacent rows.

Abstract: A secure system for user authentication comprised of an authentication interface having a character dial and alignment markers is provided. A passcode input module receives user commands to move the character dial with respect to the alignment markers and to record a configuration of the characters with respect to the alignment markers, thereby creating alignment configuration data. A passcode generation module receives at least one of said alignment configuration data from passcode input module and generates a plurality of passcode hypotheses. An authentication module receives the passcode hypotheses and compares the passcode hypotheses with the passcodes of registered users stored in a data store. The passcode hypotheses are updated after each new alignment configuration data entered by the user. The authentication module authenticates a user upon finding a passcode hypothesis matching a stored passcode.

Abstract: Methods and apparatus for authenticating a user are disclosed. According to one aspect of the present invention, a method for authenticating a user includes displaying a first representation of a challenge. The challenge is based on a ruleset. The method also includes receiving a first input, determining if the first input furthers a successful completion of the first representation of the challenge, and determining if the first input completes the first representation of the challenge. If it is determined that the first input completes the first representation of the challenge and that the first input furthers the successful completion of the first representation of the challenge, the method further includes positively augmenting a security indicator.

Abstract: The claimed subject matter provides systems and/or methods that facilitate utilizing a shared secret to obscure a password within a sequence of characters. The sequence of characters can include the password as well as noise. The shared secret can leverage utilizing a set of known images that a user can uniquely distinguish from random images. By employing the imaged based shared secret, the user can login to a server from an untrusted machine suspected to be infected with spyware such as a keylogger that tracks user input.

Abstract: To propose an encryption device and encryption method capable of improving reliability of an encryption function. An element-specific parameter unique to a solid imaging element is created based on a uniform image signal S2 output from the solid imaging element as a result of imaging a uniform imaging target with the imaging unit 11, and identification information D1 is encrypted with encryption key information D2 extracted from this element-specific parameter, thereby being capable of ensuring confidentiality of the identification information D1 and thus improving reliability of an encryption function.

Abstract: Systems and methods for providing encryption and decryption of data transmitted on a computer implemented network, preferably user authentication identifier data, such as a password, at the point of entry into the user's computer. The systems and methods enable an end user to mentally select a marker from one of the randomly arranged elements on a first portion of a graphical image. A second portion of the graphical image includes an arrangement of possible elements of any individual authentication identifier sequence, and is positioned adjacent to the first portion. The systems and methods prompt a user to enter each element of the identifier by moving the selected marker and the first portion as necessary to substantially align the selected marker with a chosen element of the authentication identifier appearing on the outer portion. According to one embodiment, the image portions are concentric wheels. According to another embodiment, the image portions are arranged in adjacent rows.

Abstract: An XOR (exclusive or) encoded document is disclosed for establishing a joint secret between two parties. Encoded on the document are one or more areas of XOR messages. Each area containing an XOR message hides from view on each side of the XOR encoded document a different message on either side of a transparent base layer. To uncover a message in an area containing an XOR message on one side of the transparent base layer, the message on the other side of the XOR encoded document is scratched off and rendered illegible.

Abstract: A method for determining, for use in ciphers, all of the prime numbers within the large numeric series: 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, . . . , n, the method including steps of setting n?=?n/6?; establishing the small numeric series, 6(1)?1, 6(1)+1, 6(2)?1, 6(2)+1, 6(3)?1, 6(3)+1, . . .

Abstract: Methods for encrypting a clear text message into hidden cipher text are disclosed. Embodiments of the present invention may be used to encrypt clear text into a contextual altered form that does not appear to an observer to be cipher text. Embodiments of the present invention produce encrypted text without using a mathematical model of prime number factorization. Embodiments of the present invention provide better security by producing better quality cipher text output than known linguistic steganography approaches.

Abstract: Systems and methods for providing encryption and decryption of data transmitted on a computer implemented network, preferably user authentication identifier data, such as a password, at the point of entry into the user's computer. The systems and methods enable an end user to mentally select a marker from one of the randomly arranged elements on a first portion of a graphical image. A second portion of the graphical image includes an arrangement of possible elements of any individual authentication identifier sequence, and is positioned adjacent to the first portion. The systems and methods prompt a user to enter each element of the identifier by moving the selected marker and the first portion as necessary to substantially align the selected marker with a chosen element of the authentication identifier appearing on the outer portion. According to one embodiment, the image portions are concentric wheels. According to another embodiment, the image portions are arranged in adjacent rows.

Abstract: A mechanical device may have one or more user inputs and one or more password outputs to provide a plurality of secure passwords. A user may set and recover passwords by transposing one or more mechanical components of the device. A user may carry the device, but if the device is lost or stolen another individual may be unable to access any of the stored passwords.

Abstract: Encryption of documents is used to restrict access to such documents to those users who have the appropriate decryption keys. The encryption of documents on public web servers hitherto has prevented indexing by search engines. By keeping words and possible sentences or paragraphs intact in the encrypted document but re-ordering elements of the document to prevent the document being human-readable, the possibility of encrypted documents being indexed by search engines is provided.

Abstract: An item handling system, comprising: at least one item preparation station for printing machine-readable symbols on items; and at least one item handling station for receiving items from the at least one item preparation station and being operable to machine read and process information contained in the symbols printed on the items; wherein: the at least one item handling station includes a messaging unit for generating messages representative of the readability of symbols read thereby and transmitting the messages to the at least one item preparation station; and the at least one item preparation station includes an indicator for providing an indication of a readability of symbols printed thereby in response to messages received from the at least one item handling station.

Abstract: This system relates to a secure encryption/decryption protocol for elevator displays and controls. The protocol uses an algorithm to scramble information before transmission and reassemble it after transmission. The system uses at least one block of data assembled into unencrypted N-bits of information. An encryption device encodes the data into at least one block of encrypted M-bits of information. A data encryption mask provides an encryption routine which also includes scrambling the data.

Abstract: Computer methods, systems, and devices, providing automatic permutations of a programmed modified random symbol square matrix producing one time pad messages are disclosed enabling messages to be encrypted from plain text which is typed into a computer thereby selecting random symbols from the matrix. Typing in text in a continuous stream yields a continuous stream of enciphered symbols. The input into a computer via an input device activates a computer program driven device called a sliding scale whose function is to select random symbols from the matrix. The sliding scale responds to the program containing the applicable algorithms for encryption and decryption. Initiating input into the computer requires the selection of an entry point to activate the algorithms given in the Appendix herein. In the 96×96 Square described, there are 9216 entry points yielding many individual alphabets from which to select random symbols.

Abstract: An encryption device includes a card with a grid comprising multiple rows and columns defining boxes for receiving individual characters. One of the columns or rows contains a master password or code character string. Other columns or rows contain encrypted character strings. The individual characters of the master password can be offset with respect to corresponding, individual characters of the encrypted character strings. A sleeve slidably, reciprocably receives the card and assists with aligning the characters of the master password and the characters of the encrypted character strings, which are visible through a window in the sleeve. A method of storing, encrypting and retrieving character strings utilizes the encryption device.

Abstract: Computer methods, systems, and devices, providing automatic permutations of a programmed modified random symbol square matrix producing one time pad messages are disclosed enabling messages to be encrypted from plain text which is typed into a computer thereby selecting random symbols from the matrix. Typing in text in a continuous stream yields a continuous stream of enciphered symbols. The input into a computer via an input device activates a computer program driven device called a sliding scale whose function is to select random symbols from the matrix. The sliding scale responds to the program containing the applicable algorithms for encryption and decryption. Initiating input into the computer requires the selection of an entry point to activate the algorithms given in the Appendix herein. In the 96×96 Square described, there are 9216 entry points yielding many individual alphabets from which to select random symbols.

Abstract: An MPEG2 moving picture and encoding/decoding system to provide digital copy protection of digital moving picture data. The MPEG2 moving picture encoder discrete cosine transforms a video input signal and uses a digital watermark inserter to embed digital watermark information on a frequency domain of the discrete cosine transformed video input signal. The MPEG2 moving picture decoder receives the encoded video output signal from the MPEG2 moving picture encoder and removes the embedded visual watermark information to locally decode the encoded video signal.

Abstract: A method for securing passwords, personal identification numbers and identifying patterns utilizes a MasterCode camouflaged within a grid which contains all the characters, symbols or pictograms of which the MasterCode is a subset. For securing numeric sequences, the MasterCode is comprised of ten characters randomly associated to a corresponding digit (including zero). The characters thereby associated with each numeric password are expanded into an ordinary, natural language word, a SecureWord using non-associated letters. The MasterCode is masked by its unique placement in a MasterGrid known only to the user. For securing passwords comprised of alpha numeric symbolic characters, each unique character, the MasterCode, is assigned a sequential number which becomes a sequence of positions in the MasterGrid with each MasterCode character placed in the appropriate position and the remainder of the character set filled in. SecureNumbers are the positions in the MasterGrid of each character in a password.

Abstract: A method for securing passwords and personal identification numbers utilizes a mastercode. At least ten characters are selected for the mastercode. The selected characters are randomly associated to a corresponding digit, wherein the association defines the mastercode. A numeric sequence is translated into a corresponding character sequence using the mastercode. The corresponding character sequence is expanded into an ordinary word. An apparatus for implementing the method is also described. For enhanced security the mastercode can be embedded within a mastergrid camouflaging the mastercode.

Abstract: A recording medium in which a purchased image protected by a copyright or the like has been stored and a recording medium in which a user image has been stored is set, the purchased image as encrypted is decrypted and the images stored in both mediums are processed. The ID of a created image, user image data, link information representing encrypted purchased image data or the storage location of the purchased image data, and data specifying an image processing mode and the number of prints, are stored in a recording medium. In a DPE shop or the like, the purchased image data stored in the recording medium is decrypted, and the image processed by the user is reconstructed and printed in accordance with the data stored in the recording medium. A management center may give the allowance of use of the purchased image to the DPE shop, and the management center draws royalties from the accounts of individual DPE shops, sums the royalties and pays them into the accounts of individual proprietors of rights.

Abstract: The machine involves code wheels in cascade or in a maze with random or mixed circuits which operate a printing device to print the cipher conjugate of the letter on an operated key when the keyboard is connected to one end of the code wheel maze, and to print the plain conjugate of the letter in cipher when a key bearing such letter is operated with the keyboard connected to the other end of the code wheel maze. The printer is connected to the end of the code wheel maze opposite the end to which the keyboard is connected in both cases.

Abstract: The cryptographic system automatically and continuously changes the cipher equivalents representing plaintext characters so as to prevent any periodicity in the relationship. The system has a series of juxtaposed, rotatable, connection changing mechanisms to provide a large number of alternative paths for the passage of an electric current corresponding to a message character. Further, the system has parts for the irregular and permutative displacements of the members of a set of circuit changing mechanisms to thwart cryptanalysis. The juxtaposed cipher commutators are controlled by cam wheels of different diameters.

Abstract: The crytographic system automatically and continuously changes the cipher equivalents representing plaintext characters so as to prevent any periodicity in the relationship. The system has a series of juxtaposed, rotatable, connection changing mechanisms to provide a large number of alternative paths for the passage of an electric current corresponding to a message character. Further, the system has parts for the irregular and permutative displacements of the members of a set of circuit changing mechanisms to thwart cryptanalysis.

Abstract: An intelligent agent and its client communicate using a selector known by both parties to generate and interpret messages and thereby effectively disguise confidential information transmitted in the messages from third parties. Moreover, a neural network is used to implement the decision logic and/or the message disguising functions of an agent such that the logic employed in such functions is not readily reverse compiled or scanned by third parties.

Abstract: A method and a device for facilitating authorized and simultaneously restraining unauthorized access to a multitude of alphanumeric sequences, for instance for credit cards, code keys and the like. According to the method every correct sequence (e.g. 5533) is encrypted by mathematically manipulating it by means of an encrypting sequence (7221) common to every correct sequence, so that every correct sequence is converted into a fictitious encrypted sequence. The credit card has a carrier (12-16) for carrying and exposing the fictitious sequence. A deciphering of the fictitious sequence is performed by a reversed mathematical manipulation of the fictitious sequence.

Abstract: A method is provided that deters the illicit copying of electronically published documents. It includes publishing a plurality of copies of electronically created material to be distributed to a plurality of subscribers. Each copy of subscriber's document has a unique identification code embedded in the document. The arrangement of the code on the document is based on the line-shifting and word-shifting techniques. This is to minimize the effects from noise and distortions on future illicit copies to simplify detection and decoding of the unique code. A codebook is created to correlate each unique code with each subscriber.

Abstract: A method of encrypting a sequence of characters such as a code number on an information slide or disc is provided. The method allows the encryption of a plurality of sequences on a single user-markable disc or slide which may be deciphered by a reference to a single code word.

Abstract: An encryption template has a grid of permanent openings thereon forming several arrays which are symmetrically located about a rotational axis, and members for selectively marking certain of the openings to be used for coding a message. Indicia carried on the template and the members facilitate the selection of the openings.

Abstract: A lotto ticket card holder for viewing numbers thereon and for comparing the viewed numbers with the current winning combination. The holder includes a front sheet and a back sheet that is joined thereto along one side edge thereof. A transverse magnifier is attached to the front sheet, so that a lotto ticket may be held and slid between the front and back sheets between the top and bottom edges thereof for viewing the respective lines of numbers printed on the ticket. A "magic slate" is provided on which the current winning combination may be noted. This "magic slate" is secured to the front sheet immediately adjacent to the magnifier, so that the viewed numbers may be easily compared with the winning combination that is noted thereon.

Abstract: An apertured device translatably receives a lottery ticket in juxtaposed relationship with the aperture to display a set of numbers appearing upon the lottery ticket. A panel adjacent the aperture accommodates entry of a predetermined set of numbers to permit visual correlation between the displayed set of numbers and the predetermined set of numbers.

Abstract: A decryption device, comprising a substrate, a plurality of encrypted information symbols located within a rectangular array of further symbols carried by the substrate, wherein the array is arranged in a predetermined number of rows by a further predetermined number of columns. A pair of registration marks are carried by the substrate and located on opposite sides of a predetermined one of the rows. An overlay is adapted for covering the rectangular array, and includes a first pair of apertures arranged to uncover the pair of registration marks, and a plurality of further apertures arranged to uncover the plurality of encrypted information symbols responsive to the first pair of apertures uncovering the pair of registration marks.

Abstract: A simple and inexpensive apparatus for encoding and decoding messages is disclosed. The apparatus comprises a first surface having a first series of indicia and a second surface having a series of letters. Each of the letters correspond to a unique one of the indicia. The device further includes a cover for rotating one of the surfaces through a plurality of positions and sequentially revealing one of the indicia and its corresponding letter.

Abstract: A sensor provides remote angular orientation sensing. A rotational signal transmitted to a rotatable input shaft mounted in an encoder body causes the shaft to rotate. Light signals are transmitted through a digital code wheel mounted to the shaft. As the code wheel and shaft rotate, the light signals passing through the code wheel are superimposed with light pulses corresponding to incremental and directional changes of angular position of the code wheel with respect to the encoder body. The light signals are propagated through an optical fiber to a remote combination digital and analog circuit which converts them into a digital representation of the angular position of the code wheel.

Abstract: An inexpensive encryption device, system and method includes coded alphanumeric characters preprinted according to different key codes on mail-out forms that can be manipulated by a prospective user to yield encrypted data that can be returned over unsecure transmission channels for secure decryption by the operator of a computer-secured operating system. Error-correcting encoding is included to obviate the effects upon telephone keypad entry of secured data that includes error-prone alpha and numeric characters.

Abstract: An inexpensive encryption device, system and method includes coded alphanumeric characters preprinted according to different key codes or mail-out forms that can be manipulated by a prospective user to yield encrypted data that can be returned over unsecure transmission channels for secure decryption by the operator of a computer-secured operating system.

Abstract: A system for handling orders including a sheet defining a plurality of delineated spaces. Indicia are displayed in the spaces for identifying a plurality of items available for ordering, and a pencil or other marking device is used for placing marks in selected ones of the spaces. The sheet is used in conjunction with a cash register or similar device, and the delineated spaces on the sheet form a pattern corresponding with the pattern of keys on the register. In use, the operator of the register will depress or otherwise operate the keys of the register in only those positions bearing a mark. In this fashion, the register will record the particular items ordered, and the sheet can then be used for order-filling and verification after removal from the face of the register.