Abstract: There is disclosed a waveguide for use in an augmented reality or virtual reality display. The waveguide comprises a plurality of optical structures in a photonic crystal. The plurality of optical structures are arranged in an array to provide at least two diffractive optical elements. Each of the two diffractive optical elements is configured to receive light from an input direction and couple it towards the other diffractive optical element which can then act as an output diffractive optical element, providing outcoupled orders towards a viewer. The plurality of optical structures respectively have a shape, when viewed in the plane of the waveguide, comprising twelve substantially straight sides, six of the sides having respective normal vectors at a first angle, and the other six of the sides having respective normal vectors at a second angle which is different to the first angle.

Abstract: A photodetection device including: first optical fibers; a second optical fiber; an optical combiner having: an end face connected to an end face of each of the first optical fibers; and another end face connected to an end face of the second optical fiber; a first photodetector that detects an intensity of light propagating through at least one of the first optical fibers; a second photodetector that detects Rayleigh scattering of light propagating through the second optical fiber; and a calculator that calculates the intensity of light propagating in a predetermined direction through the first optical fibers or the second optical fiber, from a result of detection by the first photodetector and a result of detection by the second photodetector.

Abstract: An optical device includes an electro-optic crystal layer, a first optical waveguide formed in the electro-optic crystal layer, and an electrode that applies an electric signal to the first optical waveguide. Further, the optical device includes a second optical waveguide in an amorphous state formed in the electro-optic crystal layer and connected to the first optical waveguide.

Abstract: A method of delivering optical energy to a substrate comprises applying a temporal group of optical pulses to a region of the substrate, wherein the temporal group comprises twenty or fewer pulses of a femtosecond pulse duration, arranged as a first subgroup of pulses comprising up to three pulses followed by a second subgroup of pulses comprising the remaining pulses in the temporal group; and wherein energies of the pulses are controlled such that pulses in the first subgroup have a first energy per pulse and pulses in a second subgroup of pulses have a second energy per pulse which is less than the first energy.

Abstract: Methods and apparatuses for gas detection are disclosed, including providing a device comprising: a light source configured to emit light; an array of vertical photonic crystal waveguides (VPCWs), wherein the VPCWs of the array of VPCWs are configured to slow and guide the light; and a detector array, wherein the detectors of the detector array are configured to measure the intensity of the light passing through each of the VPCWs of the array of VPCWs; wherein the VPCWs of the array of VPCWs slow and guide light having a wavelength within the absorption bands of the one or more gas species to be detected; exposing the apparatus to a gaseous environment such that gas from the environment flows through the array of VPCWs; and reading values from the detectors of the detector array to identify the presence of the one or more gas species. Other embodiments are described and claimed.

Abstract: The disclosed embodiments relate to an integrated circuit structure and methods of forming them in which photonic devices are formed on the back end of fabricating a CMOS semiconductor structure containing electronic devices. Doped regions associated with the photonic devices are formed using microwave annealing for dopant activation.

Abstract: An optical modulator may include a lower waveguide, an upper waveguide, and a dielectric layer disposed therebetween. When a voltage potential is created between the lower and upper waveguides, these layers form a silicon-insulator-silicon capacitor (also referred to as SISCAP) guide that provides efficient, high-speed optical modulation of an optical signal passing through the modulator. In one embodiment, at least one of the waveguides includes a respective ridge portion aligned at a charge modulation region which may aid in confining the optical mode laterally (e.g., in the width direction) in the optical modulator. In another embodiment, ridge portions may be formed on both the lower and the upper waveguides. These ridge portions may be aligned in a vertical direction (e.g., a thickness direction) so that ridges overlap which may further improve optical efficiency by centering an optical mode in the charge modulation region.

Abstract: A display device includes: an optical waveguide comprising an optical waveguide body and a light outputting section disposed on the optical waveguide body; M lens assemblies disposed adjacent to an end of the optical waveguide body, wherein at least two lens assemblies of the M lens assemblies have different focal lengths, and M is a natural number greater than one; and M display screens corresponding to the M lens assemblies in one-to-one correspondence, each of the M display screens configured to emit light with image information through a corresponding lens assembly to the optical waveguide body for transmission; wherein the light outputting section is configured to output the light from the M display screens out of the optical waveguide body for imaging, the light from the M display screens form M images, respectively, and at least two images of the M images have different image distances.

Abstract: A semiconductor device is provided. The semiconductor device includes a waveguide over a first dielectric layer. A first portion of the waveguide has a first width and a second portion of the waveguide has a second width larger than the first width. The semiconductor device includes a first doped semiconductor structure and a second doped semiconductor structure. The second portion of the waveguide is between the first doped semiconductor structure and the second doped semiconductor structure.

Abstract: In one embodiment, a nanobeam cavity device includes an elongated waveguide having a central optical cavity, first and second lateral substrates that are positioned on opposed lateral sides of the waveguide, and carrier-injection beams that extend from the first and second lateral substrates to the central optical cavity of the elongated waveguide.

Abstract: A light-emitting layer of an apparatus includes an addressable array of light-emitting elements including a first light-emitting element and a periodic optical layer overlaying the light-emitting layer. The periodic optical layer includes at least a first periodic optical feature having a first optical power and a second periodic optical feature having a different optical power. A first controllable light-steering layer is disposed between the light-emitting layer and the periodic optical layer. The first controllable light-steering layer is switchable between directing light from the first light-emitting element through the first periodic optical feature and directing light from the first light-emitting element through the second periodic optical feature.

Abstract: Structures including a waveguide core and methods of fabricating a structure including a waveguide core. The structure comprises a substrate, a waveguide core, and a grating disposed in a vertical direction between the waveguide core and the substrate. The grating includes a first plurality of layers and a second plurality of layers that alternate in the vertical direction with the first plurality of layers. The first plurality of layers comprise a first material having a first refractive index, and the second plurality of layers comprise a second material having a second refractive index that is greater than the first refractive index.

Abstract: The present disclosure provides a dimming substrate, a manufacturing method of the dimming substrate, a dimming structure and a dimming module, and relates to the technical field of display. According to the present disclosure, a bonding layer, a flexible base plate, an electrode layer and an orientation layer are sequentially arranged on a rigid carrier plate, and the bonding layer includes one or more adhesive layers. By removing flexible base films from the bonding layer, the bonding layer only includes one or more adhesive layers, such that the dimming substrate includes less flexible base films.

Abstract: An optical device includes a light guide (LG) attached to a support component. The LG receives a display light from a light engine, and directs a first portion of the display light out of the LG to form an outcoupled light. The LG also causes a second portion of the display light to become incident upon an outer perimeter of the LG at one or more LG regions of the LG to form one or more stray lights, respectively. The LG may be mechanically coupled to the support component at one or more coupling regions positioned outside of the one or more LG regions. A wearable heads-up display (WHUD) can incorporate the optical device.

Abstract: One subject of the invention is a light guide (13), for an interface module, in particular for a vehicle passenger compartment, for emitting or receiving a light beam in a cone that is elongate in a transverse direction and that is centred on a plane that is inclined by an angle ? with respect to an optical axis (z) of the light guide, taking the form of a prism made of transparent material of index nGL, characterised in that it comprises: •an interior dioptric interface intended to face a printed circuit board (7) bearing a light source (5) or a light detector, forming a convergent lens the focal point of which is located at an expected position of the light source (5) or of the light detector, •a first planar face (15) that is oriented parallel to the optical axis (z) of the light guide, and •a second planar face (17) that is inclined with respect to the first face (15) by an angle ? respecting cos(?+?)=(1??) nGL*cos 3?, with ? a number comprised between ?0.1 and 0.1.

Abstract: A multi-layer planar waveguide may be used in providing an interconnect for inter-chip and/or intra-chip signal transmission. Various embodiments to transmit optical signals are disclosed, along with designs of microLED optical assemblies, photodetector optical assemblies, waveguides, and multi-layer planar waveguides.

Abstract: Coating compositions comprise: a B-staged reaction product of one or more compounds comprising: a core chosen from C6-50 carbocyclic aromatic, C2-50 heterocyclic aromatic, C1-20 aliphatic, C1-20 heteroaliphatic, C3-20 cycloaliphatic, and C2-20 heterocycloaliphatic, each of which may be substituted or unsubstituted; and two or more substituents of formula (1) attached to the core: wherein: Ar1 is an aromatic group independently chosen from C6-50 carbocyclic aromatic and C2-50 heteroaromatic, each of which may be substituted or unsubstituted; Z is a substituent independently chosen from OR1, protected hydroxyl, carboxyl, protected carboxyl, SR1, protected thiol, —O—C(?O)—C1-6 alkyl, halogen, and NHR2; wherein each R1 is independently chosen from H, C1-10 alkyl, C2-10 unsaturated hydrocarbyl, and C5-30 aryl; each R2 is independently chosen from H, C1-10 alkyl, C2-10 unsaturated hydrocarbyl, C5-30 aryl, C(?O)—R1, and S(?O)2—R1; x is an integer from 1 to the total number of available aromatic ring atoms in Ar1

Abstract: The present disclosure relates to semiconductor structures and, more particularly, to a photonic chip security structure and methods of manufacture. The structure includes an optical component and a photonic chip security structure having a vertical wall composed of light absorbing material surrounding the optical component.

Abstract: A compact silicon waveguide mode converter, a dielectric meta-surface structure based on periodical oblique subwavelength perturbations, including a top silicon structure with oblique subwavelength perturbations etched in certain periods with period length of ?, a duty cycle and an oblique angle ? on the SOI substrate. The invention adopts an all-dielectric meta-surface structure with oblique subwavelength perturbation, which can achieve a compact mode conversion from fundamental mode to arbitrary high-order mode of silicon waveguide, and can improve the optical communication capacity greatly.

Abstract: An optical device includes a waveguide configured to guide light, a taper integrated with the waveguide on a substrate configured for optical coupling, and an attenuator to degrade unwanted optical signal from the taper. The attenuator extends along one side of the taper, and includes one of a conductive structure, a doped structure and a refractive structure.

Abstract: A photodarkening-resistant ytterbium-doped quartz optical fiber and a method for prpearing such a fiber are provided. Glass of a photodarkening-resistant ytterbium-doped quartz optical fiber core rod includes at least Yb2O3, Al2O3, P2O5, SiO2. The proportions of Yb2O3, Al2O3, and P2O5 in the entire substance are Yb2O3: 0.05-0.3 mol %, Al2O3: 1-3 mol %, and P2O5: 1-5 mol %, respectively. In the preparation method for the photodarkening-resistant ytterbium-doped quartz optical fiber, a sol-gel method and an improved chemical vapor deposition method are combined. By using the molecular-level doping uniformity and the low preparation loss thereof respectively, ytterbium ions, aluminum ions and phosphorus ions are effectively doped in a quartz matrix, thereby effectively solving the problems in the optical fiber of high loss, photodarkening caused by cluster or the like, and a central refractive index dip.

Abstract: Systems and methods include a radiation source configured to generate a first waveform, a first separator configured to separate the first waveform into linearly polarized second and third waveforms, a first modulator configured to modulate at least one of a phase and a polarization of the second waveform to generate a fourth waveform, a second modulator configured to modulate at least one of a phase and a polarization of the third waveform to generate a fifth waveform, a first combiner configured to combine the fourth and fifth waveforms to generate a sixth waveform, an amplifier configured to amplify the sixth waveform to generate a seventh waveform, a second separator configured to separate the seventh waveform into a plurality of amplified waveforms, and beam directing optics configured to direct the plurality of amplified waveforms to form an output waveform at a target location.

Abstract: An optical waveguide includes a core region extending substantially along a lengthwise centerline of the optical waveguide, a first cladding region formed along a first side of the core region, and a second cladding region formed along a second side of the core region. The optical waveguide includes a first diode segment and a second diode segment that each include respective portions of the core region, the first cladding region, and the second cladding region. The second diode segment is contiguous with the first diode segment. The first diode segment forms a first diode across the optical waveguide such that a first intrinsic electric field extends across the first diode segment in a first direction, and the second diode segment forms a second diode across the optical waveguide such that a second intrinsic electric field extends across the second diode segment in a second direction opposite the first direction.

Abstract: A waveguide structure and a method of manufacturing the same, and an electronic device are provided. The electronic device includes a control module, an antenna module and a waveguide structure connected between the control module and the antenna module. The waveguide structure includes an insulating carrier component and a conductive metal component. The insulating carrier component includes a first insulating carrier and a second insulating carrier matching with the first insulating carrier. The first insulating carrier includes a first groove, and the second insulating carrier includes a second groove in communication with the first groove. The conductive metal component includes a first conductive body accommodated in the first groove of the first insulating carrier and a second conductive body accommodated in the second groove of the second insulating carrier, and the conductive metal component includes a penetrating channel passing therethrough.

Abstract: A device, such as an electroabsorption modulator, can modulate a light intensity by controllably absorbing a selectable fraction of the light. The device can include a substrate. A waveguide positioned on the substrate can guide light. An active region positioned on the waveguide can receive guided light from the waveguide, absorb a fraction of the received light, and return a complementary fraction of the received light to the waveguide. Such absorption produces heat, mostly at an input portion of the active region. The input portion of the active region can be thermally coupled to the substrate, which can dissipate heat from the input portion, and can help avoid thermal runaway of the device. The active region can be thermally isolated from the substrate away from the input portion, which can maintain a relatively low thermal mass for the active region, and can increase efficiency when heating the active region.

Abstract: Temperature measurements of photonic circuit components may be performed optically, exploiting a temperature-dependent spectral property of the photonic device to be monitored itself, or of a separate optical temperature sensor placed in its vicinity. By facilitating measurements of the temperature of the individual photonic devices rather than merely the photonic circuit at large, such optical temperature measurements can provide more accurate temperature information and help improve thermal design.

Abstract: A large-scale single-photonics-based optical switching system that occupies an area larger than the maximum area of a standard step-and-repeat lithography reticle is disclosed. The system includes a plurality of identical switch blocks, each of is formed in a different reticle field that no larger than the maximum reticle size. Bus waveguides of laterally adjacent switch blocks are stitched together at lateral interfaces that include a second arrangement of waveguide ports that is common to all lateral interfaces. Bus waveguides of vertically adjacent switch blocks are stitched together at vertical interfaces that include a first arrangement of waveguide ports that is common to all vertical interfaces. In some embodiments, the lateral and vertical interfaces include waveguide ports having waveguide coupling regions that are configured to mitigate optical loss due to stitching error.

Abstract: A package that includes a substrate and an integrated device. The substrate includes at least one dielectric layer, a plurality of interconnects comprising a first material, and a plurality of surface interconnects coupled to the plurality of interconnects. The plurality of surface interconnects comprises a second material. A surface of the plurality of surface interconnects is planar with a surface of the substrate. The integrated device is coupled to the plurality of surface interconnects of the substrate through a plurality of pillar interconnects and a plurality of solder interconnects.

Abstract: An optical add/drop device (100) comprising: a common port (102); an add port (106); a first wavelength selective optical filter (110) configured to: receive an optical signal at an add wavelength from the add port and transmit said optical signal at the add wavelength towards the common port; and receive optical signals from the common port and reflect optical signals not at the add wavelength; a second wavelength selective optical filter (114) configured to receive said optical signals from the common port reflected by the first wavelength selective optical filter and transmit an optical signal at a drop wavelength, different to the add wavelength; a drop port (116); and an optical waveguide (118) configured receive said optical signal at the drop wavelength transmitted by the second wavelength selective optical filter and route said optical signal to the drop port.

Abstract: The invention described herein pertains to the structure and formation of an optical device that includes a planar laser and a waveguide. The planar laser has a large lateral QW-containing layer and a tapered section in a transition portion of the device structure that enable low diode leakage currents and facilitate transition of the optical signal from the laser to a transition waveguide, and in some embodiments, to a dilute waveguide.

Abstract: A method of constructing a micromechanical device by additive manufacturing for characterizing strength of a low dimensional material sample, the method including: a) deriving a three-dimensional representation arranged to represent a said micromechanical device with reference to at least one physical characteristic of a said low dimensional material sample; b) transforming the three-dimensional representation into a plurality of two-dimensional representations arranged to individually represent a portion of the three-dimensional representation; and c) forming the micromechanical device from a fluid medium arranged to transform its physical state by stereolithography apparatus in response to a manipulated illumination exposed thereto, whereby a said low dimensional material sample is loaded onto the formed micromechanical device.

Abstract: A method of manufacturing a device is provided. The method includes forming a first cavity in a first substrate with the first cavity having a first depth. A second cavity is formed in a second substrate with the second cavity having a second depth. The first cavity and the second cavity are aligned with each other. The first substrate is affixed to the second substrate to form a waveguide substrate having a hollow waveguide with a first dimension substantially equal to the first depth plus the second depth. A conductive layer is formed on the sidewalls of the hollow waveguide. The waveguide substrate is placed over a packaged semiconductor device, the hollow waveguide aligned with a launcher of the packaged semiconductor device.

Abstract: Provided is an optical wavelength multi/demultiplexing circuit with a high rectangular transmission loss spectrum that is able to secure loss flatness of a transmission band, maintain/reduce a guard bandwidth of wavelength channel spacing, and broaden a transmission bandwidth. The circuit uses a multimode waveguide for a connecting part between a field modulation device and an AWG. The field modulation device is constituted by a common input waveguide, an optical branching unit, optical delay lines, a multiplex interference unit, and a mode converter/multiplexer.

Abstract: A photonic computing system, preferably including an input module, a computation module, and/or control module. The photonic computing system can include one or more optical filter banks, such as in the computation module and/or any other suitable modules. Each optical filter bank preferably includes a plurality of photonic bandgap phase modulators. Each photonic bandgap phase modulator preferably includes a set of photonic crystal segments. The photonic crystal segments can preferably be controlled to transition light propagation between two or more photonic bands.

Abstract: The present invention relates to an optical nanostructure sensing device and an image analysis method. The image analysis method includes: illuminating a light beam from a predetermined incident angle onto a nanostructure pixel sensor; capturing images of the nanostructure pixel sensor when applying an analyte on the nanostructure pixel sensor; obtaining a relationship of periodic spacing and brightness from each of the images; and obtaining wavelength values from the relationship of periodic spacing and brightness at a predetermined brightness value; and determining a sensing process based on a wavelength shift of the wavelength values. The nanostructure pixel sensor includes a plurality of the nanostructure pixels, each of the nanostructure pixels includes periodic nanostructures, and the relationship of periodic spacing and brightness is based on the brightness of the nanostructure pixels having different periodic spacings.

Abstract: A light detection and ranging (LIDAR) device includes a substrate layer, a cladding layer, a waveguide, and an ohmic element. The cladding layer is disposed with the substrate layer. The waveguide runs through the cladding layer. The ohmic element runs through the cladding layer. The ohmic element is arranged to impart heat to the waveguide when an electrical current is driven through the ohmic element.

Abstract: A system and method for efficient data transfer in a computing system are described. A computing system includes multiple nodes that receive tasks to process. A bridge interconnect transfers data between two processing nodes without the aid of a system bus on the motherboard. One of the multiple bridge interconnects of the computing system is an optical bridge interconnect that transmits optical information across the optical bridge interconnect between two nodes. The receiving node uses photonic integrated circuits to translate the optical information into electrical information for processing by electrical integrated circuits. One or more nodes switch between using an optical bridge interconnect and a non-optical bridge interconnect based on one or more factors such as measured power consumption and measured data transmission error rates.

Abstract: A waveguide is provided. The waveguide having a first core, a second core spaced apart from and parallel with the first core, and a cladding surrounding the first core and the second core. An interstitial portion of the cladding is located between the first core and the second core. A first region of the first core adjacent to the cladding or of the cladding adjacent to the first core is color dyed.

Abstract: Electro-optic (EO) devices having an EO polymer core comprising a first host polymer and a first nonlinear optical chromophore (NLOC); and a cladding comprising a second host polymer and a second NLOC, and methods of preparing the same; wherein the first NLOC has a first bridge covalently bonded to an electron-accepting group and an electron-donating group; wherein the second NLOC has a second bridge covalently bonded to an electron-accepting group and an electron-donating group; and wherein the second bridge is less conjugated than the first bridge such that the cladding has an index of refraction that is less than that of the EO polymer core, and wherein the second NLOC is present in the second host polymer in a concentration such that the cladding has a conductivity equal to or greater than at least 10% of the conductivity of the EO polymer core at a poling temperature.

Abstract: Embodiments of the present disclosure relate to forming multi-depth films for the fabrication of optical devices. One embodiment includes disposing a base layer of a device material on a surface of a substrate. One or more mandrels of the device material are disposed on the base layer. The disposing the one or more mandrels includes positioning a mask over of the base layer. The device material is deposited with the mask positioned over the base layer to form an optical device having the base layer with a base layer depth and the one or more mandrels having a first mandrel depth and a second mandrel depth.

Abstract: Embodiments of the disclosure provide an optical ring modulator. The optical ring modulator includes waveguide with a first semiconductor material of a first doping type, and a second semiconductor material having a second doping type adjacent the first semiconductor material. A P-N junction is between the first semiconductor material and the second semiconductor material. A plurality of photonic crystal layers, each embedded within the first semiconductor material or the second semiconductor material, has an upper surface that is substantially coplanar with an upper surface of the waveguide structure.

Abstract: A waveguide includes a core and a cladding. The core has an inlet on which light is incident. The core includes a front portion and a rear portion located between the front portion and the inlet. The front portion and the rear portion each have a thickness that is a dimension in a first direction and a width that is a dimension in a second direction. The first direction is orthogonal to a propagation direction of the light. The second direction is orthogonal to the propagation direction of the light and the first direction. The thickness of the front portion decreases with increasing distance from the inlet.

Abstract: In an embodiment, a package structure including an electro-optical circuit board, a fanout package disposed over the electro-optical circuit board is provided. The electro-optical circuit board includes an optical waveguide. The fanout package includes a first optical input/output portion, a second optical input/output portion and a plurality of electrical input/output terminals electrically connected to the electro-optical circuit board. The first optical input/output portion is optically coupled to the second optical input/output portion through the optical waveguide of the electro-optical circuit board.

Abstract: An optical subassembly includes a planar dielectric waveguide structure that is deposited at temperatures below 400 C. The waveguide provides low film stress and low optical signal loss. Optical and electrical devices mounted onto the subassembly are aligned to planar optical waveguides using alignment marks and stops. Optical signals are delivered to the submount assembly via optical fibers. The dielectric stack structure used to fabricate the waveguide provides cavity walls that produce a cavity, within which optical, optoelectronic, and electronic devices can be mounted. The dielectric stack is deposited on an interconnect layer on a substrate, and the intermetal dielectric can contain thermally conductive dielectric layers to provide pathways for heat dissipation from heat generating optoelectronic devices such as lasers.

Abstract: A network device includes an enclosure, a multi-chip module (MCM), an optical-to-optical connector, and a multi-core fiber (MCF) interconnect. The enclosure has a panel. The MCM is inside the enclosure. The optical-to-optical connector, which is mounted on the panel of the enclosure, is configured to transfer a plurality of optical communication signals. The MCF interconnect has a first end coupled to the MCM and a second end connected to the optical-to-optical connector on the panel, for routing the plurality of optical communication signals between the MCM and the panel.

Abstract: Chalcogenide waveguides with high width-to-height aspect ratios and a smooth exposed surfaces can serve as mid-infrared evanescent-absorption-based sensors for detecting and identifying volatile organic compounds and/or determining their concentration, optionally in real-time. The waveguide sensors may be manufactured using a modified sputtering process in which the sputtering target and waveguide substrate are titled and/or laterally offset relative to each other and the substrate is continuously rotated.

Abstract: Embodiments of the present disclosure relate to methods for controlling etch depth by providing localized heating across a substrate. The method for controlling temperatures across the substrate can include individually controlling a plurality of heating pixels disposed in a dielectric body of a substrate support assembly. The plurality of heating pixels provide temperature distributions on a first surface of the substrate disposed on a support surface of the dielectric body. The temperature distributions correspond to a plurality of portions of at least one grating on a second surface of the substrate to be exposed to an ion beam. Additionally, the temperatures can be controlled by individually controlling light emitting diodes (LEDs) of LED arrays. The substrate is exposed to the ion beam to form a plurality of fins on the at least one grating. The at least one grating has a distribution of depths corresponding to the temperature distributions.

Abstract: Disclosed is a photonic structure and associated method. The structure includes a closed-curve waveguide having a first height, as measured from the top surface of an insulator layer, and an outer curved sidewall that extends essentially vertically the full first height (e.g., to minimize signal loss). The structure includes a closed-curve thermal coupler and a heating element. The closed-curve thermal coupler is thermally coupled to and laterally surrounded by the closed-curve waveguide and has a second height that is less than the first height. In some embodiments, the closed-curve waveguide and the closed-curve thermal coupler are continuous portions of the same semiconductor layer having different thicknesses. The heating element is thermally coupled to the closed-curve thermal coupler and thereby indirectly thermally coupled to the closed-curve waveguide.

Abstract: Structures and methods for high speed interconnection in photonic systems are described herein. In one embodiment, a photonic device is disclosed. The photonic device includes: a substrate; a plurality of metal layers on the substrate; a photonic material layer comprising graphene over the plurality of metal layers; and an optical routing layer comprising a waveguide on the photonic material layer.

Abstract: A touch front light module includes a touch light-guiding unit, a light-emitting unit, and a protective layer. The touch light-guiding unit includes a glass board, a touch layer disposed on a top surface of the glass board, and a microstructure layer disposed on a bottom surface of the glass board and which has a plurality of microstructures for light scattering. The light-emitting unit is disposed on a lateral side of the touch light-guiding unit and is configured to emit light to be incident on the lateral surface of the glass board. The protective layer is disposed on the touch layer. A touch display device including a display module and the touch front light module disposed on the display module is also disclosed.