Abstract: A method of producing a fuel additive includes: passing a raffinate stream comprising C4 hydrocarbons through a hydrogenation unit, forming a first process stream; passing the first process stream through an extractive distillation unit, forming a C4 olefin stream; passing the C4 olefin stream through a stripper column, forming a purified C4 olefin stream; and forming the fuel additive by passing the purified C4 olefin stream through a hydration unit.

Abstract: A method of producing a fuel additive includes passing a feed stream comprising C4 hydrocarbons through a butadiene extraction unit producing a first process stream; passing the first process stream through a methyl tertiary butyl ether unit producing a second process stream and a methyl tertiary butyl ether product; passing the second process stream through a hydration unit producing the fuel additive and a recycle stream; passing the recycle stream through a hydrogenation unit; and recycling the recycle stream to a steam cracker unit and/or to the feed stream

Abstract: In some embodiments, the present disclosure relates to fuel additives and methods for reducing a NOx produced by combusting a liquid fuel, the method comprising combining the liquid fuel and an additive, forming an enriched combustible fuel composition, wherein the additive comprises at least one compound according to Formula I, wherein R1 is selected from the group consisting of HO, EtO, PrO, BuO, i-PrO, and t-BuO; R2 is selected from the group consisting of (C?O)R3, C1-18 alkyl, C1-6 alkyl alcohol, C2-18 monounsaturated alkyl, and C4-18 polyunsaturated alkyl; and R3 is selected from the group consisting of C1-18 alkyl, C1-6 alkyl alcohol, C2-18 monounsaturated alkyl, and C4-18 polyunsaturated alkyl, wherein each stereoisomer is selected from the group consisting of E, Z, R, and S, and wherein combusting the enriched combustible fuel would produce an exhaust gas comprising from about 2% to about 98% of the NOx produced by combusting the liquid fuel alone.

Abstract: A diesel engine fuel composition comprising methanol at a level of at least 20% by weight of the fuel; water at a level at least 20% by weight of the fuel; a ratio of water to methanol of between 20:80 to 80:20; a total amount of water and methanol of at least 60% by weight of the fuel composition, and one or more additives, in a total amount of at least 0.1% by weight of the fuel, wherein the level of sodium chloride, if present as an additive, is between 0 to 0.5% by weight of the fuel, and the level of flavorant, if present as an additive, is between 0 to 1.5% of the composition is provided. Also provided is a process for powering a compression ignition engine using a fuel comprising methanol and water, including inlet air pre-heating, and associated systems and uses of the fuel composition.

Abstract: A gasoline blend and a method for producing a gasoline blend containing low concentrations of a butanol isomer and having good cold start and warm-up driveability characteristics are disclosed.

Abstract: Gasoline fuel and method of making and using it. The fuel comprises from 5 to 20 vol.-% paraffinic hydrocarbons originating from biological oils, fats, or derivatives or combinations thereof. Further, it comprises oxygenates, such as ethanol present in a concentration of about 5 to 15 vol.-%; or iso-butanol present in a concentration of 5 to 20 vol.-%, preferably about 10 to 17 vol.-%; or ETBE present in a concentration of 7 to 25 vol.-%, preferably about 15 to 22 vol.-%. The bioenergy content of the gasoline is at least 14 Energy equivalent percentage (Eeqv-%) calculated based on the heating values given in the European Renewable Energy Directive 2009/28/EC. By means of the invention, fuels with a high bioenergy content are provided which can be used in conventional gasoline-fuelled automotive engines.

Abstract: A fuel additive imparting high lubricity to gasoline and diesel fuels while concurrently increasing miles and reducing emissions. The fuel additive is formed of a plurality of individual components having individual and a combined synergistic effect along with components increasing fuel lubricity which are mixed with a liquid fuel-soluble carrier and added to the fuel supply of internal combustion engines.

Abstract: A process for generating a main fuel composition comprising methanol and water and not more than 20% by weight dimethyl ether, and a fumigant comprising dimethyl ether, the process comprising: providing a pre-fuel composition comprising methanol and dimethyl ether, adding water to the pre-fuel composition to cause or aid evaporation of at least a portion of the dimethyl ether from the pre-fuel composition, collecting the portion of dimethyl ether evaporated from the pre-fuel composition for use as a fumigant, and using the remainder of the pre-fuel composition comprising methanol and water as a main fuel composition. The water may be at a temperature above ambient.

Abstract: A fuel additive to gasoline and diesel fuels which when added in small quantities relative to total volume of fuel treated and burned as fuel in an internal combustion engine, enhances fuel burning to concurrently increase mileage and reduce emissions. The fuel additive is formed of a plurality of individual components having individual and a combined synergistic effect along a liquid fuel-soluble carrier and added to the fuel supply of the intended internal combustion engine.

Abstract: A method and apparatus for converting an alcohol into a fuel mixture which consists of alcohol, ether and water and is suitable for operating a combustion engine, in particular an internal combustion engine in a motor vehicle, converts the alcohol into the fuel mixture in a reactor at a suitable reaction temperature. The mixing ratio of alcohol fraction, ether fraction and water fraction in the fuel mixture is adjusted by controlling at least one reaction parameter of a reaction taking place in the reactor.

Abstract: A diesel fuel composition is disclosed, as well as a method for reducing NOx emissions from a diesel engine at minimum fuel consumption wherein the diesel engine operates in a low temperature combustion mode, comprising the step of adding to the diesel engine at least one diesel fuel or blending component for a diesel fuel having a combination of a low T50 in the range of from 190° C. to 280° C., a high cetane number in the range of from 31 to 60, and an effective emissions reducing amount of a nitrogen-free cetane improver.

Abstract: The invention relates to an oxygenate additive for an internal combustion engine fuel, comprising glycerol dimethyl ethers (GDMEs) and glycerol trimethyl ether (GTME); a fuel composition comprising the oxygenate additive; an improved process for methylation of glycerol with dimethyl sulfate to produce highly methylated glycerol ethers; and uses of ethers produced from the process for diesel fuel, for gasoline and for aviation turbine fuel, or as a green solvent or as an antifreezer.

Abstract: A compression ignition fuel composition comprising diethyl ether (DEE) and water, in amounts that correspond to the reaction product of dehydration of anhydrous or hydrous ethanol (EtOH) with water content between 0 and 30 wt %, and further characterized by: a) a diethyl ether content in wt % that is larger than or equal to 50, and a water content in wt % that is lower than or equal to 50 minus concentration of ethanol in wt % for mixtures containing 0 to 20 wt % ethanol; or b) a diethyl ether content in wt % that is larger than or equal to 54 minus 0.2 times the ethanol concentration in wt %, and a water content in wt % that is lower than or equal to 46 minus the 0.8 times concentration of ethanol in wt % for mixtures containing 20 to 30 wt % ethanol; or c) a diethyl ether content in wt % that is larger than or equal to 61.5 minus 0.45 times the ethanol concentration in wt %, and a water content in wt % that is lower than or equal to 38.5 minus the 0.

Abstract: A fuel for automotive applications, stationary engines and marine applications is prepared by catalytic liquid phase conversion of the alcohol(s) of an alcohol-containing primary fuel to the corresponding ether(s) in a compact device comprising an inlet for an alcohol-containing fuel from the primary tank, a start-up heater, a heat exchanger, which heats up the cold alcohol(s) to a suitable temperature before entering the reactor, a catalytic bed within the reactor, wherein the alcohol(s) is/are partly converted to ether(s), a pressure reduction valve, inlet means for adding additives and a buffer tank, wherein the resulting fuel mixture of alcohol(s) and ether(s) is stored after passing back through the heat exchanger for suitable cooling, the heater only being used during start-up and the process thereby being conducted under auto-thermal operation conditions.

Abstract: The present invention provides useful fuel compositions which may be produced substantially from renewable resources, such as biomass, to provide green fuel compositions, methods, and systems. In some embodiments, fuel compositions include dimethyl ether and one or more C2 or larger alcohol, such as ethanol, 1-propanol, 2-propanol, 1-butanol, 2-butanol, isobutanol, or tert-butanol. In some embodiments, fuel compositions include dimethyl ether and one or more C2 or larger hydrocarbons, such as propane, propylene, propyne, and propadiene, n-butane, isobutane, isobutylene, 1-butene, 2-butene, or 1,3-butadiene. Methods of making these novel DME-based fuel compositions, particularly from biomass-derived syngas, are described. Various applications and methods of using the fuel compositions, such as portable cylinder fuels for camping, are disclosed. Additionally, principles of burner design for these fuel compositions are disclosed herein.

Abstract: Compositions containing phenolic antioxidant solutions are provided. The invention further provides methods of making and using such compositions as well as compositions that contain both biodiesel and at least one antioxidant concentrate solutions and blended fuel compositions containing biodiesel blended with other fuels.

Abstract: The method allows to incorporate an alcohol or a mixture of alcohols into fuels by minimizing the energy expenditure linked with the prior production of the alcohol or of the mixture of alcohols. One or more bases of the fuel, to which an oxygen-containing compound or a mixture of oxygen-containing compounds have possibly been added, are used to extract the alcohol or the alcohol mixture contained in aqueous solutions produced by biomass fermentation processes. After adjusting the temperature of the aqueous solution stream and of the stream containing one or more bases of the fuel through exchangers, these streams are fed into an extractor. The extract leaving the extractor is then dried and/or an oxygen-containing compound or a mixture of oxygen-containing compounds is added thereto.

Abstract: A diesel fuel based on ethanol is described, which comprises about 60 to about 90% (v/v) ethanol, up to about 20% (v/v) of a linear dialkyl ether with a chain length of about 10 to about 40 as well as mixtures thereof, and 0 to about 30% (v/v) combustion accelerator.

Abstract: The present invention relates to an oxygenated fuel composition suitable for use in compression ignition internal combustion engines, equipped with inlet air heater and catalytic alcohol dehydration equipment suitable for chemical equilibrium conversion of methanol and higher alcohol to their associated ether plus water.

Abstract: The invention relates to a liquid fuel composition of: 10-80 vol % of a first component which includes at least two aliphatic organic non-hydrocarbon compounds; 20-65 vol % of a second component including at least one hydrocarbon and having an aromatic content of less than 15 vol % of the total of the second component; 1-35 vol % of a third component, which includes an oxygenate; and 0.01 to 20 vol % water, wherein at least one compound in the fuel composition is miscible with both water and hydrocarbons to provide a single phase composition. Such fuels have been found to reduce undesirable emissions in the exhaust gases and enable the use of recycled compounds and water in the fuel.

Abstract: Fuel mixtures for direct methanol fuel cells are disclosed. The fuels include methanol and additives that react with water to produce methanol and other easily electro-oxidizable compounds including dimethyloxymethane, methylorthoformate, tetramethylorthocarbonate, trimethylborate, and tetramethylorthosilicate. Other additives to improve safety and efficiency of the fuel cell include sulfonated activated carbon particles and metal hydrides, such as LiAlH4, NaBH4, LiBH4, (CH3)2 NHBH3, NaAlH4, B2H6, NaCNBH3, CaH2, LiH, NaH, KH or sodium bis (2-methoxyethoxy) dihydridaluminate.

Abstract: The invention relates to a motor fuel suitable for diesel, gas-turbine and jet engines and standard engines, comprising a mixture of organic compounds having oxygen-containing functional groups, and optionally a hydrocarbon fraction. The fuel is typically a stable homogeneous liquid at atmospheric pressure and normal ambient temperature and achieves a reduction of harmful pollutants in the exhaust emissions of the engines. A total of at least four different oxygen-containing functional groups are present in at least two different oxygen-containing organic compounds. The total concentration of organic compounds containing bound oxygen in the fuel composition generally varies from 5% and to 100% of the total volume of the fuel composition, and the concentration of the hydrocarbon compounds varies, correspondingly, from 95% to 0% of the total volume of the fuel composition.

Abstract: The invention provides a biodiesel and Fischer-Tropsch derived hydrocarbon blend, whereby the characteristics of the Fischer-Tropsch derived hydrocarbon are used to improve the diesel-like characteristics of biodiesel. The invention also provides a blending component for Compression Ignition engine fuel as well as a method of adjusting the density of a hydrocarbon fuel.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a method of producing a diesel fuel blend having a pre-determined flash-point and a pre-determined increase in cetane number over the stock diesel fuel. Upon establishing the desired flash-point and increase in cetane number, an amount of a first oxygenate with a flash-point less than the flash-point of the stock diesel fuel and a cetane number equal to or greater than the cetane number of the stock diesel fuel is added to the stock diesel fuel in an amount sufficient to achieve the pre-determined increase in cetane number. Thereafter, an amount of a second oxygenate with a flash-point equal to or greater than the flash-point of the stock diesel fuel and a cetane number greater than the cetane number of the stock diesel fuel is added to the stock diesel fuel in an amount sufficient to achieve the pre-determined increase in cetane number.

Abstract: Oxygenated hydrocarbon fuel compositions for use in internal combustion engines with naphtha, alcohol(s), and ether(s) with or without additives are disclosed. Combustion of the fuel compositions results in reduced pollution emissions compared to conventional gasoline and can cost must less than conventional gasoline with comparable or improved engine performance.

Abstract: The invention relates to a liquid fuel composition comprising: 10-80 vol % of a first component comprising at least two aliphatic organic non-hydrocarbon compounds; 20-65 vol % of a second component comprising at least one hydrocarbon and having an aromatic content of less than 15 vol % of the total of the second component; 1-35 vol % of a third component, which comprises an oxygenate; and 0.01 to 20 vol % water, wherein at least one compound in the fuel composition is miscible with both water and hydrocarbons to provide a single phase composition. Such fuels have been found to reduce undesirable emissions in the exhaust gases and enable the use of recycled compounds and water in the fuel.

Abstract: To provide a low pollution fuel capable of obviating imperfect combustion of fuel in a diesel engine, etc., and fundamentally solving the exhaust gas problems without depending on the conventional symptomatic method. The low pollution fuel is composed of kerosene, light oil or heavy oil which is blended with an oxygen-contained hydrocarbon composed of an olefin-based hydrocarbon as a starting material, such as ether, alcohol or glycol.

Abstract: The invention provides a fuel additive composition including from about 85 to about 99% by volume C1-C4 alcohol having a first blending octane number and from about 1.0 to about 15% by volume ether compound selected from the group consisting of dialkoxyalkanes, alkoxyalcohols, trialkoxyalkanes, dialkoxycycloalkanes and aryl alkyl diethers having a second blending octane number and a boiling point in the gasoline boiling range. The resulting composition has a third blending octane number which is substantially greater than a linear addition of the first and second blending octane numbers of the components of the mixture. In the composition, the second blending octane number is substantially lower than the first blending octane number. The fuel additive composition significantly increases the octane number of a gasoline fuel without detrimentally affecting the environment.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a method of producing a diesel fuel blend having a pre-determined flash-point and a pre-determined increase in cetane number over the stock diesel fuel. Upon establishing the desired flash-point and increase in cetane number, an amount of a first oxygenate with a flash-point less than the flash-point of the stock diesel fuel and a cetane number equal to or greater than the cetane number of the stock diesel fuel is added to the stock diesel fuel in an amount sufficient to achieve the pre-determined increase in cetane number. Thereafter, an amount of a second oxygenate with a flash-point equal to or greater than the flash-point of the stock diesel fuel and a cetane number greater than the cetane number of the stock diesel fuel is added to the stock diesel fuel in an amount sufficient to achieve the pre-determined increase in cetane number.

Abstract: To provide a low pollution fuel capable of obviating imperfect combustion of fuel in a diesel engine, etc., and fundamentally solving the exhaust gas problems without depending on the conventional symptomatic method. The low pollution fuel is composed of kerosene, light oil or heavy oil which is blended with an oxygen-contained hydrocarbon composed of an olefin-based hydrocarbon as a starting material, such as ether, alcohol or glycol.

Abstract: This invention is a composition of matter useful as a compression-ignition fuel. The composition has from about 30 to about 95 mass % of a light synthetic crude or syncrude, preferably from Fischer-Tropsch synthesis or related processes, and from about 5 to about 70 mass % of a blending stock that improves one or more desirable fuel property(s) including but not limited to pour point temperature, viscosity and emissions generated during combustion in a diesel engine. The blend stock preferably has an average molecular weight less than the average molecular weight of the light syncrude. Preferred blending stocks include hydrocarbons and oxygenates, such as alcohols, and ethers, having average molecular weights less than 200, preferably less than 160. The composition may optionally also contain pour point depressants, cetane improvers, carbon-containing compounds which react with water, and/or emulsifiers.

Abstract: Fuel compositions comprised of well-defined proportions of cyclopentadienyl manganese tricarbonyl antiknock compounds, solvents selected from the group consisting of C.sub.1 to C.sub.6 aliphatic alcohols and nonleaded gasoline bases, possess improved long term hydrocarbon combustion emissions and technical enleanment characteristics. When methanol is used as the solvent it is desirable that a cosolvent selected from the group consisting of C.sub.2 to C.sub.12 aliphatic alcohols, C.sub.3 to C.sub.12 ketones and/or C.sub.2 to C.sub.12 ethers also be present in the fuel composition to assure phase stability.

Abstract: The invention relates to high energy, oxygenated fuel compositions suitable for use in compression ignition internal combustion engines which fuel compositions contain a synergistic combination of dimethyl ether, methanol, and water, the combination providing a single liquid phase with good ignition characteristics. More particularly fuels comprising from about 72 to about 95 weight percent of dimethyl ether, from about 0.1 to about 20 weight percent of methanol, and from about 0.1 to about 20 weight percent of water are disclosed.

Abstract: Dialkyl ethers having 5 to 7 carbon atoms; e.g. MTBE, and alcohols having 1 to 4 carbon atoms are extracted from wastewater with contaminant-free gasoline. Wastewater saturated with contaminants is reduced to 200 ppm contaminants in the absence of stripping. An octane enhanced gasoline is recovered. Additional ether may be added to the recovered gasoline to increase octane. The method is particularly effective in wastewater/gasoline system containing emulsifiers such as surfactants, gasoline detergents and colloidal particles.

Abstract: Fortified hydrocarbon torch gas is a mixture of a major portion by weight of hydrocarbon base gas and additive selected from 1,2-ethanediol, 1,2-propanediol, 1,3 butanediol, glycerol, diethylene glycol, ethylene glycol monomethyl ether, ethylene glycol monoethyl ether, ethylene glycol dimethyl ether, ethyl acetate, n-propyl alcohol, isopropyl alcohol, n-butyl alcohol, isobutyl alcohol, sec butyl alcohol, methyl ethyl ketone, propionaldehyde, and butyraldehyde and liquid hydrocarbon fuel fortified with ethylene glycol monomethyl ether or ethyl acetate.

Abstract: Petroleum derived fuel compositions of improved efficiency for use with finished gasoline and diesel fuels in compression ignition engines and spark ignition engines include a catalytic clean-combustion-promoter composition to improve fuel efficiency and reduce their air polluting effects. The catalytic clean-combustion-promoter compositions utilize ketones as solvents, alcohols as cosolvents, ethers as octane supporters, nitroparaffin compounds as combustion supporters, and, to promote the chemical reactions a catalytic medium is used in combination with aromatic amines. When all the compounds are combined in the recited quantities, the molecular structure and surface tension of the fuel is transformed through chemical bonding to produce a synergistic effect, which increases the combustion characteristic of the fuels to be burned and reduces the tendency of the fuel to create deposits, and therefore reduces the exhaust emissions.

Abstract: The fuel for internal combustion engines employing electrical fuel ignition and a carburetor and/or fuel injection, comprises a boiling fraction of 30.degree. C. to 200.degree. C., especially 30.degree. C. to 180.degree. C., containing hydrocarbons selected from the group consisting essentially of paraffinic, olefinic, naphthenic and aromatic hydrocarbons and mixtures thereof, and which is free of manganese, lead and iron. According to the invention, the fuel contains methyl formate in an amount in the range of 1.0 percent by volume to 50.0 percent by volume, if desired 1.0 percent by volume to 30.0 percent by volume, and preferably 3.5 percent by volume to 10.0 percent by volume of the fuel.

Abstract: High-octane, low-olefin motor fuels and motor fuel components having a content of alkyl tert.-alkyl ethers can be produced by reacting a crude hydrocarbon stream, which contains tertiary C.sub.5 -C.sub.8 -olefins in addition to saturated and olefinically, diolefinically and acetylenically unsaturated hydrocarbons in the same boiling range, simultaneously with one or more C.sub.1 -C.sub.4 -alkanols in a quantity from 0.5 to 5 mol per mol of the tertiary olefin(s) and with excess hydrogen relative to the total unsaturation under a pressure from 12 to 80 bar and at a temperature from 60.degree. to 180.degree. C. on a catalyst known per se or a mixture of catalysts known per se, which effect(s) both the etherification and the olefin hydrogenation.

Abstract: A process is disclosed for integrating etherification to produce diisopropyl ether (DIPE) with processes to convert oxygenates and hydrocarbons to gasoline boiling range hydrocarbons in a manner which eliminates the requirement to recycle unreacted C.sub.3 hydrocarbons to the DIPE etherification zone. In the novel integrated process the unreacted C.sub.3 hydrocarbons are separated as vapor and passed to a conversion zone in contact with acidic metallosilicate catalyst. Depending on the conversion conditions the unreacted C.sub.3 hydrocarbons are converted to gasoline, distillate and/or aromatics, preferably in conjunction with additional feedstock containing lower oxygenates, olefins or paraffins. Also, isopropanol (IPA) and minor by-product dimers and trimers of propene from the DIPE reaction are separated and passed as a feedstream to the oxygenates and hydrocarbon conversion zone.

Abstract: Alcohol feedstock containing water is extracted with olefinic liquid and reacted catalytically to produce tertiary ether. Unreacted alcohol and olefin vapor separated from etherification effluent is converted along with aqueous alcoholic raffinate in a zeolite catalysis step to produce gasoline and paraffinic intermediate. By dehydrogating the C.sub.3 -C.sub.5 paraffins, an olefinic liquid rich in isoalkenes is obtained for recycle to the extractor as solvent for alcohol feedstock.

Abstract: Methanol or other alcohol is converted to high octane gasoline components by an integrated process wherein crude aqueous alcohol feedstock is extracted with a liquid extractant stream containing C.sub.4 +iso-olefin and reacted to form tertiary-alkyl ethers, such as MTBE. The aqueous raffinate is converted to olefinic hydrocarbons in a MTO catalytic reactor. Propene from the MTO reaction is reacted with water to produce di-isopropyl ether, which may be blended with MTBE and C.sub.6 +MTO hydrocarbons to produce high octane gasoline. Isobutylene and isoamylenes from the MTO reaction can be recovered and recycled as a liquid extractant stream.

Abstract: Gasoline octane number and yield are improved while excess fuel gas production is decreased in a catalytic cracking process by integrating etherification and oxygenate/aliphatic upgrading processes into the catalytic cracking unit product fractionation section.