Abstract: A wet gel granule of aerogel is prepared by the following steps: mixing step: mixing with an organic mixed solvent to form a mixed solution; hydrolysis step: adding an acid catalyst to the mixed solution for carrying out a hydrolysis reaction, and adding a dispersion solvent during the condensation reaction, and agitating to gel the mixed solution during agitation and produce multiple hydrophilic or hydrophobic wet gel granules of aerogel. The overall preparation speed can be shortened quickly and at the same time the hydrophilic or hydrophobic wet gel granules of aerogel wet glue particles are prepared to increase the production efficiency of the wet gel granules of aerogel.

Abstract: Techniques, systems and material are disclosed for transport of energy and/or materials. In one aspect, a method includes generating gaseous fuel (e.g., from biomass dissociation) at a first location of a low elevation. The gaseous fuel can be self-transported in a pipeline to a second location at a higher elevation than the first location by traveling from the first location to the second location without adding energy of pressure. A liquid fuel can be generated at the second location of higher elevation by reacting the gaseous fuel with at least one of a carbon donor, a nitrogen donor, and an oxygen donor harvested from industrial waste. The liquid fuel can be delivered to a third location of a lower elevation than the second location while providing pressure or kinetic energy.

Abstract: This invention relates to an internal combustion engine combusting hydrocarbon fuel having a lithium conditioned combustion chamber for reduced carbon oxide engine emissions. The condition chamber is formed by combusting therein a hydrocarbon fuel containing a lithium salt.

Abstract: An assembly of fuel tank and bubbler system comprises a fuel tank defining a storage volume adapted to receive fuel therein. The fuel tank comprises at least one fuel inlet, at least one fuel outlet, and at least one gas inlet adapted to be connected to an inert gas source to feed inert gas to fill an ullage in the storage volume. A bubbler system has at least one pipe extending into the fuel tank and adapted to be immersed into the fuel of the fuel tank. The pipe has a porous structure. The pipe is adapted to be connected to an inert gas source to inject inert gas via the porous structure into the fuel of the fuel tank. A method for treating fuel in a fuel tank is also provided.

Abstract: A method of purifying a gas stream formed from a process wherein a glyceride containing raw material is converted to hydrocarbon paraffins. The gas stream contains hydrogen or carbon dioxide as a major component and at least one sulphurous component selected from sulphide compounds as an impurity. The gas is contacted with an acidic aqueous wash solution of transition metal ions capable of binding to sulphide ions. A significant portion of the sulphide compounds contained in the gas are bound into practically insoluble transition metal sulphide compounds to remove sulphide compounds from the gas to produce a purified gas. The obtained purified gas is recovered. The method efficiently lowers sulphide concentrations to ppm or sub-ppm level and it can be implemented on an industrial scale with low investment costs. The metal can be recovered.

Abstract: Liquid suspensions are disclosed comprising a suspending medium, small particles of biomass, and small particles of an inorganic material. The inorganic material stabilizes the suspension, so that it may be transported by pipeline or tank car without developing a sediment. The suspension may be used in manufacturing a bio-fuel.

Abstract: A fuel composition for use in an internal combustion engine comprising at least one liquid fuel and at least one gaseous fuel, the gaseous fuel having an effective solubility in the liquid fuel at twenty degrees Celsius and one atmosphere in the range of 0.0000001 g/kg to 0.0002 g/kg, wherein dispersion of the gaseous fuel within the liquid fuel before introduction of the fuel composition to the injection system of the engine is such that molecules of the liquid and gaseous fuels are substantially equidistant one from another, liquid from liquid and gas from gas, within a variance preferably of no more than one hundred percent (±100%), more preferably of no more than fifty percent (±50%), and most preferably of no more than twenty-five percent (±25%), whereby the fuel composition is substantially homogeneous so as to promote the atomization of the liquid fuel and thus improve combustion.

Abstract: Techniques, systems, apparatus and material are disclosed for generating multi-purpose H2-dense fuel for isolating contaminants and storing energy. In one aspect, a method of producing a renewable multi-purpose biomaterial for isolating a hazardous contaminant from an environment and storing energy includes dissociating biomass waste using a thermochemical reaction to produce at least one of hydrocarbon and alcohol by applying waste heat recovered from an external heat source. The method includes dissociating the at least one of hydrocarbon and alcohol to generate carbon and hydrogen. Carbon dioxide emitted from an industrial process is harvested and reacted with the hydrogen to generate the hydrogen-dense fuel. A hazardous contaminant is dissolved in the hydrogen-dense fuel operating as a solvent to generate a liquid mixture that isolates the hazardous contaminant from the environment. The hazardous contaminant includes at least one of a carbon donor and a hydrogen donor.

Abstract: A method of burning fuel in a combustion chamber whereby reducing overall carbon emissions, comprising: feeding an oxidizing component and a combustible component to a combustion chamber in a ratio based on zero oxygen balance principle, wherein the oxidizing component has an oxygen balance value of more than zero, and the combustible component has an oxygen balance value of less than zero. The method of burning fuel can reduce overall carbon emissions, even to zero.

Abstract: A fuel composition for a homogenous charge compression ignition engine includes a combination of a gasoline fuel and a diesel fuel, the combination having a derived cetane number of from about 19.9 to 45 as determined in accordance with ASTM method D6890. A method for making the fuel composition provides for blending presently available gasoline fuel and diesel fuel together in a ratio to obtain the desired fuel composition.

Abstract: An alternative or supplement to combustion within an engine is decomposition of nitrous oxide into two parts nitrogen, one part oxygen. This decomposition releases thermal energy that may be captured and converted to useful work. Traditional combustion engines are limited to oxidizer/fuel ratio ratios near the proportional mixture of fuel and oxidizer that achieves complete combustion of the fuel. The presently disclosed technology increases the oxidizer/fuel ratio above that of all traditional combustion engines and still achieves useable power output primarily through decomposition of nitrous oxide. Decomposition of nitrous oxide into nitrogen and oxygen in an engine outputs two parts nitrogen and one part oxygen, which is roughly equivalent to oxygen rich atmospheric air. Output of carbon dioxide and other undesirable chemical compounds is avoided when compared to combustion of a carbon-hydrogen fuel and an oxidizer containing oxygen.

Abstract: Techniques, systems, apparatus and material are disclosed for generating multi-purpose H2-dense fuel for isolating contaminants and storing energy. In one aspect, a method of producing a renewable multi-purpose biomaterial for isolating a hazardous contaminant from an environment and storing energy includes dissociating biomass waste using a thermochemical reaction to produce at least one of hydrocarbon and alcohol by applying waste heat recovered from an external heat source. The method includes dissociating the at least one of hydrocarbon and alcohol to generate carbon and hydrogen. Carbon dioxide emitted from an industrial process is harvested and reacted with the hydrogen to generate the hydrogen-dense fuel. A hazardous contaminant is dissolved in the hydrogen-dense fuel operating as a solvent to generate a liquid mixture that isolates the hazardous contaminant from the environment. The hazardous contaminant includes at least one of a carbon donor and a hydrogen donor.

Abstract: The use of a solution of salt within ammonia as a fuel. The preferred ammonia/salt solution is an ammonium nitrate solute (NH4NO3) within the solvent anhydrous ammonia (NH3). The solution may also contain a small amount of water (H2O).

Abstract: The invention relates to a process for liquefying a hydrocarbon-rich, nitrogen-containing feed fraction, preferably natural gas, wherein: a) the feed fraction (1) is liquefied (E1, E2), b) is separated by rectification (T1) into a nitrogen-enriched fraction (9), the methane content of which is a max. of 1% by volume, and a hydrocarbon-rich, nitrogen-depleted fraction (4), c) the hydrocarbon-rich, nitrogen-depleted fraction (4) is subcooled (E3) and expanded (b), d) the expanded hydrocarbon-rich, nitrogen-depleted fraction (5) is separated (D1) into a hydrocarbon-rich fraction (6), the nitrogen content of which is a max. of 1% by volume, and a nitrogen-rich fraction (7), and e) the nitrogen-rich fraction (7) is added to the feed fraction (1).

Abstract: Methods, systems, and devices for preparation and activation of liquids and gaseous fuels are disclosed. Method of vortex cooling of compressed gas stream and water removing from air are disclosed.

Abstract: The present invention relates to the field of fuel additives for hydrocarbon fuels that acts to enhance efficiency and/or reduce pollution. The fuel additive is a phosphorus-containing composition that can be dispersed in hydrocarbon fuels or liquid carriers for combustion with the fuel in a combustion zone.

Abstract: A method of improving the combustion of a fuel by adding a catalyst or combustion enhancer at an extremely low concentration, preferably in the range of 1 part catalyst per 200 million parts fuel to 1 part catalyst per 6 trillion parts fuel. The catalyst or combustion enhancer may be selected from a wide range of soluble compounds. The method may comprise the steps of an initial mixing of the catalyst or enhancer with a suitable solvent and then subsequent dilution steps using solvents or fuel. Suitable solvents include water, MTBE, methylketone, methyisobutylketone, butanol, isopropyl alcohol and other hydrophilic/oleophilic compounds.

Abstract: Embodiments of the invention relate to a fuel comprising one or more nitrogenous compounds and one or more stabilizer compounds. The stabilizer compounds are compatible with the one or more nitrogenous compounds.

Abstract: A fuel gas is described for tools, operated by internal combustion, especially for setting devices for fostering elements, based on combustible gases containing a fragrance or a mixture all fragrances.

Abstract: A process for the utilization of a fuel having an initial boiling temperature or prevailing initial boiling temperature range at 1 bar of between 231 K and 830 K, characterized by the following features: (a) the fuel is contacted with at least one oxidant preheated to from 520 K to 880 K at a pressure, p, of ≧1 bar, or at a lower pressure with a reduction of the temperature range, and a C/O molar ratio of between 1:0.

Abstract: A gas turbine is driven by combustion of a fuel which is a hydrocarbon oil-in-water emulsion. Successful operation is achieved with minimized corrosion of turbine blades by keeping the Na+ content of the emulsion to less than 1 ppm. Deionized water is generally to be used in making up the emulsion. Heavy oils can be used because their conversion to oil-in-water emulsion form makes them suited to the pre-atomization requirements of gas turbine combustion.

Abstract: The addition of a magnesium compound to an ash bearing fuel results in a reduction in the formation of deposits in the turbine and extending the interval between turbine washes when burning the ash bearing fuel in a turbine compared to burning the ash bearing fuel in a turbine without the addition of a magnesium compound. The additive is desirably effective with ash bearing fuel having less than 0.5 ppm vanadium by weight, less than 1 ppm sodium and potassium combined by weight, and greater than about 25 ppm ash by weight or greater than 2 ppm calcium by weight. The additive is blended with the ash bearing fuel to give a mass ratio of magnesium to ash of between about 0.5 to 1 and about 3 to 1, and desirably about 1 to 1 on a mass basis after mixing.

Abstract: A fuel gas is described for tools, operated by internal combustion, especially for setting devices for fostering elements, based on combustible gases containing a fragrance or a mixture all fragrances.

Abstract: The present invention relates to an additive for a fuel for the neutralization of SO2 and/or SO3 in the exhaust gases of internal combustion engines operated with the fuel, and a method for the neutralization of SO2 and/or SO3 in the exhaust gases of internal combustion engines. According to the invention, the additive contains one or more metal compounds soluble in the fuel. In the combustion of the fuel these compounds form stable sulfates which are present in solid particles in the exhaust gas. The method of the invention is characterized in that one or more of these additives are added to the fuel and the combustion of the fuel takes place in an oxidizing atmosphere.

Abstract: A fuel additive concentrate package comprising a detergent/dispersant, an organic nitrate combustion improver, and a corrosion inhibitor comprising dimer and/or trimer acid is provided enhanced shelf life stability by treating the concentrate with a shelf life stability amount, for example 1,500 and 10,000 ppm, respectively of acid selected from the group consisting of nitric acid/hydrochloric acid.

Abstract: A gas-producing material for a gas generator, particularly, for an inflatable impact cushion for protecting motor vehicle passengers is made up of a combustible liquid gas mixture of one or several short-chain hydrocarbons and nitrogen monoxide. As a result of exothermic action during combustion there is a multifold increase in volume so that no filters which are required for solid matter generators, are necessary.

Abstract: The present invention is an unleaded fuel composition containing a major amount of a hydrocarbon base fuel of the gasoline boiling range containing an amount effective to reduce NO.sub.x emissions from electronic port fuel injected engines of ammonia or an ammonium compound. The invention also includes a method of reducing NO.sub.x emissions from electronic port fuel injected engines by feeding to the engine exhaust gases at a point between the outlet valves and catalytic converter an amount effective to reduce NO.sub.x emissions from the engines of ammonia or an ammonium compound.