Abstract: The invention provides a process for producing cement, the process comprising providing heat to a cement manufacturing process using a secondary fuel, wherein the secondary fuel comprises cellulose and plastic and is in the form of pellets of a size between about 3-25 mm thickness, having a calorific value of about 16 GJ/ton or more, and wherein said secondary fuel is supplied at a place between the kiln inlet and the first cyclone, wherein after formation of the cement clinker, the cement clinker is cooled and milled to cement powder. Preferably, the secondary fuel is supplied to the riser pipe or to a pre-kiln combustion chamber. Generally, the secondary fuel is provided at a place which allows the pellets to burn before coming in contact with the cement materials in the kiln, while it also does not rise into the cyclone, thereby preventing blocking of the cyclones.

Abstract: The production carbonaceous feedstock material from waste containing carbon sources and the use thereof in gasification processes for hazardous emissions of greenhouse gases and sulphur are significantly minimized and enhanced reaction rates are described. A process for producing a carbonaceous feedstock material from waste containing carbon sources, including the steps consisting of: (i) introducing a source of biochar to a source of discard coal fines to form a bio-coal mixture; (ii) introducing a catalyst additive selected from the group consisting of a source of an alkali metal or a source of an alkaline earth metal to the bio-coal mixture; (iii) optionally, contacting the bio-coal mixture with a binder; and (iv) compacting the resulting mixture of step (ii) or (iii) to form one or more carbonaceous feedstock briquettes, the size of said briquettes having a dimension of at least 5 mm.

Abstract: The invention relates to a process for firing an industrial furnace, in particular for electricity generation, wherein coal or cokes together with a secondary fuel comprising cellulose and plastic, in the form of pellets of a size larger than about 3 mm thickness, and having a caloric value of about 16 GJ/ton or more is ground to a powder wherein about 95 wt % or more has a particle size smaller than 2 mm and wherein the d50 of the particle size distribution is between about 5 and about 100 ?m, wherein the powder is injected in the flame of the furnace. In this process the grinding is performed in a roller mill or ball mill, and the amount of pellets used together with the coals preferably is about 3 wt % or more, relative to the coal.

Abstract: Oleaginous microbial biomass is subjected to pyrolysis to make microbial pyrolysis oil for use as a fuel or is otherwise formed into combustible products for the generation of heat and/or light.

Abstract: The properties of charcoal can be improved by providing microcapsules containing an ignitable material on or within the charcoal. The microcapsules can be made of polyacrylate and the ignitable material includes hydrocarbons such as a paraffin combination, alcohols, and combinations.

Abstract: A pellet binder is described comprising silicate 60-97 by wt %, catalyst 3-40 by wt %, and the balance as water. The catalyst comprises glycol at 10-40 wt %, sulphonate at 10-20 wt % and sulphate 5-10 wt %. Such a pellet binder can be used in various processes for producing commercially useful pellets.

Abstract: An embodiment of the invention provides a solid hydrogen fuel with an initial heating mechanism, including: a solid hydrogen fuel; and a heating promoter disposed on at least one surface of the solid hydrogen fuel, wherein the heating promoter proceeds with an exothermal reaction when contacted with water. Another embodiment of the invention provides: a solid hydrogen fuel with an initial heating mechanism, including a solid hydrogen fuel; and an electrical heating element in contact with the solid hydrogen fuel.

Abstract: Methods and system are disclosed for making coated burnable fuels from source materials and to the coated burnable fuels derived therefrom.

Abstract: Process for treating coal to enhance its rank, wherein the temperature of the material is gradually increased in a controlled set of atmospheres, to allow for the reduction of surface and inherent moisture and the controlled reduction of volatile matter while maintaining the coal's natural structural integrity. The process reduces the time, capitalization, and production costs required to produce coal of enhanced rank, thus substantially increasing the cost effectiveness and production rate over prior processes.

Abstract: A combustible wood-based package is disclosed which includes an outer wrapper, preferably formed from burlap or other similar woven material that encloses large pieces of wood material, medium pieces of wood material and smaller pieces of wood material coated or otherwise soaked in a vegetable wax to form an aggregate. The aggregate is disposed at or near the bottom of the burlap wrapper, with the medium-size pieces of wood material disposed thereon with the larger pieces of wood material disposed on top of the medium-sized pieces of wood material. Preferably, all wood materials are fabricated from all-natural wood logs fabricated from compressed wood particles without the use of odor causing binders.

Abstract: A method of improving the burn rate and ignitability of aluminium fuel particles, and a thus modified aluminium fuel for use in propellant and explosive compositions and pyrotechnic charges. Aluminium fuel particles are treated with an aqueous solution of hydrofluoric acid and a fluoride and/or complex fluoride salt of an alkali metal and/or alkaline earth metal to form a surface layer of a fluoride complex bound to the aluminium fuel particle.

Abstract: A fuel for heating an appliance for grilling, which fuel comprises a first component containing charcoal, and one or more further charcoal ignition components containing one or more combustible substances, wherein the further charcoal ignition component(s) continue to burn after their ignition, even when the source of ignition is removed, and wherein the charcoal ignition component(s), by this continued combustion, ignite the first component made of charcoal.

Abstract: An improved charcoal briquet having combustion aiding surfaces is packaged in a compact boxed package. A charcoal briquet having improved burning characteristics and also improved shipping and retailing characteristics is thereby provided. An improved packaged charcoal product including a flat sided box adapted to hold randomly oriented briquets and be split open at its corners and at a lower portion for use in igniting the briquets and a grooved pillow shaped briquet are also disclosed.

Abstract: A method for oil-based fuel dispersion in the form of micron and submicron Droplets with typical size distribution 0.5-20 microns where said Droplets are coated with a polymer-based shell containing metal nanoparticles that enable the droplets to absorb laser irradiation and utilize laser energy to initialize fuel burning.

Abstract: An artificial firelog and firestarter chip producing apparatus comprising a cutting assembly, a compression conveyor auger assembly and a die. The apparatus converts standard waxed corrugated cardboard boxes into artificial firelogs by first slicing cardboard sheets into cardboard strips, then chopping the cardboard strips into cardboard segments in the cutting assembly. The cardboard segments are compressed and in the compression conveyor auger assembly and extruded in the die to form generally circular, longitudinally-shaped sections of a firelog. Firestarter chips are fabricated by the cutting assembly, which slices cardboard sheets in conjunction with paper sheets into cardboard and paper strips, then chopping the cardboard strips into cardboard segments and the paper strips into paper mix.

Abstract: A sustained release composite is made from a three-dimensional piece of calcium silicate having a xontolite structure and in which are fibers of textile glass and borosilicate glass, and an active agent. The active agent can be a fire starting material, a fragrance, or a masking fragrance.

Abstract: A method for making a combustible fuel composition. At least one core component is granulated to a predetermined range of granule sizes. A metered portion of the granulated core component is formed into a generally planar core portion having a predetermined size and shape. A liquefied accelerant component is provided, and the core portion is at least partially immersed into the accelerant component such that the accelerant component at least one of coats the core portion and is absorbed by the core portion, thereby forming a briquette.

Abstract: A fuel pack for igniting charcoal includes an elongated member formed from combustible material that includes an elongated wick passing through it. Advantageously, the ignitable member and wick are saturated with a non-petroleum oil for providing a catalyst to ignite the fuel pack. The fuel pack further includes a package for receiving and storing the ignitable member. The package includes an open end for moving the ignitable member into and out of the package. The package further includes a sealed end portion for maintaining the ignitable member at a substantially stable position.

Abstract: A combustible charcoal fuel package is disclosed which includes an outer wrapper, preferably formed from burlap or other similar woven material that encloses large pieces of charcoal material, medium pieces of charcoal material and smaller pieces of charcoal material coated or otherwise soaked in a vegetable wax to form an aggregate. The aggregate is disposed at or near the bottom of the burlap wrapper, with the medium-size pieces of charcoal material disposed thereon with the larger pieces of charcoal material disposed on top of the medium-sized pieces of charcoal material. Preferably, all charcoal materials are fabricated from all-natural charcoal logs fabricated from compressed charcoal particles without the use of odor causing binders.

Abstract: A combustible wood-based package is disclosed which includes an outer wrapper, preferably formed from burlap or other similar woven material that encloses large pieces of wood material, medium pieces of wood material and smaller pieces of wood material coated or otherwise soaked in a vegetable wax to form an aggregate. The aggregate is disposed at or near the bottom of the burlap wrapper, with the medium-size pieces of wood material disposed thereon with the larger pieces of wood material disposed on top of the medium-sized pieces of wood material. Preferably, all wood materials are fabricated from all-natural wood logs fabricated from compressed wood particles without the use of odor causing binders.

Abstract: A fuel article, suitable for barbecuing, allowing greater burning efficiency and the method of making such a fuel article. The fuel article includes anthracite coal for cleaner burning and utilizes an accelerant covering containing nitrates to be amenable to easy ignition.

Abstract: A fire log system for providing an efficient corn based fuel that is burnable within conventional fireplaces. The fire log system includes a housing having a front opening, a volume of particulate corn within the interior of the housing, a plurality of corn cobs within the front opening of the housing for retaining the particulate corn, and a plurality of retaining members secured about the front opening. The housing with the corn cobs and particulate corn is preferably dipped within a wax material after formed. A wick member preferably is positioned within the front opening for assisting in the lighting of the fire log system.

Abstract: A method of preparing a synthetic fuel from coal comprising reacting the coal with a polymer composition comprising an aqueous solution or an aqueous emulsion of one or more reactive polymers, the reactive polymers selected from the group consisting of ethylene/vinyl acetate copolymers, ethylene/vinyl alcohol copolymers, poly(acrylic acid), poly(vinyl alcohol), vinyl alcohol/vinyl acetate copolymers, poly(vinyl acetate), vinyl acetate/acrylic acid copolymers, poly(vinyl acetate/acrylic acid/ethylene), acrylic acid/acrylamide copolymers and poly(acrylamide).

Abstract: A method of producing coal briquette at a low energy cost by saving heating step or drying step for fine coal, which comprises adding and mixing from 1 to 10 mass parts of powdery starch to a coal having 15 mass % or more of water content and comprising 50 mass % or more of particles with grain size of 5 mm or less to form 100 mass parts of a mixture, and coating the surface of the briquette product with 0.1 to 5 mass parts of a heavy oil component simultaneously with or after pressure briquetting the mixture by a double roll briquetting machine in which concaves are formed on the roll surface, as well as coal briquette which is inexpensive and has high strength and high waterproof.

Abstract: A process of making coal fines into a commercially viable fuel product using tall oil and tall oil pitch emulsions. The tall oil based emulsions are sprayed into, and reacted with, the coal fines, resulting in a cost effective and industry-usable source of synthetic fuel.

Abstract: Binder compositions for converting coal waste into fuel including a distillable petroleum hydrocarbon emulsified with a surfactant and water are provided. The invention also includes methods for making the binder compositions. The methods include blending a distillable petroleum hydrocarbon petroleum hydrocarbon with water and a surfactant. In another aspect, a fuel product is provided which includes the reaction product of carbonaceous fine particles and a binder composition of this invention. The binder composition is provided in an amount necessary to increase the hydrophobic characteristics of the carbonaceous fine particles and bring about a statistically significant change in their chemistry. In one embodiment the binder composition is present in an amount between about 1.5 percent and about 4.0 percent of the total weight. Methods are also provided for making fuel from fine carbonaceous materials, which include exposing the carbonaceous materials to a binder composition of this invention.

Abstract: The present invention provides a method for chemically treating combustible materials prior to combustion. Specifically the present invention is directed to a method for treating a combustible material like a coal briquette with a sodium silicate coating to provide a fuel source with greatly reduced pollutant emissions.

Abstract: This invention pertains to an article that emits infrared radiation for a period of about 15 minutes or more, depending on the size and shape, and to a process for preparing the article. The article includes, in a preferred embodiment, a combustible aerogel or other nanocellular substrate with iron metal impregnant formed by thermal decomposition of iron pentacarbonyl deposited on and in the substrate in an amount of at least about 5% or at least about 20% of the weight of the substrate, depending on the substrate. The impregnant reacts exothermically on contact with air or an oxygen-containing gas and imparts sufficient energy to the substrate to cause it to burn for about 30 seconds to about 30 minutes depending on size and shape, thereby emitting infrared radiation. The process pertains to deposition of the impregnant on and in the substrate by flowing a carrier gas saturated with the impregnant precursor over and through the substrate.

Abstract: A portable fuel element made from stacked sheets of cardboard impregnated and held together with paraffin wax. In a preferred embodiment, each portable fuel element contains at least one match that is protected from moisture by the paraffin wax and cardboard. The embodiment is made from a stack of five sheets of paraffin wax impregnated recycled cardboard. The stack, which is about 3/4 inch high, is perforated into 21/2 inch squares. Rectangular blocks that measure 3/4 inch high, 21/2 inches wide, and 5 inches long are broken out along the perforations, leaving a perforation in the middle of each block which separates each rectangular block into two 21/2 inch square, 3/4 inch thick blocks attached at the perforation. A wick is placed into each half of each block and two matches are inserted inside the rectangular block along the line formed by the perforation. The rectangular block is then dipped into paraffin wax to get a wax coating.

Abstract: An apparatus and method for producing ignitable material (10) having an angled, rotatable, hollow drum (12) with a high end entrance (14) and a low end exit (16). A molten treatment vat (18) containing molten treatment (44), such as paraffin, within which angled, rotatable, hollow drum (12) is rotated is also provided. The treatment vat (18) is heated so that the treatment (44) contained in the vat is kept molten. Additionally, ejection guides (58) are attached interiorly of the hollow drum adjacent the low end exit (16). Further, a molten treatment excess return (46) is connected to the low end so that the material introduced at the high end entrance (14) which is rotated through the molten treatment (44) and then ejected by the ejection guides (58) from the exit end (16) is allowed to shed excess molten treatment (44) which is returned to the molten treatment vat (18) for reuse.

Abstract: A carbonaceous heat source comprising metal oxides and methods for making such heat source are provided. The heat source has an ignition temperature substantially lower than conventional carbonaceous heat sources, while at the same time produces virtually no carbon monoxide upon combustion. The heat source is prepared by pre-forming the carbon and binder materials into a desired shape, and then treating the shape with a sol containing metal oxide precursors. The metal oxide precursors are deposited in the pre-formed carbon shape. Further treatment converts the deposited metal oxide precursors into metal oxide.

Abstract: A process for treating various species of wood or other similar combustible material by vacuum/pressure penetration and impregnation of the combustible material with a flammable substance in order to produce a fire starting or combustion catalyst material with bum characteristics substantially similar to naturally occurring resin enriched woods. The wood or other combustible to be treated is placed within the cylinder of a modified vacuum/pressure autoclave whereupon the air within the cylinder is substantially removed and the cylinder is then filled with a hot flammable liquid such as a liquid paraffin. The autoclave is then caused to be pressurized and the appropriate pressure is maintained within the autoclave cylinder for a sufficient time to insure the desired penetration and impregnation of the wood or other combustible with the flammable liquid.

Abstract: A method for reducing the amount of carbon monoxide produced in the combustion of carbonaceous fuels. The fuel is coated on at least a portion of its exterior surface with a microporous layer of solid particulate matter which is non-combustible at temperatures in which the carbonaceous fuel combusts. This invention is particularly applicable in the reduction of carbon monoxide in the burning of carbonaceous fuel elements found in currently available "smokeless" cigarettes.

Abstract: A clean and attractive carbonaceous fuel product is provided for improved convenience and marketability. Coal or charcoal can be coated with a clean and durable coating for cleanliness in handling; and, the coating can be colored as desired. Further, a metal salt can be added to the coating or the product itself to color the flame while the product burns. Paraffin can be used as the coating, and the paraffin is maintained above its melting point to improve gloss. Other additives can also improve gloss. Coal is preferably coated with latex to provide an attractive coating that will prevent breaking of the coal. A flammable liquid can be incorporated into charcoal briquettes for easier lighting; and, the liquid reduces the amount of paraffin used in the coating. A masking agent hides the odor of the flammable liquid, the masking agent being in the coating rather than in the flammable liquid itself.