Abstract: A hydrogen reforming system is provided and includes a steam reforming system, a dry reforming system, and a water supply device. The steam reforming system is configured to (i) receive a raw material gas and react the raw material gas with water to generate a first mixed gas containing hydrogen and carbon monoxide, (ii) react the first mixed gas with the water to generate hydrogen and carbon dioxide, and (iii) discharge hydrogen and carbon dioxide. The dry reforming system is configured to (i) receive and react the raw material gas and the carbon dioxide discharged from the steam reforming system to generate a second mixed gas containing hydrogen, (ii) react the second mixed gas with the water to generate hydrogen and carbon dioxide, and (iii) discharge hydrogen and carbon dioxide. The water supply device is configured to supply the water to the steam reforming system and the dry reforming system.

Abstract: Described herein are methods and techniques that utilize molecular geochemistry and isotopic signatures to monitor microbial enhanced gas and oil recovery operations. The methods and techniques utilize multiply substituted isotopologue signatures, clumped isotope signatures, and/or position-specific isotope signatures of one or more byproducts of the microbial stimulation techniques to determine the effectiveness of a microbial stimulation technique.

Abstract: An apparatus for actuating method for removing acidity and/or moisture from a hydrocarbon gas, by absorption into a sweetening liquid and into a dehydration liquid, that are adapted to extract acid compounds or water from the gas, respectively. The apparatus includes at least such a container and a gas convey selective convey means, for actuating the treatment modes, in particular responsive to a flowrate of the gas. The apparatus according to the invention allows to maintain the sweetening and/or dehydration efficiency, in particular in the case of a progressive reduction of the flowrate of natural gas that can be obtained from a well or gasfield.

Abstract: Trace levels of mercury in a natural gas are reduced by scrubbing the natural gas in an absorber with an aqueous solution comprising a water-soluble sulfur compound. The water-soluble sulfur compound reacts with a least a portion of the mercury in the natural gas to produce a treated natural gas with a reduced concentration of mercury, and a mercury containing sulfur-depleted solution which can be disposed by injection into a (depleted) underground formation. The produced water extracted with the natural gas from the underground formation can be recycled for use as the scrubbing solution. In one embodiment, a fresh source of water-soluble sulfur compound as feed to the absorber can be generated on-site by reacting an elemental sulfur source with a sulfur reagent in produced water.

Abstract: A process for recovering sulfur from a hydrogen sulfide-bearing gas utilizes an aqueous reaction medium, a temperature of about 110-150° C., and a high enough pressure to maintain the aqueous reaction medium in a liquid state. The process reduces material and equipment costs and addresses the environmental disadvantages associated with known processes that rely on high boiling point organic solvents.

Abstract: A process for advantageously efficiently treating a sulfureous combustible effluent stream by recovering the sulfur in elemental form comprises a step of combustion of the sulfureous combustible effluent stream with an oxidant gas in excess, and then a step of post-combustion of the effluents from the combustion step with an acidic gas. The stream of the post-combustion effluents, free of chemical compounds that are harmful to the efficacy of the Claus catalysts, is treated in a Claus unit, which performs the recovery of the sulfur in elemental form.

Abstract: An energy conversion process that exports by-product CO2 at elevated pressure where a fuel gas feed stream is mixed with a reactant stream and additional CO2 is added to at least part of, the fuel gas feed stream, the reactant stream or both through desorption by contacting with a CO2-rich solvent stream in a first stage contactor to produce a mixed feed gas stream and a CO2-lean solvent stream; passing said mixed feed gas stream to a chemical conversion step, where further CO2 is produced; chilling at least part of the products of said chemical conversion step and thereby produce a CO2-lean gas stream; and passing at least part of said CO2-lean gas stream said to a second stage contactor where further CO2 is removed, by absorption, to produce a product gas stream and a solvent stream rich in CO2 from which said CO2-rich solvent stream is subsequently derived.

Abstract: A process for increasing the selectivity of an alkanolamine absorption process for selectively removing hydrogen sulfide (H2S) from a gas mixture which also contains carbon dioxide (CO2) and possibly other acidic gases such as COS, HCN, CS2 and sulfur derivatives of C1 to C4 hydrocarbons, comprises contacting the gas mixture with a liquid absorbent which is a severely sterically hindered capped alkanolamine. The improvement in selectivity is achieved at the high(er) pressures, typically least about 10 bara at conditions nearing the H2S/CO2 equilibrium at which CO2 begins to displace absorbed hydrosulfide species from the absorbent solution.

Abstract: A process for the discharge of slag and ash from a gasification reactor is disclosed. These solids are directed from the gasification reactor into a water bath housed with the gasification reactor in a pressure vessel. There are at least two lock hoppers underneath the water bath which are fed with a stream of water/solids via a pipe and a flow divider element, it being possible to supply the lock hoppers individually and in a controlled manner with a stream of water/solids via shut-off devices. The filling is performed in a manner that encourages the sett-ling process by withdrawing a stream of liquid from the lock hopper being filled, the filling time being controlled so as to prevent the solids settling above the valves and lock hoppers. Also disclosed is an apparatus with at least two lock hoppers underneath the water bath of a gasification reactor, there being, in an advantageous embodiment, a flow divider element and shut-off devices between the water bath and the lock hoppers.

Abstract: The goal of the invention consists in making available a method for supplying fuel to a pressurized gasification system, which ensures, in economically efficient manner, that the emission of pollutants from the coal transfer and the transport is minimized or completely avoided. This is achieved in that a gas that contains at least 10 ppm vol. CO is used for transfer and/or conveying, whereby a gas that contains oxygen is mixed into this gas, and that this gas mixture is heated to a temperature that oxidizes at least 10% of the pollutants contained in the gas.

Abstract: A method for removing sulphur from a fluid by the steps of providing a first fluid comprising a sulphur-containing compound; adsorbing the sulphur of sulphur-containing compound onto an adsorbent; regenerating the adsorbent by oxidation of the adsorbed sulphur to sulphur dioxide thereby yielding an off-gas stream comprising sulphur dioxide; providing a second fluid comprising hydrogen sulphide, using the second fluid and the off-gas stream as reactants in a Claus process for producing elemental sulphur, wherein a part of hydrogen sulphide provided by the second fluid is oxidized to sulphur dioxide and water at reaction temperature, the residual hydrogen sulphide, the resulting sulphur oxide and the sulphur oxide provided by the off-gas stream are converted to elemental sulphur, the oxygen required for the oxidation of the hydrogen sulphide provided by the second fluid is provided by an air stream, and the off-gas stream dilutes the second fluid in the Claus process.

Abstract: The present invention provides a process for removing mercaptans from a gas stream. In the process, a first mercaptan-comprising gas stream comprising at least a mercaptan of the general formula: R1—SH, wherein R1 is an alkyl group comprising 1 to 4 carbon atoms, and an acid component is contacted with an absorption medium to obtain a mercaptan-depleted gas stream. The absorption medium includes a substituted disulphide and a base. The substituted disulphide is of the general formula R2—SS—R3, wherein R2 and R3 are carbon comprising substituents of which the corresponding R2—SH and R3—SH thiols have a vapor pressure below the vapor pressure of any R1—SH thiol, and at least one of R2 and R3 is an electron withdrawing group.

Abstract: The present invention provides a process for removing mercaptans from a gas stream gas stream, comprising the steps: a) providing a first mercaptan-comprising gas stream comprising at least a mercaptan of the general formula: R1—SH, wherein R1 is an alkyl group comprising 1 to 4 carbon atoms; and b) contacting the mercaptan-comprising gas stream with an absorption medium comprising a substituted disulphide and a nitrogen-containing base to obtain a second mercaptan-depleted gas stream, wherein: the substituted disulphide is of the general formula R2—SS—R3 wherein: R2 and R3 are carbon comprising substituents of which the corresponding R2—SH and R3—SH thiols have a vapor pressure below the vapor pressure of any R1—SH thiol.

Abstract: Systems and methods for separating CO2 and H2S from a natural gas stream are provided herein. The system includes a first loop of co-current contacting systems configured to remove H2S and CO2 from a natural gas stream and a second loop of co-current contacting systems configured to remove the H2S from the CO2.

Abstract: Trace levels of mercury in a natural gas are removed in a gas processing plant in an amine unit and/or a dehydrator. The mercury removal occurs concurrently with the removal of acid gases in an amine unit, e.g., an absorber or scrubber, with an amine solution containing a complexing agent. The mercury removal can also be carried out concurrently with the removal of water in a glycol dehydrator with the addition of a complexing agent to the glycol solution. Volatile mercury in the natural gas is removed by the complexing agent, forming non-volatile mercury species in the rich amine/glycol solution.

Abstract: Disclosed is a process for making a high-purity gas. The process includes an interrelationship among at least four bath vessels, each of which has a molten metal bath. In one embodiment, the process generally includes adding a gas stream into a first bath vessel and then removing that gas stream to introduce it into a third bath vessel. The third bath gas stream is removed to ultimately obtain hydrogen. Steam is added to a fourth bath vessel to ultimately produce additional hydrogen. One or more gas streams produced in the third and/or fourth bath vessels are added to a second bath vessel to ultimately result in production of methane or carbon monoxide.

Abstract: A process for partial oxidation of hydrocarbons in a reactor, in which a stream comprising the hydrocarbon and a stream comprising the oxygen are fed to the reactor, wherein both streams fed to the reactor are conducted within the reactor separately through in each case one or more spatially separate lines, these lines having turbulence generators in their interior, owing to which, as a result of the imposed deflection of the flow direction downstream of turbulence generators, a highly turbulent flow field forms, and the streams are then mixed in a mixing zone after exiting from the lines and then converted in a reaction zone.

Abstract: Trace levels of mercury in a natural gas are removed in a gas processing plant in an amine unit and/or a dehydrator. The mercury removal occurs concurrently with the removal of acid gases in an amine unit, e.g., an absorber or scrubber, with an amine solution containing a complexing agent. The mercury removal can also be carried out concurrently with the removal of water in a glycol dehydrator with the addition of a complexing agent to the glycol solution. Volatile mercury in the natural gas is removed by the complexing agent, forming non-volatile mercury species in the rich amine/glycol solution.

Abstract: A method of generating a blended syngas as a primary product from renewable feedstock, fossil fuels, or hazardous waste with the use of a gassifier arrangement. The generated syngas is blended with natural gas to form a blended fuel product that is delivered to a manufacturing facility or a natural gas power plant.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a steam-integrated and heat-integrated process for preparing gaseous products, and in particular methane and/or other value added gaseous products such as hydrogen, via the hydromethanation of non-gaseous carbonaceous feedstocks in the presence of steam, carbon monoxide, hydrogen, oxygen and a hydromethanation catalyst.

Abstract: Systems containing imidazoles or blends of imidazoles and amines are described herein. Methods of their preparation and use are also described herein. The methods of using the systems include the reduction of volatile compounds from gas streams and liquid streams.

Abstract: Aspects of the disclosure relate to the separation of gases and to a process for the removal of carbon dioxide gas using liquid absorbents. A process is disclosed for removing carbon dioxide from a gaseous stream comprising contacting the gaseous stream with a carbon dioxide absorbent comprising a mixture of an ionic liquid and water in a molar ratio of from 10:1 to 1:10, wherein the ionic liquid has the formula: [Cat+][X?].

Abstract: A method and apparatus for eliminating COS and/or CS2 from a hydrocarbon-containing feed stream, and further eliminating H2S from such feed stream or converting all sulfur species in such feed stream to H2S and SO2 to allow for easy subsequent conversion of such H2S and SO2 to elemental sulfur in a Claus reaction. The method comprises: (i) injecting water so that the feed stream contains greater than 10 vol % (water equivalent); (ii) passing the feed stream through catalyst means which hydrogenates COS and/or CS2 to H2S; (iii) injecting O2 so that the stoichiometric ratio of O2 to H2S is at least 0.5:1.0; (iv) passing the stream though a reaction zone having oxidation catalyst means which oxidizes H2S to elemental sulfur or SO2 (depending on the amount of oxygen and water added); where the temperature of the reaction zone is above the elemental sulfur dew point.

Abstract: A method of processing feed streams high in hydrogen sulfide is provided. The method includes providing a feed gas stream that includes hydrocarbons and at least 5 vol % hydrogen sulfide. At least a portion of the feed gas stream is separated into a hydrogen sulfide stream and a hydrocarbon stream. The hydrocarbon gas stream is processed to produce natural gas. At least 34 mol. % of the hydrogen sulfide in the hydrogen sulfide stream is combusted with an oxidant to generate thermal power. Thermal power generated by the combustion is utilized in one or more of the steps of separating the feed gas stream into the hydrogen sulfide stream and the hydrocarbon gas stream, and processing the hydrocarbon gas stream to produce natural gas, compressed natural gas, or liquefied natural gas.

Abstract: The invention relates to a method for recovering sulphur from a sour gas containing hydrogen sulphide and carbon dioxide, comprising: oxidation of the sour gas, wherein a part of the hydrogen sulphide is oxidized to sulphur dioxide and water, reaction of the resulting sulphur dioxide with the residual hydrogen sulphide to elementary sulphur, and removal of elementary sulphur. According to the invention carbon dioxide and/or carbon dioxide generated by oxidation of the sour gas is compressed, and at least a part of the carbon dioxide is injected into an oil well. Furthermore, the invention relates to a plant suitable for performing the above method.

Abstract: A method of producing sulfur dioxide is provided. A feed gas stream comprising at least 5% by volume hydrogen sulfide is provided. The feed gas stream is separated into a hydrogen sulfide stream and a hydrocarbon gas stream. An oxidant stream is provided and is combusted with the hydrogen sulfide stream to produce thermal power and a combustion stream containing sulfur dioxide and steam. Sulfur dioxide is separated from the combustion stream.

Abstract: A method and apparatus for generation of hydrogen. The apparatus includes a hydrogen reactor chamber (99) and a plurality of catalysts within the chamber (99) forming distinct zones or portions (200, 202, and 204), each zone or portion comprising a distinct catalyst or combination thereof. The plurality of catalysts include at least one of a high-activity steam reformation catalyst, coke resistant steam reformation catalyst and steam reformation catalyst that promotes a water gas shift reaction.

Abstract: The present invention provides a method and apparatus for the treatment of process gas from an anaerobic digestion system or a landfill gas system. In one embodiment, the system comprises a caustic scrubber including a vertical column having a top and a bottom and including a counter current flow system, wherein a process gas stream flows up vertically through the column in counter current flow to a caustic liquid solution that flows downward through the column.

Abstract: A method and system for cost effectively converting a feedstock using thermal plasma or other styles of gassifiers, into an energy transfer medium using a blended gaseous fuel. The feedstock can be any organic material or inorganic combination to generate a syngas. The syngas is blended with any fuel of a higher thermal content (BTU) than the syngas. The resulting blended high thermal content fuel is used on site or reinjected into the fuel supply pipe line. Rock wool and accessory heat are produced to increase the efficiency of the plant.

Abstract: A method and system for cost-effectively converting a feedstock using thermal plasma, or other styles of gassifiers, into an energy transfer system using a blended syngas. The feedstock is any organic material or fossil fuel to generate a syngas. The syngas is blended with any fuel of a higher thermal content (BTU) level, such as natural gas. The blended syngas high thermal content fuel can be used in any energy transfer device such as a boiler for simple cycle Rankine systems, an internal combustion engine generator, or a combined cycle turbine generator system. The quality of the high thermal content fuel is monitored using a thermal content monitoring feedback system and a quenching arrangement.

Abstract: The present invention provides a method and a system for synthesizing a combustible gas composition as well as a combustible gas composition obtained by such a method. In particular, the method comprises providing a primary gas (30) obtained by splitting water (12) by means of an electric field; and mixing the primary gas (30) with a secondary gas (44) and with air, wherein the secondary gas (44) comprises a combustible gaseous hydrocarbon.

Abstract: A method and apparatus for processing a sour gas rich in carbon dioxide in a Claus process, so sulfur compounds are removed by a selective solvent in a gas scrubbing process. Sulfur components and carbon dioxide, are separated into at least two sour gas fractions, wherein at least one sour gas fraction having a higher content of sulfur components is obtained, wherein the fraction having the highest hydrogen sulfide content is introduced in the thermal reaction stage of the Claus furnace with a gas containing oxygen by means of a burner. The sulfur is converted to sulfur dioxide in the thermal reaction stage of the Claus furnace and exhaust gases are discharged into the closed Claus reaction chamber behind the burner. The remaining sour gas fractions stripped of sulfur components are fed to the Claus reaction chamber and are mixed with the combustion gases leaving the burner.

Abstract: A process for workup of an industrial carbon dioxide-rich gas to be freed of sulfur components, in which an industrial gas to be freed of sulfur components is purified by a gas scrubbing, and the laden solvent is freed of carbon dioxide and hydrogen sulfide by a regeneration to obtain at least one acid gas fraction having a relatively high content of sulfur components, and the fraction with the highest hydrogen sulfide (H2S) content is supplied to a Claus plant with downstream Claus process gas hydrogenation, and at least one carbon dioxide-laden, low-hydrogen sulfide acid gas fraction from the regeneration device, which has a reduced sulfur content compared to the fraction with the highest hydrogen sulfide (H2S) content, is combined with the hydrogenated Claus process gas to give a combined process gas stream, which is supplied to further processing or to recycling into the process.

Abstract: The degradation of an absorbent solution comprising organic compounds provided with an amine function in aqueous solution is reduced considerably in the presence of a small amount of degradation inhibiting additives whose structure comprises a 5-atom heterocycle composed of a nitrogen atom, a sulfur atom or an oxygen atom, and 3 carbon atoms, at least one of which is joined to a sulfur atom not belonging to the ring. The absorbent solution is employed for deacidifying a gaseous effluent.

Abstract: A process for making molecular hydrogen, elemental sulfur and sulfur dioxide from hydrogen sulfide. The process involves contacting a gas stream of hydrogen sulfide within a contacting zone with a contacting composition comprising metal sulfide in a lower sulfided state and yielding from the contacting zone a product gas stream comprising hydrogen and a recovered contacting composition comprising metal sulfide in a higher sulfided state. The higher metal sulfide is regenerated with oxygen to yield elemental sulfur and sulfur dioxide.

Abstract: A reforming exchanger system for syngas production is provided. The reforming exchanger system can have a first and a second reforming exchanger, each with a shell-and-tube configuration, and a shift reactor located intermediate to the first and second reforming exchangers to reduce carbon monoxide concentration in the outlet gas. Processes for forming syngas using the reforming exchanger systems described herein are also provided.

Abstract: Systems containing imidazoles or blends of imidazoles and amines are described herein. Methods of their preparation and use are also described herein. The methods of using the systems include the reduction of volatile compounds from gas streams and liquid streams.

Abstract: The invention provides processes for generating a methane-enriched gas from a gas mixture comprising carbon monoxide and hydrogen such as gas streams generated by gasification of an alkali metal catalyst-loaded carbonaceous feedstock, and a char methanation catalyst useful in such processes.

Abstract: A method of deactivating biomass is set forth. The method includes two stages, a disrupting stage and a rupture stage. The disrupting stage includes the steps of injecting an oxidizer gas into the biomass with minimal or significant elevated pressure and then a depressurizing of the biomass. The steps cause a disruption of cellular membranes of cells present in the biomass. The rupture stage includes the step of injecting the biomass with a rupture gas sufficient to pressurize the biomass to a second elevated pressure following by the depressurizing of the biomass. The injecting and depressurizing steps of the rupture stage can be repeated at least two times in order to rupture the cell membranes and expose residual cell contents.

Abstract: To generate methane from biomass, a biomass pulp is produced from the biomass with a desired dry mass content being set, and the biomass pulp is placed under pressure. The biomass pulp is heated under pressure in order to liquefy the solid organic components of the biomass pulp. The pressurized and heated biomass pulp is heated further to at least the critical temperature of the biomass pulp. Solids precipitated under pressure and increased temperature are separated from the fluid phase. At least a part of the remaining fluid phase is gasified under pressure and increased temperature by means of a reactor to form a methane-rich gas.

Abstract: The present subject matter is directed to a method for operating a fuel reformer. The method may generally include directing a fluid stream around a reactor assembly of the fuel reformer to cool the reactor assembly, and mixing a heated reformate stream produced by the reactor assembly with the fluid stream to cool the heated reformate stream.

Abstract: A method of refining hydrocarbon material includes transporting a mobile refinery to a harvesting site, at least partially refining raw hydrocarbon material at the harvesting site, and transporting the at least partially refined hydrocarbon material to a remote location. A hydrocarbon material refining system includes a mobile refinery adapted to be transported to a harvesting site and to at least partially refine raw hydrocarbon material at the harvesting site, and a mobile storage module adapted to store the at least partially refined hydrocarbon material for transport to a remote location.

Abstract: A method and an apparatus for removing acid compounds (sweetening) and moisture (dehydration) from a hydrocarbon gas, in particular from a natural gas or from a refinery gas fraction or a gas of synthesis, by subsequent absorption operations using a sweetening liquid and a dehydration liquid. The method comprises a step of prearranging a sweetening chamber (51) and a dehydration chamber (52) within a vertical elongated container (50), each chamber defined by an inner partition wall (68) of said vertical elongated container (50), is wherein a gas transfer passageway (14) is provided between an upper outlet port of the sweetening chamber (51) and an inlet port of the dehydration chamber (52); the method also comprises steps of feeding the absorption liquid from the above into the two chambers and of feeding the gas from below into the sweetening chamber.

Abstract: A process for removing sulfur compounds from a hydrocarbonaceous gas mixture, which comprises contacting the hydrocarbonaceous gas mixture with an adsorber material comprising copper oxide on magnesium silicate as support material.

Abstract: The present disclosure relates to a process for the conversion of organic material to methane rich gas. In particular, the process comprises heating vaporized organic material in the presence of an excess amount of hydrogen gas and superheated steam to produce a methane rich fuel gas at pressures greater than 0 atmospheres gauge up to about 2 atmosphere gauge.

Abstract: A hybrid fuel and methods of making the same are disclosed. A process for making a hybrid fuel includes the steps of combining a biofuel emulsion blend and a liquid fuel product to form a hybrid fuel. Optionally, the hybrid fuel can be combined with water in a water-in-oil process and include oxygenate additives and additive packages. A hybrid fuel includes blends of biofuel emulsions and liquid fuel products, including light gas diesel. Optionally, the hybrid fuel can include water, oxygenate additives, and other additive packages.

Abstract: A process for treating a gas stream comprising hydrogen sulphide, the process comprising the steps of: (i) mixing a first gas stream comprising hydrogen sulphide with a second stream comprising sulphur dioxide to produce a combined stream, whereby elemental sulphur is produced by a reaction between the hydrogen sulphide and the sulphur dioxide; (ii) removing elemental sulphur, and optionally water, from the combined stream; and (iii) oxidizing at least some of the elemental sulphur to form sulphur dioxide for use in the second stream, wherein, the reaction is conducted at a temperature of from 15 to 155° C. and a pressure of at least 3 MPa.

Abstract: Gas generation apparatus and methods are provided, including apparatus and methods for efficient vaporization, and optional burning, of meltable fuels. The apparatus and methods provide controlled generation and combustion of any low melting point dimensionally stable combustible meltable fuel. This is preferably accomplished by first converting the solid or semi solid meltable fuel material into a liquid state, then into vapor, and finally mixing with an air source or other oxidizer before combustion.

Abstract: A method for producing high levels of methane based on a combination of steam hydrogasification and a shift reactor is provided using carbonaceous material. Hydrogen produced by the shift reactor can be recycled back into the steam hydrogasifier.

Abstract: The present invention discloses an automatic plant and a method of stockage in a covered yard of petcoke fuel with high humidity-contents, natural dehumidification up to set humidity values and subsequent reuptake for conveyance to the silos feeding a thermal unit.