Abstract: The concentration of hydrogen sulfide in a hydrocarbon can be mitigated by intruding therein a zinc carboxylate oxo complex composition prepared by reacting particulate zinc oxide with a mixture of two or more carboxylic acids wherein the zinc carboxylate oxo complex composition is soluble in hydrocarbons. Useful acids useful include acetic acid, oleic acid, isobutyric acid, lineoleic acid, cekanoic acid, and neodecanoic acid.

Abstract: Methods for forming rosin-derived cationic compounds are provided. The method can include attaching a cationic group to a conjugated diene on a hydrophenathrene-based ring of a resin acid (e.g., levopimaric acid, abietic acid, dehydroabietic acid, or a mixture thereof) to form a rosin-derived cationic compound. Attaching the cationic group to the conjugated diene on the hydrophenathrene-based ring of the resin acid can be achieved via a Diels-Alder reaction of a dienophile with the hydrophenathrene-based ring of the resin acid. Rosin-derived cationic compounds are also provided. The rosin-derived cationic compound can include a cationic group attached to a conjugated diene on a hydrophenathrene-based ring of a resin acid, wherein the rosin-derived cationic compound further comprises a carboxylic acid group.

Abstract: A tire rubber composition comprising a rubber compound and a processing oil, wherein the processing oil comprises a modified tall oil pitch, methods of making tires from such compositions, and tires comprising such compositions.

Abstract: Methods for forming rosin-derived cationic compounds are provided. The method can include attaching a cationic group to a conjugated diene on a hydrophenathrene-based ring of a resin acid (e.g., levopimaric acid, abietic acid, dehydroabietic acid, or a mixture thereof) to form a rosin-derived cationic compound. Attaching the cationic group to the conjugated diene on the hydrophenathrene-based ring of the resin acid can be achieved via a Diels-Alder reaction of a dienophile with the hydrophenathrene-based ring of the resin acid. Rosin-derived cationic compounds are also provided. The rosin-derived cationic compound can include a cationic group attached to a conjugated diene on a hydrophenathrene-based ring of a resin acid, wherein the rosin-derived cationic compound further comprises a carboxylic acid group.

Abstract: Oxidized and maleated compositions, such as oxidized and maleated tall oil compositions, can be prepared and used in a variety of industrial applications, including as emulsifiers and corrosion inhibitors.

Abstract: Oxidized and maleated derivative compositions, such as chemically modified oxidized and maleated tall oil fatty acid compositions, can be prepared and used in a variety of industrial applications, including as emulsifiers, corrosion inhibitors, concrete admixtures, and in reverse flotation mining applications.

Abstract: An oxidized and maleated fatty acid composition, especially an oxidized and maleated tall oil fatty acid-containing product useful in formulating corrosion inhibitors and for use as an emulsifier, especially for petroleum-related applications.

Abstract: Methods for recovery of concentrates of lubricating compounds and biologically active compounds from vegetable and animal oils, fats and greases that allow separation of triglycerides, from components with higher lubricity or biological activity or enrichment protocols that increase the concentration of high lubricity or biologically active compounds in the triglyceride. The triglycerides are transesterified with a lower alcohol to produce alkyl esters. Following the conversion process the esters are separated from high molecular weight high lubricity compounds and biologically active compounds by distillation. The esters have some lubricity and may be sold as pollution reducing fuel components.

Abstract: Oxidized and maleated compositions, such as oxidized and maleated tall oil compositions, can be prepared and used in a variety of industrial applications, including as emulsifiers and corrosion inhibitors.

Abstract: The process for preparing a refinery feedstock from black liquor soap comprising adding excess alcohol (preferably methanol) to black liquor soap. Acid is then added to the mixture to drop the pH of the mixture to approximately 2 to convert carboxylate salt of fatty and resin acids to the free fatty and resin acids. In the reaction process, the free fatty and resin acids react with the alcohol, with the aid of the acid catalyst, to yield the desired ester products. The resulting feedstock can be distilled or refined to yield sterols and related alcohols, biodiesel and other fuels.

Abstract: A method of preparing phytosterols from tall oil pitch containing steryl esters comprises the steps of converting the steryl esters to free phytosterols while in the pitch to produce a modified pitch containing the free phytosterols; removing light ends from the modified pitch by evaporation to produce a bottom fraction containing the free phytosterols; evaporating the bottom fraction to produce a light phase distillate containing the free phytosterols; dissolving the light phase distillate in a solvent comprising an alcohol to produce a solution containing the free phytosterols; cooling the solution to produce a slurry with the free phytosterols crystallized in the slurry; and, washing and filtering the slurry to isolate the crystallized phytosterols.

Abstract: This invention provides thermosetting adhesives which have properties advantageous for bonding electronic parts that are capable of being cured using a low dose of radiation such as electron beam. The thermosetting adhesive of the invention comprises (a) ethylene-glycidyl (meth)acrylate copolymer; (b) rosin having a carboxyl group; and (c) (meth)acrylate having a carboxyl group.

Abstract: Use of a CHV antigen for the preparation of a vaccine against canine herpesvirosis, which is intended to be administered to gestating bitches as close as possible to whelping, preferably during the final third of gestation, and which produces a high level of anti-CHV antibodies in gestating bitches at the time of whelping, inducing protection in the puppies by transfer of antibodies during suckling. Inactivated anti-CHV vaccine or subunit vaccines, which can be used for vaccinating gestating bitches to protect the puppies by transfer of antibodies.

Abstract: A method for obtaining neutral compounds from black-liquor soaps, tall oil and tall oil by-products is disclosed. The method includes the steps of: (1) dehydrating black liquor soaps, neutralized tall oil, or neutralized tall oil by-products to form a dehydrated current; (2) distilling the dehydrated current in a distillation column; (3) collecting an essentially soap free distillate; and (4) collecting an essentially neutral compound free residue. Also disclosed is a method for obtaining a sterol concentrate from black-liquor soap solutions, neutralized tall oil, or neutralized tall oil by-products. In this method, a distillation operation is repeated until a current of sterols with the desired purity is obtained. The method yields a sterol concentrate with a level of purity over 96%.

Abstract: A dimeric fatty acid and/or dimeric fatty ester product having a low residual content of interesters is obtained by hydrolyzing the interesters to provide monomeric unsaturated fatty acids and alcohols as the hydrolysates and thereafter removing the hydrolysates from the dimeric fatty acid and/or dimeric fatty ester product.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a process and apparatus for the cleaning of crude tall oil soap. Crude soap floating on top of a layer of black liquor is cleaned with carbon dioxide, in a tall oil recovery system containing a cleaning vessel (T) for crude tall oil soap and black liquor. Said vessel has a carbon dioxide inlet (6) for introducing cleaning carbon dioxide into the soap. The cleaning vessel (T) is also provided with a black liquor separately from the cleaned soap. The cleaned soap may be acidified so as to provide tall oil.

Abstract: This invention relates to novel rosin-based resins and the process for preparing them. In particular, the invention relates to elastomeric-modified pigment binder compositions which exhibit properties that make them useful in formulating vehicles for lithographic printing inks and other coating applications.

Abstract: The hot repair mix according to the present invention comprises p-alkylphenol as an auxiliary fluidizing agent in an amount of 1 to 20 weight parts and a material to form carbon bond in hot working process in an amount of 5 to 40 weight parts to 100 weight parts of a refractory material. It has satisfactory properties such as spreading property, hardenability, adhesive property, property of the finished portion in hot working process, and this leads to improvement of durability of the baking material. Moreover, there is no change over time such as solidification, sedimentation separation, etc. in summer season, and it can be easily transported and stored. Because of easy handling and good workability of this material, baking operation can be accomplished within short time, and it is very useful as a hot repair mix for repairing various types of refinery furnaces, molten metal containers, etc. in hot working process.

Abstract: A method is set forth for separating a sterol or sterol ester from crude tall oil comprising fractionating the crude tall oil into a residue fraction and a volatile fraction, wherein the temperature of the residue fraction does not exceed about 290.degree. C., and wherein the residue fraction includes the sterol or sterol ester. By application of this method, which can be implemented in existing fractionating equipment or in specially designed pitch collecting apparatuses disclosed herein, the yield of sterols can exceed 50% with respect to the sterols present in crude tall oil. A method is also provided for separating unsaponifiable material from a tall oil stream comprising saponifying the stream with a mixture of sodium hydroxide and potassium hydroxide to form sodium and potassium salts of fatty acid, rosin acids, or both; evaporating the unsaponifiable material; and acidulating the unevaporated sodium and potassium salts.

Abstract: A process for disproportionating rosins using iodide catalysts. In one embodiment, a tall oil rosin is heated in the presence of a lithium iodide catalyst. In another embodiment, a catalyst system is formed from a mixture of lithium iodide and ferrous iodide. The mixed catalyst system completes disproportionation of tall oil rosin in about three hours. Phosphoric acid may be added to remove iron colored impurities when using the mixed catalyst system. Another aspect of the invention involves preparing a soap from the disproportionated rosin by adding a defoamer and a base, such as potassium hydroxide.

Abstract: Anthraquinone is removed from tall oil or tall oil fraction by adsorption with activated carbon. The process is particularly useful in the removal of anthraquinone from tall oil heads.

Abstract: Rosin esters that are both light colored and color stable are produced by reacting polyhydric alcohol with an equivalent excess of rosin, in the presence of calcium bis(monoethyl(3,5-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxybenzyl)phosphonate. When phosphinic acid is added to the reaction mixture, light colored and color stable rosin esters are produced regardless of whether the rosin or polyol are in equivalent excess, although preferably the rosin is in equivalent excess. It is preferred to include a phenol sulfide compound, such as Vultac.RTM. 2, with the calcium bis(monoethyl(3,5-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxybenzyl)phosphonate, and to add the phosphinic acid incrementally after the acid number of the rosin and polyhydric alcohol reaction mixture has dropped to about 100. Excess rosin is preferably stripped from the product mixture at about 275.degree. C.

Abstract: Toluene-soluble modified natural-resin acid esters which can be prepared by reacting at least one compound from each of the component groups: A) natural resins or natural-resin acids; B) .alpha.,.beta.-ethylenically unsaturated carboxylic acids or their anhydrides; C) phenols which are polyfunctional with respect to oxo compounds; D) aldehydes or aldehyde acetals; E) alcohols having at least two hydroxyl groups; and, if desired, further compounds from the substance groups: F) fatty acids or fatty acid esters; G) ethylenically unsaturated monomers; H) ethylenically unsaturated hydrocarbon resins in the presence of: I) monovalent or divalent metal compounds or mixtures thereof at a temperature of from 100.degree. to 300 .degree. C., with elimination of water, to an acid number of less than 100 mg of KOH/g of resin, and then reacting the resulting products with: J) carboxylic acids which contain at least two carboxyl groups and are not .alpha.,.beta.

Abstract: The invention relates to acidification of soap, wherein the acidification is performed with a sodium bisulphite solution produced by absorbing the SO.sub.2 entrained in the flue gases obtained from the combustion of odor gases derived from a chemical pulp mill into an alkaline sodium solution which is NaOH or oxidized white liquor, or with a sodium bisulphite solution which is NaHSO.sub.3 -containing mother liquid obtained from SO.sub.2 or NaHSO.sub.3 acidification of soap. The acidification can be conducted in one or more steps and by the cross-current and/or counter-current method by recycling the Na.sub.2 SO.sub.3 mother liquid obtained from the acidification.

Abstract: The present invention relates to the conversion of tall oil soap to produce crude tall oil. An aqueous tall oil soap solution generated in a kraft wood-pulping process is placed in contact with carbon dioxide, under pressure, to form crude tall oil and sodium bicarbonate brine. The crude tall oil and sodium bicarbonate brine are then allowed to separate, under pressure, into a crude tall oil layer and a sodium bicarbonate brine layer. The crude tall oil layer is then separated from the sodium bicarbonate brine layer, again under pressure. The separated crude tall oil may then be further refined to yield fatty acids, resin acids, and other constituents, which are useful in numerous industrial applications, such as in soaps, lubricants, inks, adhesives, and coatings.

Abstract: The present invention provides for the efficient recycling of carbon dioxide used in high pressure tall oil soap acidulation processes. The excess carbon dioxide used in the high pressure tall oil soap acidulation processes is recycled and contacted with an aqueous tall oil soap solution at a point before the high pressure contacting stage. Preferably, the recycled carbon dioxide is contacted in a first reactor, under pressure, to provide a preliminary tall oil mixture having an extent of acidification beyond the presence of a gel phase. Methods are provided for the monitoring of the acidulation reaction in the first reactor to maintain the extent of acidification beyond the gel phase region.

Abstract: Alkylene oxide adducts of organic compounds having active hydrogen atoms are prepared by a process which comprises contacting and reacting an alkylene oxide reactant comprising one or more vicinal alkylene oxides with an active hydrogen containing reactant comprising one or more compounds having active hydrogen atoms in the presence of a catalyst which comprises one or more compounds comprising a rare earth element and phosphorus supported on an inert porous support. The product alkoxylates are known to be useful, for instance, as nonionic surfactants, wetting and emulsifying agents, solvents, and chemical intermediates.

Abstract: The invention is ink pigment grinding resins for waterbased printing inks which are produced by the amidation of maleated or fumarated rosin with a polyamine containing a primary amine group to produce the water soluble polyaminoamidoimide resin. The resulting rosin resin may be employed over a wide range of pH values to produce stable low or high viscosity grind bases.

Abstract: The present invention relates to the direct electrolysis of tall oil soap (TOS) to produce crude tall oil (CTO). An aqueous tall oil soap solution generated in a kraft wood-pulping process is placed in contact with an anode in an electrolytic cell, wherein the tall oil soap is dissassociated to form crude tall oil and free sodium ions. The sodium ions migrate through a membrane to associate with hydroxide ions formed in a cathode chamber to form NaOH, which may optionally be recycled to the kraft pulping process as a make-up chemical for lost sodium. The crude tall oil is recovered from the electrolyzed tall oil soap solution for further refinement. Optionally, the tall oil soap solution is treated prior to electrolysis to remove components which may interfere with the electrolysis.

Abstract: Alkylene oxide adducts of organic compounds having active hydrogen atoms are prepared by a process which comprises contacting and reacting an alkylene oxide reactant comprising one or more vicinal alkylene oxides with an active hydrogen containing reactant comprising one or more compounds having active hydrogen atoms in the presence of a catalytically effective amount of sodium barium phosphate or potassium barium phosphate. The product alkoxylates are known to be useful, for instance, as nonionic surfactants, wetting and emulsifying agents, solvent, and chemical intermediates.

Abstract: A process for the preparation of novel resin comprising reacting cyclopentadienes, preferably dicyclopentadienes, with tall oil pitch or a neutrals-containing component thereof, at a temperature between about 200.degree. C. and about 300.degree. C. is described. The use of the resin in inks and coatings and the like is also discussed.

Abstract: The color and color stability of tall oil fractions are improved and the odor and sulfur content are reduced by treating the heated black liquor soap skimmings prior to acidulation with 1.0 to 1.5 wt. % hydrogen peroxide for at least one minute.

Abstract: Alkylene oxide adducts of organic compounds having active hydrogen atoms are prepared by a process which comprises contacting and reacting an alkylene oxide reactant comprising one or more vicinal alkylene oxides with an active hydrogen containing reactant comprising one or more compounds having active hydrogen atoms in the presence of a catalytically effective amount of a xerogel comprising one or more compounds comprising a rare earth element and phorphorus. The product alkoxylates are known to be useful, for instance, as nonionic surfactants, wetting and emulsifying agents, solvents, and chemical intermediates.

Abstract: A gravure printing ink comprising, a vehicle having a binder dissolved in a hydrocarbon solvent and a pigment dispersed therein, wherein the binder is a modified rosin resinate prepared by reacting a rosin modified by reaction with a dienophile to form a rosin adduct, and reacting the rosin adduct with from about 0.1% to about 5.0% by weight of the resinate of a reactive compound of a metal belonging to Group I of the Periodic Table to form a resinate.

Abstract: Alkylene oxide adducts of organic compounds having active hydrogen atoms are prepared by a process which comprises contacting and reacting an alkylene oxide reactant comprising one or more C.sub.2 to C.sub.4 vicinal alkylene oxides with an active hydrogen containing reactant comprising one or more compounds having active hydrogen atoms in the presence of a catalytically effective amount of one or more soluble basic compounds of one or more elements of the lanthanum series (atomic numbers 57-71, inclusive). The product alkoxylates are known to be useful, for instance, as nonionic surfactants, wetting and emulsifying agents, solvents, and chemical intermediates. When the process is applied to the preparation of alkylene oxide, particularly ethylene oxide, adducts of alkanols, particularly primary alkanols in the C.sub.6 to C.sub.24 range, the product is a valuable narrow range nonionic surfactant, characterized by relatively narrow distribution of alkylene oxide adducts.

Abstract: Alkylene oxide adducts of organic compounds having active hydrogen atoms are prepared by a process which comprises contacting and reacting an alkylene oxide reactant comprising one or more vicinal alkylene oxides with an active hydrogen containing reactant comprising one or more compounds having active hydrogen atoms in the presence of a catalytically effective amount of one or more of the phosphate salts of the rare earth elements. The product alkoxylates are known to be useful, for instance, as nonionic surfactants, wetting and emulsifying agents, solvents, and chemical intermediates.

Abstract: Alkylene oxide adducts of organic compounds having active hydrogen atoms are prepared by a process which comprises contacting and reacting an alkylene oxide reactant comprising one or more vicinal alkylene oxides with an active hydrogen containing reactant comprising one or more compounds having active hydrogen atoms in the presence of a catalytically effective amount of one or more compounds of one or more of the rare earth elements. The product alkoxylates are known to be useful, for instance, as nonionic surfactants, wetting and emulsifying agents, solvents, and chemical intermediates.

Abstract: A wrapping machine, particularly for wrapping cigarette packets in wrapper film, includes a series of endless band conveyors (148, 152, 156, 166, 170) carrying pushers (150, 154, 158, 172) for moving successive packets (191) along a straight wrapping line. One of the pushers (158) is heated to seal a wrapper seam. Opposed heated band conveyors (166) simultaneously seal end folds of the wrapper. Packets are gripped between opposed conveyors (145, 148) immediately after intercepting a wrapper (100). Partially-wrapped packets are arranged to slide relative to surfaces (149, 153, 157, 180) to attain wrap tightness. Successive conveyors (e.g. 156, 170) are independently driven to allow phasing of the conveyors to vary the position at which packets are transferred between them.

Abstract: Alkylene oxide adducts of organic compounds having active hydrogen atoms are prepared by a process which comprises contacting and reacting an alkylene oxide reactant comprising one or more vicinal alkylene oxides with an active hydrogen containing reactant comprising one or more compounds having active hydrogen atoms in the presence of a catalytically effective amount of one or more of the borate salts of the rare earth elements. The product alkoxylates are known to be useful, for instance, as nonionic surfactants, wetting and emulsifying agents, solvents, and chemical intermediates.

Abstract: Tricarboxylic acids are prepared by reacting unsaturated mono- and dicarboxylic acids of specific carbon atom content in the presence of a catalytic proportion of an unactivated clay and water. The product acids of 34, 35, 36, 38, or 40 carbon atoms are useful as corrosion inhibitors, epoxy resins curing agents, lubricants, polymeric resin plasticizers and intermediates for synthetic polymeric resins.