Abstract: A small engine fuel composition suitable for use in a four-stroke engine, or capable of being blended with a lubricant for use in a two-stroke engine, includes 40% to 50% by volume isooctane, 15% to 25% alkylate feedstock by volume, 5% to 15% by volume of one or more aromatic compounds having from 7 to 8 carbon atoms, 10% to 20% by volume of a first refinery blendstock having a minimum of 98.0 volume percent aromatic compounds and having a flashpoint temperature of about 100 degrees Fahrenheit (known as “Aromatic 100’), and 5% to 15% by volume of a second refinery blendstock having a minimum of 98.0 volume percent aromatic compounds and having a flashpoint temperature of about 150 degrees Fahrenheit (known as “Aromatic 150”).

Abstract: A combustion system including a combustion mechanism that injects oxygenated fuel into a combustion chamber. The oxygenated fuel mixes with the intake air in the combustion chamber where the air-fuel ratio in a portion of the combustion chamber is stoichiometric. The combustion mechanism includes an ignition mechanism that ignites the air-fuel mixture that generates a threshold number of particulates during combustion of the air-fuel mixture. The combustion system further includes an exhaust gas recirculation (EGR) device that recirculates a portion of the exhaust gases back into the combustion chamber. The EGR device recirculates the portion of the exhaust to lower combustion temperature resulting in reduced amount of nitrogen oxide in the exhaust. The combustion system further includes a three-way catalytic converter in line with the exhaust channel to convert a second portion of the exhaust gases, leading to lower pollutant emissions than conventional combustion systems.

Abstract: The invention relates to an improved apparatus and methods for managing and utilizing light hydrocarbons utilized and created during the hydroprocessing of biological feedstocks in the making of middle distillate fuels.

Abstract: Methods are disclosed for manufacturing and using diesel fuel components having a cetane number improver and a renewable fuel component manufactured by hydrotreating and isomerising renewable raw material.

Abstract: Disclosed is a blended gasoline composition having an AKI of 87. The formulation of the blended gasoline composition leads to a reduction in carbon dioxide emission. The blended gasoline composition contains a reduced concentration of olefins and non-amine aromatics.

Abstract: The present technology relates to hydrocarbon fluids, and more particularly, a hydrocarbon lighter fluid derived from renewable sources. Specifically, renewable fatty acids/glycerides are converted to a charcoal lighter fluid with the same or better performance than a petroleum middle distillate derived charcoal lighter fluid.

Abstract: Fuel oil compositions, and methods for blending such fuel oil compositions, to enhance initial compatibility and longer term stability when such fuel oil compositions are blended to meet IMO 2020 low sulfur fuel oil requirements (ISO 8217). In one or more embodiments, asphaltenic resid base stocks are blended with high aromatic slurry oil to facilitate initial compatibility such that low sulfur cutter stocks, e.g., vacuum gas oil and/or cycle oil, may be further blended therein to cut sulfur content while maintaining longer term stability. These fuel oil compositions are economically advantageous when used as marine low sulfur fuel oils because greater concentrations of high viscosity resids are present in the final blend.

Abstract: Low sulfur fuel oil blend compositions and methods of making such blend compositions to increase the stability and compatibility of LSFO blends having paraffinic resids that are blended with distillates and/or cracked stocks of higher asphaltenes and/or aromatics content. In one or more embodiments, distillates and/or cracked stocks that incrementally reduce the initial aromaticity of the distillate or cracked stock with the highest aromaticity are sequentially blended prior to resid addition. Such incremental reduction and sequential blending have been found to provide a resulting low sulfur fuel oil blend that is both compatible and stable.

Abstract: The disclosure provides a fuel formulation that, as a blending component, at a certain blending volume range, with transportation fuels significantly reduces criteria emissions (i.e., particle number (PN) emissions, Nitrogen Oxides (NOx) emissions, Total Hydrocarbon (THC) emissions) when compared to existing market fuels. The fuel blending component formulation comprises one or more branched alkane components, one or more cyclic alkane components, one or more alkylate component and one or more oxygenate component. The fuel blending component composition achieves reductions on a spark ignition engine (SI) of more than 60% in particulate emissions, up to 30% in NOx emissions, and up to 20% in THC emissions when blended with a reference gasoline in concentrations as low as 10% by volume. A method for reducing criteria emissions is also provided.

Abstract: Provided is a lubricating oil composition for a shock absorber, the lubricating oil composition being capable of emitting fluorescence by ultraviolet irradiation while ensuring thermal stability and abrasion resistance. This lubricating oil composition for a shock absorber contains, as components: (A) a base oil; (B) a hydrocarbon compound having a stilbene structure; and (C) a phosphite ester.

Abstract: Improved alkylation catalysts, alkylation methods, and methods of making alkylation catalysts are described. The alkylation method comprises reaction over a solid acid, zeolite-based catalyst and can be conducted for relatively long periods at steady state conditions. The alkylation catalyst comprises a crystalline zeolite structure, a Si/Al molar ratio of 20 or less, less than 0.5 weight percent alkali metals, and further having a characteristic catalyst life property. Some catalysts may contain rare earth elements in the range of 10 to 35 wt %. One method of making a catalyst includes a calcination step following exchange of the rare earth element(s) conducted at a temperature of at least 575° C. to stabilize the resulting structure followed by an deammoniation treatment. An improved method of deammoniation uses low temperature oxidation.

Abstract: Unleaded aviation gasoline. An aviation gasoline fuel blend includes an unleaded aviation gasoline base fuel, with an effective amount of selected alkyl benzenes to improve the functional engine performance to avoid harmful detonation sufficient to meet or exceed selected standards for detonation performance requirements in full scale aircraft piston spark ignition engines designed for use with Grade 100LL avgas. Selected alkyl benzenes such as 1,3-dimethylbenzene, and/or 1,3,5-trimethylbenzene, or other mixtures thereof, may be used. Suitable alkylated benzenes may include a mixture of xylene isomers. Aromatic amines, such as m-toluidine, may also be added to increase MON. Base fuels may be a high quality aviation alkylate, or may be a commercial iso-octane, or a mixture of high quality aviation alkylate enhanced by commercial iso-octane, and may include iso-pentane or butane or both iso-pentane and butane in sufficient quantity to provide appropriate vapor pressure for the final fuel blend.

Abstract: Process for preparing a diesel fuel composition comprising the steps of: (i) blending a Fischer-Tropsch derived gasoil with a petroleum derived gasoil to form a blended gasoil which is compliant with the EN590 specification, wherein the Fischer-Tropsch derived gasoil has a density of 0.8 g/cm3 or less and wherein the petroleum derived gasoil is derived from naphthenic high density petroleum crude oil and has a density at 15° C. of 0.84 g/cm3 or greater and a naphthenics content of 30 wt % or greater; and (ii) mixing the blended gasoil produced in step (i) with a diesel base fuel to form a diesel fuel composition, wherein the diesel fuel composition has a density at 15° C. in the range from 0.820 g/cm3 to 0.845 g/cm3.

Abstract: The present disclosure relates generally processes and systems for converting a C2-C7 light alkanes feed to liquid transportation fuels or value-added chemicals. The feed is contacted with an aromatization catalyst at a temperature and pressure that selectively converts C4 and larger alkanes to an intermediate product comprising monocyclic aromatics and olefins. Following separation of the aromatics and C5+ hydrocarbons from the intermediate product, unconverted C2-C3 alkanes are thermally-cracked to produce olefins that are subsequently oligomerized to produce a liquid transportation fuel blend stock or value-added chemicals.

Abstract: Marine diesel fuel/fuel blending component compositions and fuel oil/fuel blending component compositions are provided that are derived from crude oils having high naphthenes to aromatics volume and/or weight ratios and a low sulfur content. In addition to having a high naphthenes to aromatics ratio, a low sulfur content, and a low but substantial content of aromatics, such fuels and/or fuel blending components can have a reduced or minimized carbon intensity relative to fuels derived from conventional sources. The unexpected ratio of naphthenes to aromatics contributes to the fuels and/or fuel blending components further having additional unexpected properties, including low density, low kinematic viscosity, and/or high energy density.

Abstract: The invention relates to hydrocarbon feedstock processing technology, in particular, to catalysts and technology for aromatization of C3-C4 hydrocarbon gases, light low-octane hydrocarbon fractions and oxygen-containing compounds (C1-C3 aliphatic alcohols), as well as mixtures thereof resulting in producing an aromatic hydrocarbon concentrate (AHCC). The catalyst comprises a mechanical mixture of 2 zeolites, one of which is characterized by the silica/alumina ratio SiO2/Al2O3=20, pre-treated with an aqueous alkali solution and modified with oxides of rare-earth elements used in the amount from 0.5 to 2.0 wt % based on the weight of the first zeolite. The second zeolite is characterized by the silica/alumina ratio SiO2/Al2O3=82, comprises sodium oxide residual amounts of 0.04 wt % based on the weight of the second zeolite, and is modified with magnesium oxide in the amount from 0.5 to 5.0 wt % based on the weight of the second zeolite. Furthermore, the zeolites are used in the weight ratio from 1.7:1 to 2.

Abstract: Processes for making alkylate gasoline compositions that are more “green” and alkylate gasoline compositions containing “green” renewable naphtha and iso octane are described. Exemplary processes for making alkylate gasoline compositions that are more “green” and compositions of alkylate gasoline compositions containing “green” renewable naphtha, iso octane and iso pentane are described. Such compositions allow a higher mixing ratio of the renewable naphtha and/or a higher Research Octane Number (RON), Motor Octane Number (MON) and vapour pressure compared to not adding a combination of iso-octane and iso-pentane.

Abstract: The present disclosure provides base aviation gasoline formulations. In addition, the present disclosure provides formulations in which one or more additives can optionally be added to the base aviation gasoline formulation to produce a finished aviation gasoline formulation.

Abstract: A process for reducing the environmental contaminants in a ISO 8217 compliant Feedstock Heavy Marine Fuel Oil, the process involving: mixing a quantity of the Feedstock Heavy Marine Fuel Oil with a quantity of Activating Gas mixture to give a feedstock mixture; contacting the feedstock mixture with one or more catalysts to form a Process Mixture from the feedstock mixture; separating the Product Heavy Marine Fuel Oil liquid components of the Process Mixture from the gaseous components and by-product hydrocarbon components of the Process Mixture and, discharging the Product Heavy Marine Fuel Oil. The Product Heavy Marine Fuel Oil is compliant with ISO 8217 for residual marine fuel oils and the sulfur and Specific Contaminants have concentration less than 0.5 wt %., wherein the Specific Contaminates are selected from the group consisting of: vanadium, sodium, aluminum, silicon, calcium, zinc, phosphorus, nickel, iron and combinations thereof.

Abstract: Methods for making marine fuel oil compositions and/or marine gas oil compositions are provided. The fuel oil compositions can include a distillate fraction having a sulfur content of 0.40 wt % or more and a resid fraction having a sulfur content of 0.35 wt % or less. The distillate fraction can also have a suitable content of aromatics and/or suitable combined content of aromatics and naphthenes. The distillate fraction, optionally blended with a low sulfur distillate fraction, can be used as a gas oil fuel or fuel blending component. Using a distillate fraction with an elevated sulfur content and aromatics content as a blend component for forming a fuel oil can result in a marine fuel oil with improved compatibility for blending with other conventional marine fuel oil fractions.

Abstract: Heavy hydrotreated gas oil compositions are provided, along with marine fuel oil compositions and marine gas oil compositions that include a substantial portion of a hydrotreated heavy atmospheric gas oil. The hydrotreated heavy atmospheric gas oil can correspond to a gas oil with a relatively low viscosity and an elevated paraffin content in a narrow boiling range which results in a relatively high cloud point and/or pour point.

Abstract: Described are preferred compositions for a motor fuel. Such motor fuels may be particularly well suited for use in the motor of an aircraft. In particular, compositions of the present disclosure may comprise alicyclic alkanes, straight or branched chain alkanes, and aromatics. In a preferred embodiment, the fuel comprises cyclopentane, isooctane, and one or more aromatics selected from xylene, toluene, and trimethylbenzenes. The present disclosure describes a full spectrum of unleaded fuels with various motor octane (MON) values to address a wide range of aviation fuel needs in the global marketplace.

Abstract: Compositions corresponding to marine diesel fuels, fuel oils, jet fuels, and/or blending components thereof are provided that include at least a portion of a natural gas condensate fraction. Natural gas condensate fractions derived from a natural gas condensate with sufficiently low API gravity can provide a source of low sulfur, low pour point blend stock for formation of marine diesel and/or fuel oil fractions. Natural gas condensate fractions can provide these advantages and/or other advantages without requiring prior hydroprocessing and/or cracking.

Abstract: The invention is directed to a fuel composition for diesel engines. The fuel composition comprises 0.1-99% by weight of a component or a mixture of components produced from biological raw material originating from plants and/or animals and/or fish. The fuel composition comprises 0-20% of components containing oxygen. Both components are mixed with diesel components based on crude oil and/or fractions from Fischer-Tropsch process.

Abstract: An aviation gasoline composition comprising an impure iso-octane fraction, at least one xylene and at least one C4 or C5 alkane, wherein the impure iso-octane fraction in said composition is a fraction comprising at least 90 mol % iso-octane and having a final boiling point of at least 180° C. and is present in the composition in an amount in the range of from 30 to 80 vol. % based on the composition, the composition is substantially free of any lead compounds, the composition has a motor octane number of at least 94 and the composition has a final boiling point of at most 170° C. The composition of the present invention may be made by blending together an impure iso-octane fraction, xylene, at least one C4 or C5 alkane, optionally ethyl tertiary butyl ether, and optionally methylcyclopentadienyl manganese tricarbonyl and may be used in a spark ignition aviation engine, either alone or in combination with methanol or a methanol and water mixture.

Abstract: Techniques for processing biomass are disclosed herein. A method of preparing cellulosic ethanol having 100% biogenic carbon content as determined by ASTM 6866-18, includes treating ground corn cobs with electron beam radiation and saccharifying the irradiated ground corn cob to produce sugars. The method also includes fermenting the sugars with a microorganism. In addition, an unblended cellulosic-biomass derived gasoline with a research octane number of greater than about 87, as determined by ASTM D2699 is disclosed.

Abstract: A composition useful in oxidative desulphurization of gaseous hydrocarbons is described. It comprises a CuZnAl—O mixed oxide, and an H form of a zeolite. The mixed oxide can contain one or more metal oxide promoters. The H form of the zeolite can be desilicated, and can also contain one or more transition metals.

Abstract: A method for increasing the lipid content of algae includes combining algae and a lipid-precipitating addition in a growth-inhibitive medium, the growth-inhibitive medium being deficient in at least one nutrient that is necessary for reproductive growth of algae, thus frustrating algae reproduction, the lipid-precipitating addition selected from hydroxyl-containing compounds and amine-containing compounds. An organic acid addition may also be combined with the lipid-precipitating addition and algae in the growth-inhibitive medium, the organic acid addition including compounds containing carboxylic acid functionality. Direct production of biodiesel is also achieved by the use of particular lipid-precipitating additions and organic acid additions.

Abstract: Various compositions of matter, methods of making compositions of matter, and methods of using compositions of matter are disclosed. In some embodiments, compositions useful as aviation gasoline, sometimes called “avgas”, are disclosed. In some embodiments, mesitylene is used in compositions of matter, Additives may be employed in the disclosed compositions of matter. In some embodiments, the composition of matter has a motor octane number of about 99 or higher. In some embodiments, the compositions of matter have reduced or no heteroatom constituents, and/or may have reduced or no metal constituents. In some embodiments, compositions of matter disclosed herein may have certain performance characteristics equal to better than currently available 100LL compositions.

Abstract: Heavy hydrotreated gas oil compositions are provided, along with marine fuel oil compositions and marine gas oil compositions that include a substantial portion of a hydrotreated heavy atmospheric gas oil. The hydrotreated heavy atmospheric gas oil can correspond to a gas oil with a relatively low viscosity and an elevated paraffin content in a narrow boiling range which results in a relatively high cloud point and/or pour point.

Abstract: A process for injecting an immiscible liquid stream comprising a co-catalyst for a hydrocarbon conversion into a larger liquid stream that is an ionic liquid catalyst for the hydrocarbon conversion, comprising: a. feeding the immiscible liquid stream towards one or more injection quills in an additive delivery system comprising a transfer drum; b. transferring the immiscible liquid stream from the additive delivery system to the one or more injection quills in a solvent flushing system, fluidly connected downstream from the additive delivery system, wherein the solvent flushing system injects a solvent into one or more additive addition lines in the solvent flushing system; and c. continuously injecting the immiscible liquid stream into the larger liquid stream in an additive injection and mixing system comprising the one or more injection quills.

Abstract: An aviation gasoline composition comprising an impure iso-octane fraction, at least one xylene and at least one C4 or C5 alkane, wherein the impure iso-octane fraction in said composition is a fraction comprising at least 90 mol % iso-octane and having a final boiling point of at least 180° C. and is present in the composition in an amount in the range of from 30 to 80 vol. % based on the composition, the composition is substantially free of any lead compounds, the composition has a motor octane number of at least 94 and the composition has a final boiling point of at most 170° C. The composition of the present invention may be made by blending together an impure iso-octane fraction, xylene, at least one C4 or C5 alkane, optionally ethyl tertiary butyl ether, and optionally methylcyclopentadienyl manganese tricarbonyl and may be used in a spark ignition aviation engine, either alone or in combination with methanol or a methanol and water mixture.

Abstract: A process for reducing the environmental contaminants in a ISO8217 compliant Feedstock Heavy Marine Fuel Oil, the process involving: mixing a quantity of the Feedstock Heavy Marine Fuel Oil with a quantity of Activating Gas mixture to give a feedstock mixture; contacting the feedstock mixture with one or more catalysts to form a Process Mixture from the feedstock mixture; separating the Product Heavy Marine Fuel Oil liquid components of the Process Mixture from the gaseous components and by-product hydrocarbon components of the Process Mixture and, discharging the Product Heavy Marine Fuel Oil. The Product Heavy Marine Fuel Oil is compliant with ISO 8217A for residual marine fuel oils and has a sulfur level has a maximum sulfur content (ISO 14596 or ISO 8754) between the range of 0.05% wt. to 0.50% wt. The Product Heavy Marine Fuel Oil can be used as or as a blending stock for an ISO 8217 compliant, IMO MARPOL Annex VI (revised) compliant low sulfur or ultralow sulfur heavy marine fuel oil.

Abstract: A composition, including 40-50 wt-% C14 paraffins, based on the total weight of the composition, and 35-45 wt-% C15 paraffins, based on the total weight of the composition, wherein the C14 and C15 paraffins are produced from a biological raw material.

Abstract: The invention relates to hydrocarbon feedstock processing technology, in particular, to catalysts and technology for aromatization of C3-C4 hydrocarbon gases, light low-octane hydrocarbon fractions and oxygen-containing compounds (C1-C3 aliphatic alcohols), as well as mixtures thereof resulting in producing an aromatic hydrocarbon concentrate (AHCC). The catalyst comprises a mechanical mixture of 2 zeolites, one of which is characterized by the silica/alumina ratio SiO2/Al2O3=20, pre-treated with an aqueous alkali solution and modified with oxides of rare-earth elements used in the amount from 0.5 to 2.0 wt % based on the weight of the first zeolite. The second zeolite is characterized by the silica/alumina ratio SiO2/Al2O3=82, comprises sodium oxide residual amounts of 0.04 wt % based on the weight of the second zeolite, and is modified with magnesium oxide in the amount from 0.5 to 5.0 wt % based on the weight of the second zeolite. Furthermore, the zeolites are used in the weight ratio from 1.7:1 to 2.

Abstract: An apparatus to convert carbonaceous materials, particularly biomass and those biomass resources which are remotely located, into a solid material, which may be a high performance solid fuel, are presented. The apparatus provides a continuous process which can be completely powered by the energy contained in the biomass. The heat, mechanical power and electrical power are provided from the energy in the biomass, through the methods described. In this way, the apparatus is free to operate in remote locations, where no power or auxiliary fuel sources are available.

Abstract: A highly efficient method for the conversion of a natural product into the high density fuel RJ-4 with concomitant evolution of isobutylene for conversion to fuels and polymers, more specifically, embodiments of the invention relate to efficient methods for the conversion of the renewable, linear terpene alcohol, linalool into a drop-in, high density fuel suitable for ramjet or missile propulsion.

Abstract: This disclosure relates to catalysts and processes designed to convert DME and/or methanol and hydrogen (H2) to desirable liquid fuels. These catalysts produce the fuels efficiently and with a high selectivity and yield, and reduce the formation of aromatic hydrocarbons by incorporating H2 into the products. This disclosure also describes process methods to further upgrade these fuels to higher molecular weight liquid fuel mixtures, which have physical properties comparable with current commercially used liquid fuels.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a process for producing mixture of fuel components, which process comprises providing a feed of biological origin; subjecting said feed of biological origin and a hydrogen gas feed to a single step of hydroprocessing in the presence of a catalyst system comprising dewaxing catalyst to form a mixture of fuel components. The present invention relates also to an apparatus for producing a mixture of fuel components from a feed of biological origin. The invention relates also to the use of the fuel components.

Abstract: Embodiments of the invention provide processes for catalytically converting oxygenates to hydrocarbon products having an increased C6-C8 aromatics content therein. Particular processes include (a) providing a first mixture comprising ?10.0 wt. % of at least one oxygenate, based on the weight of the first mixture; (b) contacting the first mixture with a catalyst to convert the first mixture to a product stream including water, one or more hydrocarbons, hydrogen, and one or more oxygenates, wherein the catalyst comprises at least one molecular sieve and at least one element selected from Groups 2-14 of the Periodic Table and the hydrocarbons comprise ?30.0 wt. % of aromatics, based on the weight of the hydrocarbons in the product stream; and (c) separating from the product stream at least one water-rich stream, at least one aromatic-rich hydrocarbon stream, and at least one aromatic-depleted hydrocarbon stream.

Abstract: A method is provided to transform biomass. Non-food biomass is preprocessed. Then, fermentation is processed to generate ethanol. Ethanol is dehydrated through a catalyst to generate ethylene. After the dehydration, oligomerization is processed with a catalyst to transform ethylene into olefins having 6˜20 carbon atoms (C6˜C20). The olefins are hydrotreated into alkanes. Thus, C6˜C20 hydrocarbons having long carbon chains are formed. The hydrocarbons having 6˜10 carbon atoms can be used as gasoline; those having 8˜16 carbon atoms, jet fuel; and those having 16˜20 carbon atoms, diesel. On generating ethanol, byproducts of lignin may be generated. The byproducts can be processed through depolymerization/deoxygenation to generate aromatic hydrocarbons or can be gasified to generate methanol or dimethyl ether. By further processing dehydration, aromatic hydrocarbons are generated to be mixed into gasoline, jet fuel or diesel. Or, the lignin byproducts are gasified to generate syngas.

Abstract: A renewable biofuel based on a highly efficient batch catalysis methodology for conversion of 1-butene to a new class of potential jet fuel blends. By tuning the catalyst and then using the dimer produced, the carbon use is about 95% or greater. This latter point will be particularly important in the future, where the source of raw materials (i.e., biomass/biofeedstock) is limited.

Abstract: A jet-range hydrocarbon product includes a mixture of paraffins. The mixture exhibits a freeze point of less than or equal to about ?70° C., a 95% distillation point of greater than or equal to about 275° C., and a smooth boiling point curve that is characterized as having no intervals of the boiling point curve having a slope that is steeper than 4° C./mass % as defined by ASTM standard D2887 between mass recovered ranges of about 20% to about 80%. The steepness of the boiling point curve slope is calculated over any 10 mass % increments within the specified mass % ranges.

Abstract: The invention is a process for the production of a hydrocarbon product including contacting an oxygenated aromatic feedstock, in the presence of hydrogen, with a catalyst composition including: a) a metal hydrogenation catalyst and b) a solid acid catalyst which is active for the deoxygenation of oxygenated hydrocarbons. The process is useful for the conversion of pyrolysis oils and other products derived from biomass and plastics recycling etc, into fuels and chemical feedstocks.

Abstract: A method for an engine, comprising: responsive to a pressure in a fuel tank being below a pressure threshold, injecting only a liquid fuel into an engine cylinder, the fuel tank storing the liquid fuel and a pressurized gaseous fuel partially dissolved in the liquid fuel. In this way, the pressurized gaseous fuel may be conserved, thus maintaining a pressure gradient within the fuel system and allowing for judicious use of the pressurized gaseous fuel, for example during cold start conditions.

Abstract: Systems and methods to create and store a liquid phase mix of natural gas absorbed in light-hydrocarbon solvents under temperatures and pressures that facilitate improved volumetric ratios of the stored natural gas as compared to CNG and PLNG at the same temperatures and pressures of less than ?80° to about ?120° F. and about 300 psig to about 900 psig. Preferred solvents include ethane, propane and butane, and natural gas liquid (NGL) and liquid pressurized gas (LPG) solvents. Systems and methods for receiving raw production or semi-conditioned natural gas, conditioning the gas, producing a liquid phase mix of natural gas absorbed in a light-hydrocarbon solvent, and transporting the mix to a market where pipeline quality gas or fractionated products are delivered in a manner utilizing less energy than CNG, PLNG or LNG systems with better cargo-mass to containment-mass ratio for the natural gas component than CNG systems.

Abstract: A method for synthesizing cyclic hydrocarbons with linear hydrocarbon side chains from a renewable source, or biomass by naturally occurring or bioengineered fungal strains, or hydrodistillation of plants.

Abstract: Disclosed herein are methods and systems for upgrading (for example, removing heteroatoms, metals, or metalloids) an oil composition derived or extracted from a biomass. The upgraded oil composition can be used to make a desired product, for example, a fuel product.

Abstract: This invention relates to a process for hydrogenation of benzene contained in a catalytic reformate, in which: The hydrogen that is present in the catalytic reformate is separated from the remainder of the reformate with separation means, A light benzene-enriched fraction is separated from the heavy reformate, The light reformate that contains the benzene is brought into contact with a nickel-based hydrogenation catalyst at a temperature of between 90° C. and 150° C., a VVH of between 0.5 and 10, and with at least one portion of hydrogen that is obtained during the separation stage of the hydrogen at the top of the separator tank and used at the output pressure of said separator.

Abstract: Provided are a method and a device for producing synthesis gas and for operating an internal combustion engine therewith. The engine fuel gases can be produced from changing heterogeneous organic fuels, wherein highly tar-laden product gas and pyrolysis gas are formed. The gas mixtures or the syntheses gas formed and by special operation of the gas engine are usable as an addition to the ignition oil. The synthesis gas is generated from the pyrolysis gas that is generated in a pyrolysis reactor and from the product gas that results from autothermal gasification of the pyrolysis coke formed and/or of the pyrolysis oil in an atmospheric steady-state fluidized bed gasifier. Then purifying the synthesis gas in a gas scrubber and in an tar electrostatic filter, passing the synthesis gas via a compressor into a separate injector of a two-stroke dual-fuel engine, bypassing turbocharger and intercooler.