Abstract: A cascade reactor scheme with acid and hydrocarbon flowing in reverse directions. The systems and processes for alkylation of olefins herein may include providing a first olefin to a first alkylation zone, and a second olefin to a second alkylation zone. Isoparaffin may be provided to the first alkylation zone. The isoparaffin and first olefin may be contacted with a partially spent sulfuric acid in the first alkylation zone to form a spent acid phase and a first hydrocarbon phase including alkylate and unreacted isoparaffin. The first hydrocarbon phase and second olefin may be contacted with a sulfuric acid feed in the second alkylation zone to form a second hydrocarbon phase, also including alkylate and unreacted isoparaffin, and the partially spent sulfuric acid that is fed to the first alkylation zone. Further, the second hydrocarbon phase may be separated, recovering an isoparaffin fraction and an alkylate product fraction.

Abstract: Disclosed are a system device for preparing an alkylate oil using a sulfuric acid catalyst and a manufacturing method thereof. The system device comprises a reactor unit (100), a catalyst and hydrocarbon circulation unit (200), a separator unit (300), an isobutane circulation unit (500) and a fractionator unit (400). The reactor unit (100) is connected and in communication with the catalyst and hydrocarbon circulation unit (200) and the separator unit (300) via channels respectively. The catalyst and hydrocarbon circulation unit (200) is connected and in communication with the separator unit (300) via channels. The separator unit (300) is connected and in communication with the isobutane circulation unit (500) and the fractionator unit (400) via channels respectively. The catalyst and hydrocarbon circulation unit (200), the separator unit (300), the isobutane circulation unit (500) and the fractionator unit (400) are connected and in communication with the reactor unit (100) via channels respectively.

Abstract: A nano-particle comprising: an interior region comprising a mixed-metal oxide; and an exterior surface comprising a pure metal. In some embodiments, the mixed-metal oxide comprises aluminum oxide and a metallic pinning agent, such as palladium, copper, molybdenum, or cobalt. In some embodiments, the pure metal at the exterior surface is the same as the metallic pinning agent in the mixed-metal oxide in the interior region. In some embodiments, a catalytic nano-particle is bonded to the pure metal at the exterior surface. In some embodiments, the interior region and the exterior surface are formed using a plasma gun. In some embodiments, the interior region and the exterior surface are formed using a wet chemistry process. In some embodiments, the catalytic nano-particle is bonded to the pure metal using a plasma gun. In some embodiments, the catalytic nano-particle is bonded to the pure metal using a wet chemistry process.

Abstract: Embodiments of methods and apparatuses for isomerization of paraffins are provided. In one example, a method comprises the steps of separating an isomerization effluent into a product stream that comprises branched paraffins and a stabilizer overhead vapor stream that comprises HCl, H2, and C6-hydrocarbons. C6-hydrocarbons are removed from at least a portion of the stabilizer overhead vapor stream to form a HCl and H2-rich stream. An isomerization catalyst is activated using at least a portion of the HCl and H2-rich stream to form a chloride-promoted isomerization catalyst. A paraffin feed stream is contacted with the chloride-promoted isomerization catalyst in the presence of hydrogen for isomerization of the paraffins.

Abstract: Integrated isomerization and ionic liquid catalyzed alkylation processes may comprise integrating ionic liquid alkylation and n-butane isomerization using a common distillation unit for separating an n-butane containing fraction from at least one of an alkylation hydrocarbon phase from an ionic liquid alkylation reactor and an isomerization hydrocarbon stream from an isomerization unit. The n-butane containing fraction may undergo isomerization to provide an isomerization reactor effluent comprising the isomerization hydrocarbon stream. An isobutane containing fraction, separated from at least one of the alkylation hydrocarbon phase and the isomerization hydrocarbon stream, may be recycled from the distillation unit to the ionic liquid alkylation reactor.

Abstract: A method of operation for producing high yield of alkylate product using catalytic reactors. The catalytic reactors which cycle between reaction mode and catalyst regeneration mode have their contents exchanged with each other at the beginning of each cycle in order to increase the yield of the desired product. This exchange increases the yield by minimizing the contact of reactant in reaction mode with regenerant utilized in regeneration mode. Thus, reducing/preventing the undesirable alternate reaction between the two, which consumes the reactant making it unavailable for the production of the desired product.

Abstract: This invention relates to polyoxometalates represented by the formula (An)m+[My(H2O)pXzZ2W18O66]m?1 or solvates thereof, wherein A represents a cation acting as counterion of the polyanion, n is the number of the cations A, m is the charge of the polyoxoanion, M represents a transition metal selected from Cu, Zn, Pd, Pt and mixtures thereof, y is the number of transition metals M and is a number from greater than 4 to less than 6, p is a number of water molecules and is a number from 0 to 10, X is a halide selected from F, Cl, Br, I and mixtures thereof, z is a number of halides and is a number from 0 to 6 and Z represents a heteroatom selected from SbIII, BiIII, AsIII, SeIV and TeIV.

Abstract: The present invention relates to catalyst-loaded coal compositions having a moisture content of less than about 6 wt %, a process for the preparation of catalyst-loaded coal compositions, and an integrated process for the gasification of the catalyst-loaded coal compositions. The catalyst-loaded coal compositions can be prepared by a diffusive catalyst loading process that provides for a highly dispersed catalyst that is predominantly associated with the coal matrix, such as by ion-exchange.

Abstract: This invention relates to polyoxometalates represented by the formula (An)m+[My(H2O)pXzZ2W18O66]m? or solvates thereof, wherein A represents a cation acting as counterion of the polyanion, n is the number of the cations A, m is the charge of the polyoxoanion, M represents a transition metal selected from Cu, Zn, Pd, Pt and mixtures thereof, y is the number of transition metals M and is a number from greater than 4 to less than 6, p is a number of water molecules and is a number from 0 to 10, X is a halide selected from F, Cl, Br, I and mixtures thereof, z is a number of halides and is a number from 0 to 6 and Z represents a heteroatom selected from SbIII, BiIII, AsIII, SeIV and TeIV. This invention also relates to a method to make polyoxometalates represented by the formula (II): (An)m+[My(H2O)pXzZ2W18O66]m? or solvates thereof, where y is the number of transition metals M and is a number from greater than 4 to less than or equal to 6, and A, n, m, M p, X, z, Z, are as defined for formula (I).

Abstract: Essentially monounsaturated polyalkylenes having from 30 to 700 carbon atoms are continuously hydroformylated by a process in which i) a hydroformylation-active cobalt carbonyl catalyst is prepared from a catalyst precursor dissolved in an aqueous phase in the absence of the polyalkylenes, ii) the polyalkylenes are hydroformylated by means of synthesis gas in the presence of the cobalt carbonyl catalyst in a reaction zone, iii) the cobalt carbonyl catalyst is separated from the output from the reaction zone with at least partial reformation of the catalyst precursor and the catalyst precursor is recirculated to step i).

Abstract: A novel i-pentane disproportionation process is provided and includes contacting i-pentane with an acidic disproportionation catalyst in the presence of a lower paraffin co-feed and, optionally, in the presence of an initiator.

Abstract: The disproportionation of isopentane(s) in the presence of hydrogen fluoride as the catalyst is improved by adding at least one C.sub.6 -C.sub.18 (preferably C.sub.6 -C.sub.8) isoalkane to the isopentane feed.

Abstract: An improved isoparaffin/olefin HF alkylation process designed to function absent the commonly-utilized acid regenerator. Polymer products, formed during the alkylation reaction, are recovered with the normally liquid alkylate product, substantially free from HF, without effecting degradation in the product quality. In addition to enhanced economic considerations stemming from a reduction in equipment costs, the operational stability of the process is significantly improved.