Abstract: A method for non-invasively determining a physiological state of interest in a subject is described. The method involves, placing a body part in contact with a receptor, and directing a source of electromagnetic radiation (EMR) over a range of wavelengths onto body part so that the EMR reaches the blood and interstitial fluid within the body part. The EMR that is absorbed by, reflected by, or transmitted through, the blood and interstitial fluid of the body part is measured, and a spectrum over the range of wavelengths obtained. The spectrum is analyzed to determine an amount of two or more than two analytes within the blood and interstitial fluid of the body part and a biochemical profile is derived. The biochemical profile is used to determine the physiological state of interest in the subject.

Abstract: A Raman sensor includes a light source assembly having a plurality of light sources configured to emit light to a plurality of skin points of skin, each of the plurality of skin points having a predetermined separation distance from a light collection region of the skin from which Raman scattered light is collected; a light collector configured to collect the Raman scattered light from the light collection region of the skin; and a detector configured to detect the collected Raman scattered light.

Abstract: Systems, devices, and methods are described herein for maintaining a physiological sensor at constant pressure against a subject. A system may include a wearable band that is wearable by a subject, a physiological sensor coupled to the wearable band, a pressure sensor coupled to the wearable band, a processor and a user interface. The physiological sensor may be positioned along an inside surface of the wearable band, embedded in the wearable band, or otherwise positioned in the band to be adjacent to the subject as the subject wears the wearable band. The pressure sensor may directly or indirectly measure a pressure of the physiological sensor against the subject. The processor may generate an alert when a pressure measurement for the physiological sensor against the subject is outside a specified range. The user interface may present the alert to the subject.

Abstract: An apparatus to treat a patient comprises a container to receive fluid of a device implanted in the eye. The fluid of the device can be analyzed to determine a component of the vitreous humor of the eye.

Abstract: In some embodiments, a system comprises a head-mounted frame removably coupleable to the user's head; one or more light sources coupled to the head-mounted frame and configured to emit light with at least two different wavelengths toward a target object in an irradiation field of view of the light sources; one or more electromagnetic radiation detectors coupled to the head-mounted member and configured to receive light reflected after encountering the target object; and a controller operatively coupled to the one or more light sources and detectors and configured to determine and display an output indicating the identity or property of the target object as determined by the light properties measured by the detectors in relation to the light properties emitted by the light sources.

Abstract: The invention relates to a method for determining the occurrence of a vascular collapse of a blood vessel in or on the eye. According to the invention, it is proposed that the vascular collapse be determined from a measured temporal change of blood flow in the blood vessel.

Abstract: A filter unit for a Raman microscope mounted with a dark-field objective lens unit includes a frame body, a plurality of UV-LED elements that is disposed around a window part of the frame body to emit UV light, and a long-pass filter that is supported to the frame body to cover the window part of the frame body and transmits a light having a wavelength longer than the wavelength of the UV light. The filter unit has a dark-field UV irradiation function, and is able to impart a fluorescence observation function to the Raman microscope.

Abstract: Apparatus for assessing medical risks of a patient includes an analytics engine and equipment that provides data to the analytics engine. The equipment includes a patient support apparatus such as a patient bed, a nurse call computer, a physiological monitor, a patient lift, a locating computer of a locating system, and an incontinence detection pad. The analytics engine analyzes the data from the equipment to determine a sepsis risk score, a falls risk score, and a pressure injury score. The apparatus further include displays that are communicatively coupled to the analytics engine and that display the sepsis, falls, and pressure injury risk scores. The displays include a status board display located at a master nurse station, an in-room display provided by a room station of a nurse call system, an electronic medical records (EMR) display of an EMR computer, and a mobile device display of a mobile device of a caregiver assigned to the patient.

Abstract: A contact lens according to an embodiment of the present disclosure includes a lens section attachable to an eyeball, and one or a plurality of structure portions provided in the lens section and intended to accumulate tears. This makes it possible to, for example, measure an absorption spectrum of the tears, by emitting light toward the tears accumulated in the one or plurality of structure portions.

Abstract: A system for use in monitoring one or more parameters of a subject's body is described. The system comprising: an illumination unit configured for providing pulsed coherent illumination and directing said illumination onto an inspected region on said subject's body; a collection unit configured for collecting light returning from said inspection region and generate a plurality of data pieces associated with secondary speckle patterns in said light; an external field stimulation unit configured for selectively generating external field stimulation onto the subject's body; and a control unit. The control unit is configured and operable for operating said illumination unit said collection unit and said external field stimulation unit and for receiving said plurality of data pieces from said collection unit to thereby determine said one or more conditions of the subject's body.

Abstract: A method includes generating spectral image data reproducible as one or more spectral images of a plurality of regions of interest in a sample. The method also includes analyzing the spectral image data to identify a plurality of scattering components in the spectral image data, each of the plurality of scattering components being associated with one or more biological properties of the sample. The method also includes identifying a feature of interest in the sample based at least in part on one or more the identified plurality of scattering components.

Abstract: An ophthalmic illumination method and system with a head-up display imaging system is provided wherein a therapeutic light is generated by a first laser light source configured to generate therapeutic light and a near-infrared wavelength of an alignment pattern is generated by a second laser light source, where the therapeutic light is directed upon an eye to be examined or treated in accordance with the alignment pattern.

Abstract: Disclosed herein is a system that uses an eye tracker for diagnosing and facilitating rehabilitation therapy of a patient suffering from disability. The system creates a human machine interface (HMI) that integrates various low cost biosensors and artificial sensors for conducting rehabilitation therapy. The system combines spinal and supra-spinal feedback of the patient with the operant conditioning to facilitate visuomotor balance therapy (VBT), thereby reducing fall risk in disability survivors. The operant conditioning setup for shaping of visuomotor learning to bring about new behavior or to modify a certain aspect of an existing behavior is used for rehabilitation therapy that includes a behaviour response apparatus, a reward delivery module, a stimulus delivery system, and a behaviour control system. The system can also be extended to the patient's home for providing telerehabilitation therapy.

Abstract: Non-invasive optical detection devices and techniques that use optically discriminative detection of returned probe light from a target by spatially separating the returned probe light from the deep tissue structure and the returned probe light from the skin surface and the shallow tissue structure based on different wave vector components to improve the optical detection sensitivity in detecting the returned probe light from the deep tissue structure with reduced optical interference by the returned probe light form the skin surface and the shallow tissue structure.

Abstract: An optical measuring instrument 1 is equipped with an optical system 20 to be used for measuring a characteristic of the aqueous humor in the anterior chamber 13 of an eyeball 10 of a measurement subject person and a holding unit 50 which holds the optical system 20 etc. The optical system 20 is equipped with a light emitting system 20A and a photodetecting system 20B. An optical path 28 is set so that light emitted from the light emitting system 20A passes through (traverses) the anterior chamber 13 and is detected by the photodetecting system 20B in a state that the eyeball 10 is turned outward.

Abstract: An eyeglass recorder includes multiple scene cameras for respectively recording frontal scenes along the viewer's horizontal line-of-sight and depending scenes at approximately a 45° angle downwardly from the viewer's horizontal line-of-sight. The viewer's eye movement is concurrently monitored to differentiate between the viewing of the recorded frontal and depending scenes and to detect saccadic eye motion for assessment of the viewer's level of interest in the viewed scenes.

Abstract: A specialized spectrometer comprises a light source to generate a monochromatic light beam to generate resonance Raman peaks or resonance near infrared absorption peaks from a region of the subject and a reference light source to illuminate the region with a reference light beam. The light energy from the resonance Raman peaks can be measured with a detector coupled to an optical wavelength separator. A portion of the reference beam scattered from the region can be measured with a reference detector. An amount of the constituent can be determined with a processor in response to the resonance Raman peaks measured with the detector and the portion of the reference beam measured with the reference detector. The illumination of the region with reference beam with the monochromatic beam allows accurate determination of the amount of the constituent, and the amount may comprise a concentration, such as an amount per unit volume.

Abstract: The present invention discloses methods and apparatus for methods and apparatus for manufacturing an Ophthalmic Lens with passive event coloration mechanisms, which may not require a power source. In some embodiments, the passive event coloration mechanisms may be combined with Rigid Inserts or Media Inserts, wherein the inserts may provide additional functionalities.

Abstract: Present disclosure relates to a method of diagnosing malaria infection in a patient by Surface Enhanced Raman Spectroscopy (SERS). The method includes obtaining a sample from said patient, mixing the sample with a suspension of magnetic nanoparticles, wherein said magnetic nanoparticles adsorb hemozoin present in the sample onto their surface, obtaining the SERS spectra of the sample, and correlating the obtained SERS spectra to the presence or amount of hemozoin in the sample, wherein the presence of hemozoin is indicative of malaria infection.

Abstract: An optical probe for measuring light signals includes a first optical fiber guiding incoming light, a lens focusing incoming light towards a sample and collecting altered light from the sample, a second optical fiber guiding altered light, a light logging device measuring intensity fluctuations in the incoming light, wherein the light logging device is positioned after the first optical fiber, whereby the light logging device receives a part of the incoming light from the first fiber. The optical probe is normally applied for measuring light signals in vivo, and finds its primary applications within the field of optical spectroscopic measurements, where the light signals measured by the probe are applied in combination with an apparatus wherein light signals are analyzed against its spectral components for instance in Raman, fluorescence, phosphorescence absorption, diffusion and transmission studies.

Abstract: A body-mountable device can include a transparent material and a substrate at least partially embedded in the transparent material. The transparent material can have a mounting surface and a surface opposite the mounting surface. A light source can be disposed on the substrate and configured to emit light through the surface opposite the mounting surface. The light source can be controlled by circuitry disposed on the substrate. The circuitry can be configured to receive modulation instructions and modulate the light emitted by the light source based on the modulation instructions.

Abstract: There are disclosed a wearable computing device and a method for a user interface. The wearable computing device includes a drowsiness detection unit configured to detect a user's drowsiness; a controller configured to determine whether a current situation corresponds to a first mode not allowing the user's drowsiness or a second mode allowing the user's drowsiness when the user's drowsiness is detected; and a feedback output unit configured to provide the user with at least one feedback comprising a message of the first mode or the second mode according to the mode determined by the controller, wherein the message of the first mode is to fight off the drowsiness and wherein the message of the second mode is to help the user's sleep.

Abstract: Described herein is an integrated Faraday modulator and Faraday compensator (IFMC) system. Further described are methods of making an IFMC system, methods of customizing an IFMC system for a specific application, and methods of optimizing an IFMC system for a specific application. Further described is a robust 3D Finite Element Model (FEM) for designing and optimizing an IFMC system. Further described are optical instruments comprising an integrated Faraday modulator and Faraday compensator requiring only one optical crystal.

Abstract: A portable terminal device capable of measuring and evaluating mental fatigue, its measuring method, and a server computer is provided. The portable terminal device includes an operation unit; an imaging unit; a display screen or light emitting element; and a recording unit. Environmental data, which represents ambient environmental light, is calculated by capturing at least a reference image, first frequency data measured when the user is healthy is associated with first environmental data at the time of the measurement, and the associated data is stored in the recording unit; and a proportion of decrease of second frequency data measured when the user is not healthy from the first frequency data associated with the first environmental data having the same order of magnitude as that of second environmental data at the time of the measurement is calculated to evaluate the degree of fatigue of the user.

Abstract: An eye-mountable device includes an electrochemical sensor embedded in a polymeric material configured for mounting to a surface of an eye. The electrochemical sensor includes a working electrode, a reference electrode, and a reagent that selectively reacts with an analyte to generate a sensor measurement related to a concentration of the analyte in a fluid to which the eye-mountable device is exposed. The working electrode can have at least one dimension less than 25 micrometers. The reference electrode can have an area at least five times greater than an area of the working electrode. A portion of the polymeric material can surround the working electrode and the reference electrode such that an electrical current conveyed between the working electrode and the reference electrode is passed through the at least partially surrounding portion of the transparent polymeric material.

Abstract: The present invention provides methods of notifying a user of a smartphone event through use of an energizable ophthalmic lens. In some embodiments, the smartphone may be paired with a specified ophthalmic lens, wherein the pairing may limit wireless communication to communication between the two specified devices. The smartphone may transmit smartphone event data, which may activate an indicator in the ophthalmic lens. In some embodiments, the user may respond to the notification of the smartphone event. The response may trigger an internal action within the ophthalmic lens, or the response may be transmitted to the smartphone, triggering an action in the smartphone. The present invention further describes a method of using an ophthalmic lens with a smartphone event indicator, including methods of pairing an ophthalmic lens with the specified smartphone.

Abstract: Utilization of a contact device placed on the eye in order to detect physical and chemical parameters of the body as well as the non-invasive delivery of compounds according to these physical and chemical parameters, with signals being transmitted continuously as electromagnetic waves, radio waves, infrared and the like. One of the parameters to be detected includes non-invasive blood analysis utilizing chemical changes and chemical products that are found in the conjunctiva and in the tear film. A transensor mounted in the contact device laying on the cornea or the surface of the eye is capable of evaluating and measuring physical and chemical parameters in the eye including non-invasive blood analysis. The system utilizes eye lid motion and/or closure of the eye lid to activate a microminiature radio frequency sensitive transensor mounted in the contact device. The signal can be communicated by wires or radio telemetered to an externally placed receiver.

Abstract: Apparatus, systems and methods employing a contact lens having a pulse oximetry sensor to detect information indicative of a blood oxygen content and/or pulse rate of a wearer of the contact lens, are provided. In some aspects, a contact lens includes a substrate that forms at least part of a body of the contact lens and a pulse oximetry sensor located on or within the substrate that detects information associated with at least one of blood oxygen content or a pulse rate of a wearer of the contact lens. The pulse oximetry sensor comprises one or more light emitting diodes that illuminate a blood vessel of at least one of a region of an eye or an eyelid and a detector that receives light reflected from the blood vessel and generates the information.

Abstract: An eye-mountable device includes an electrochemical sensor embedded in a polymeric material configured for mounting to a surface of an eye. The electrochemical sensor includes a working electrode and a reference electrode that reacts with an analyte to generate a sensor measurement related to a concentration of the analyte in a fluid to which the eye-mountable device is exposed. An example assembly process includes: forming a sacrificial layer on a working substrate; forming a first layer of a bio-compatible material on the sacrificial layer; providing an electronics module on the first layer of the bio-compatible material, forming a second layer of the bio-compatible material to cover the electronics module; and annealing the first and second layers of the bio-compatible material together to form an encapsulated structure having the electronics module fully encapsulated by the bio-compatible material.

Abstract: Utilization of a contact device placed on the eye in order to detect physical and chemical parameters of the body as well as the non-invasive delivery of compounds according to these physical and chemical parameters, with signals being transmitted continuously as electromagnetic waves, radio waves, infrared and the like. One of the parameters to be detected includes non-invasive blood analysis utilizing chemical changes and chemical products that are found in the conjunctiva and in the tear film. A transensor mounted in the contact device laying on the cornea or the surface of the eye is capable of evaluating and measuring physical and chemical parameters in the eye including non-invasive blood analysis. The system utilizes eye lid motion and/or closure of the eye lid to activate a microminiature radio frequency sensitive transensor mounted in the contact device. The signal can be communicated by wires or radio telemetered to an externally placed receiver.

Abstract: Apparatus, systems and methods employing a contact lens having a pulse oximetry sensor to detect information indicative of a blood oxygen content and/or pulse rate of a wearer of the contact lens, are provided. In some aspects, a contact lens includes a substrate that forms at least part of a body of the contact lens and a pulse oximetry sensor located on or within the substrate that detects information associated with at least one of blood oxygen content or a pulse rate of a wearer of the contact lens. The pulse oximetry sensor comprises one or more light emitting diodes that illuminate a blood vessel of at least one of a region of an eye or an eyelid and a detector that receives light reflected from the blood vessel and generates the information.

Abstract: Methods, systems, and software for controlling infusion pressure, such as during a medical procedure, using systemic blood pressure are described. Systemic blood pressure, such as brachial arm blood pressure or radial artery blood pressure, may be used to estimate central retinal artery blood pressure to estimate critical closing pressure. Further, the disclosure relates to controlling infusion pressure to prevent an increase in intraocular pressure above the estimated critical closing pressure when such is not desired, and, when such is desired, using systemic blood pressure and infusion pressure to control an intentional increase in intraocular pressure above the estimated critical closing pressure to stop intraocular bleeding.

Abstract: Non-invasive optical measurement of glucose and other dissolved substances in human or animal intraocular fluid. A method takes advantage of the fact that the wave dependence of optical activity is fundamentally different from corneal birefringence. The optical activity of substances dissolved in the intraocular fluid, such as glucose, lactate, ascorbic acid or amino acids, is scaled as a first approximation with the reciprocal value of the wavelength square. In contrast, corneal birefringence is scaled with the reciprocal value of the wavelength and therefore behaves considerably different from the optical activity. For the method according to the invention, a physical model is used, which describes the influence on the polarization of measurement radiation by the components of the eye, particularly by the intraocular fluid and the cornea.

Abstract: Laser pulses are applied to surface plasmon resonant articles such as gold nanoparticles within a microscopy sample to generate a four-wave mixing signal that is detected as the output of the microscopy process.

Abstract: The invention relates to a device and method for non-invasive detection of an analyte in a fluid sample. In one embodiment, the device comprises: a collection chamber containing an absorbent hydrogel material; a fluidic channel connected to the collection chamber; a sensing chamber connected to the fluidic channel, wherein the device is comprised of a compressible housing that allows transfer of fluid collected by the collection chamber to be transferred to be extracted and withdrawn to the sensing chamber upon compression of the device, wherein the sensing chamber contains a material that specifically detects the analyte and wherein the sensing chamber is operably linked to a processor containing a potentiostat that allows detection of the analyte using electrochemical sensing.

Abstract: Methods, apparatus, and systems for detecting hemozoin and diagnosing malaria infection are disclosed.

Abstract: Apparatus, systems and methods of contact lenses with power sources are provided. In some aspects, a contact lens can include a substrate; and a circuit. The circuit can include: one or more sensors disposed on or within the substrate; circuitry disposed on at least a portion of the substrate; one or more photovoltaic cells disposed on at least a portion of the substrate; and a hybrid power component that supplies at least one of two or more different types of power to the circuitry, wherein at least one of the two or more different types of power is radio frequency/inductive power. In various aspects, other types of power can be solar and/or microelectromechanical system power. Additionally, in various aspects, photovoltaic cells can be arrayed in different configurations and/or over a significant portion of a viewing surface of the contact lens. In some aspects, the photovoltaic cells can be transparent.

Abstract: Apparatus, systems and methods employing a contact lens having a pulse oximetry sensor to detect information indicative of a blood oxygen content and/or pulse rate of a wearer of the contact lens, are provided. In some aspects, a contact lens includes a substrate that forms at least part of a body of the contact lens and a pulse oximetry sensor located on or within the substrate that detects information associated with at least one of blood oxygen content or a pulse rate of a wearer of the contact lens. The pulse oximetry sensor comprises one or more light emitting diodes that illuminate a blood vessel of at least one of a region of an eye or an eyelid and a detector that receives light reflected from the blood vessel and generates the information.

Abstract: Utilization of a contact device placed on the eye in order to detect physical and chemical parameters of the body as well as the non-invasive delivery of compounds according to these physical and chemical parameters, with signals being transmitted continuously as electromagnetic waves, radio waves, infrared and the like. One of the parameters to be detected includes non-invasive blood analysis utilizing chemical changes and chemical products that are found in the conjunctiva and in the tear film. A transensor mounted in the contact device laying on the cornea or the surface of the eye is capable of evaluating and measuring physical and chemical parameters in the eye including non-invasive blood analysis. The system utilizes eye lid motion and/or closure of the eye lid to activate a microminiature radio frequency sensitive transensor mounted in the contact device. The signal can be communicated by wires or radio telemetered to an externally placed receiver.

Abstract: Non-invasive optical measurement of glucose and other dissolved substances in human or animal intraocular fluid. A method takes advantage of the fact that the wave dependence of optical activity is fundamentally different from corneal birefringence. The optical activity of substances dissolved in the intraocular fluid, such as glucose, lactate, ascorbic acid or amino acids, is scaled as a first approximation with the reciprocal value of the wavelength square. In contrast, corneal birefringence is scaled with the reciprocal value of the wavelength and therefore behaves considerably different from the optical activity. For the method according to the invention, a physical model is used, which describes the influence on the polarization of measurement radiation by the components of the eye, particularly by the intraocular fluid and the cornea.

Abstract: Methods and systems for determining a physiological parameter of a subject through interrogation of an eye of the subject with an optical signal are described. Interrogation is performed unobtrusively. The system includes a gaze attractor for attracting the gaze of the subject to cause an eye of the subject to move into alignment with regard to an interrogation signal source and/or response signal sensor to facilitate detection of a signal from the eye of the subject.

Abstract: A method and apparatus for measuring a molecular composition of protein molecules. A fluid containing at least two varieties of protein molecules is irradiated with first and second laser light beams having different wavelengths. The molecular composition of the at least two varieties of protein molecules contained in the fluid is measured on the basis of an autocorrelation function of a scattered light signal from the at least two varieties of protein molecules irradiated with the first and second laser light beams having different wavelengths.

Abstract: A device for measuring an analyte concentration level in a subject. The device includes: a light source configured for illuminating at least a portion of an anterior region of an eye of the subject with incident light having a substantially broad illumination spectrum at an angle substantially tangential to the surface of the eye; an optical collector configured for detecting reflected light from the at least a portion of the anterior region of the eye; an analyzer configured for analyzing the detected reflected light; and a processor configured to determine the analyte concentration level in the subject based on the analyzed reflected light.

Abstract: A method and system perform physiological monitoring. The system includes a first light source and a plurality of optical waveguide couplers, each of the plurality of optical waveguide couplers being arranged at a different predetermined spatial location on an ocular insert to be placed on an eye. The system also includes a plurality of optical waveguides. Each optical waveguide carries light from a second light source to a respective one of the plurality of optical waveguide couplers and carries a received signal from the respective one of the plurality of optical waveguide couplers. A processor receives the received signal from each of the plurality of optical waveguides and monitors a parameter based on the received signal.

Abstract: An eye-property monitoring system and method for performing the steps of (1) illuminating the eye from at least one light source whose wavelength interacts with internal eye properties in an optically active manner, (2) controlling, to make known and stable, the operating-power/light-output level of the source, (3) by such illuminating, producing light-source eye reflections including (a) multiple internal reflections within the outer structure of the eye, and (b) linked with those internal reflections at least one resulting outbound reflection, (4) monitoring the outbound-reflection to detect therein the reflection level associated with the at least one source, and (5) associating such detected reflection level as an indication of certain eye properties, such as aqueous glucose concentration.

Abstract: A sensor for intraocular measurements moveable within at least one of an vitreous humor of an eye, an aqueous humor of an eye and an intraocular replacement medium. The sensor includes a magnetic body susceptible to magnetic fields and at least one sensor film.

Abstract: A method and system of acquisition and processing of data representing oxygen saturation (OS) value of a tissue of a visual system of a subject, such as the optic nerve head and overlying artery and vein. The data is acquired at pre-determined discrete spectral points, including at least two isosbestic points, as a discrete reflectance spectrum, with the use of a multi-spectral optical imaging system that simultaneously produces a plurality of two-dimensional spectrally-discrete images by segmenting an incoming light front with secondary objectives. The OS value is assessed based on determination of areas bound by an acquired discrete reflectance spectrum and an isosbestic line.

Abstract: An exemplary method of predicting an amyloidosis status involves obtaining a profile of drusen in a periphery of a retina of a subject; and using the profile to predict an amyloidosis status. Another exemplary method of predicting an amyloidosis status involves identifying a subject, the amyloidosis status of which is desired; and obtaining a profile of drusen in a periphery of a retina of the subject. Another exemplary method of predicting an amyloidosis status involves analyzing a profile of drusen in a periphery of a retina of a subject to predict an amyloidosis status of the subject. Another exemplary method of predicting an amyloidosis status involves comparing a profile of drusen in a periphery of a retina of a subject to a control; and predicting an amyloidosis status of the subject.

Abstract: An method for detection of ?-amyloid in aqueous humor, lens, and retina of eye or the deposit of the combination of ??-crystallin and ?-amyloid in lens is provided. A light is emitted to a testing area in the eye. The light frequency is selected according to an absorption spectrum of the test substance, and the frequency is equal or close to a resonant excitation frequency of one of the electronic molecular energy levels of the substance, so as to excite the substance to generate resonance-enhanced Raman effect or pre-resonance Raman effect to form a detection spectrum. The concentration of the substance could be estimated by a peak intensity of the detection spectrum.

Abstract: An implantable diagnostic device in accordance with the present disclosure includes a probe assembly that can be implemented in a variety of ways. A few example implementations include: a needle inside which is located a bio-sensor chip (the needle being insertable into a human being); a compact package containing the bio-sensor chip (the compact package configured for placement inside a catheter); or a silicon-based bio-sensor package configured for insertion into a vein.