Abstract: The present invention relates to methods and apparatus for the cryopreservation of biological samples involving a density assisted vitrification wherein a sample of biological material in a cryopreservation agent is cooled from its top surface, causing an ice layer to form thereon. As cooling continues the ice layer grows downwards through the sample to provide a cryoprotectant and biological material rich layer below the ice layer that undergoes vitrification as cooling continues to below the glass transition temperature.

Abstract: A flange for a pump comprises first and second faces and a passageway for cryogenic fluid flow extending from the first face to the second face and at least one of (1) the passageway is for a pipe and comprises a first portion of a first diameter and a second portion of a second diameter greater than the first diameter, wherein when the pipe has an outer diameter that is smaller than the second diameter a gap is formed between the pipe and the passageway where the pipe passes through the second portion; and (2) a first annular groove in one of the first face and the second face and extending around the passageway, wherein the first annular groove in cooperation with the passageway forms a bellows. The gap and bellows increase the thermal resistance between the passageway and the flange, and the bellows allows for flexure during thermal contractions of the flange reducing thermal stress on welded fluid seals.

Abstract: A method for transferring cryogenic fluid from a storage tank (2; 12; 16) to a receiver (6; 8; 10; 14; 16; 18) like a receiving tank or to an application device, according to the invention comprises the steps of: a—pumping cryogenic liquid from the storage tank (2; 12; 16), b—vaporising at least partially the pumped cryogenic liquid, c—pressurising the storage tank (2; 12; 16) with the vaporised cryogenic liquid, and d—transferring cryogenic fluid to the receiver (6; 8; 10; 14; 16; 18) with cryogenic fluid from the storage tank (2; 12; 16) through a feed line (4) between the storage tank (2; 12; 16) and the receiver (6; 8; 10; 14; 16; 18).

Abstract: A processor of a sensor device receives a plurality of images capturing a scene that depicts at least a portion of a conveyer entering a treatment area of a food processing system. The processor processes one or more images, among the plurality of images, to detect one or more characteristics in the scene. Processing the one or more images includes detecting presence or absence of a product on the at least the portion of the conveyor depicted in the scene, and classifying the scene as having one or more characteristics among a predetermined set of characteristics. The sensor device provides characteristics information indicating the one or more characteristics detected in the scene to a controller. The characteristics information is to be used by the controller to control operation of one or both of the conveyor and the treatment area of the food processing system.

Abstract: A picnic cooler that includes a food compartment, a gas tank compartment, an off/on electric spigot, a first sealing rings with a first apertures a second sealing ring with a second aperture, and two cooling apparatuses. The cooling apparatus includes a twisting piping system and an upper metallic plate that serves as the bottom of the food compartment. The ratio between the diameter of the second aperture and the diameter of the first aperture is between 1.8 to 2.2 and the ratio between the inner surface area of the food compartment and the outer surface area of the first and second piping systems is between 9 to 17.

Abstract: There is provided cooling goods during transportation. At least one transport container comprises at least one a storage container for storing goods, at least one dry ice container and at least one a fluid line capable of conducting sublimed dry ice discharged from the dry ice containers to the at least one storage container. The dry ice containers are replaceable battery packs. At least one expansion tank is connected to the container of liquidized CO2 for receiving discharged liquidized CO2 to the expansion tank. The expansion tank and the at least one fluid line are connected by a quick-release coupling.

Abstract: The present application provides a combined additive manufacturing and machining system. The combined additive manufacturing and machining system may include an outer chamber, an additive manufacturing tool positioned within the outer chamber, a machining tool positioned within the outer chamber, and a cryogenic fluid source in communication with the machining tool.

Abstract: A cooling system for an interior space of a vehicle comprises a main cooling system coupled with an air inlet for receiving air and coupled with the interior space for providing cooled air to the interior space, at least one air duct arranged between the air inlet and the interior space, a reservoir for liquid nitrogen having a nitrogen outlet and a valve arranged between the outlet and an injection port of the at least one air duct. The reservoir is couplable with the injection port of the at least one air duct via the valve on demand for evaporating nitrogen in the at least one air duct. With the injection of liquid nitrogen the main cooling system is supported in case it is not able to provide a sufficient cooling power.

Abstract: An improved method of supplying pressurized cold gas consistently of predominately N2 and He at low flow rate (typically under 1 g/s) with a desired N2 liquid fraction to an instrument requiring such is disclosed. Pressurized ultra-dry nitrogen gas of a controlled mass-flow rate is cooled inside fine coils bathed in liquid nitrogen to condense it to a vapor fraction less than about 20% and typically under 3%. A second gas stream consisting of predominately nitrogen plus helium, supplied from a controlled pressure, is cooled in a separate set of coils to an exit mean temperature significantly above the temperature of saturated nitrogen vapor in this mixture. The fluid from the first (condensed) mixture is injected into the cooled gas from the second mixture and transferred through a thermally insulated line to the input of the instrument needing a supply of cold gas of a target vapor fraction.

Abstract: A fluid spray device system (1) that maintains a resultant fluid discharge, or a material onto which the resultant fluid is discharged, within a predetermined range of a set-point temperature by regulating the flow rate of a throttling gas using a proportional valve (22). The resultant fluid has throttling gas and cryogenic fluid components. Both the throttling gas and cryogenic fluid are preferably supplied from a single tank (11) and the cryogenic fluid supply is pressure-regulated and includes a triaxial delivery hose (33) having a return line with a back-pressure regulator (54).

Abstract: An integrated industrial plant includes various systems, all of which use a cryogenic liquid obtained from a common source. One system includes a fermentation unit, in which cold air, chilled by heat exchange with the cryogenic liquid, absorbs excess heat generated by the fermentation. Another system is a lyophilization unit, in which a refrigeration step is performed through the use of air that has been chilled by heat exchange with the cryogenic liquid. Another system is a device for freezing discrete samples of biological products, the samples being frozen by partial immersion in the cryogenic liquid. The invention substantially reduces the use of electric power, and provides systems which operate economically and reliably.

Abstract: An apparatus and method for reducing the temperature of a product include a housing having a chamber therein, and an inlet and an outlet in communication with the chamber; a plurality of zones in the chamber between the inlet and the outlet and arranged in descending order of heat transfer rate atmospheres for the product from the inlet to the outlet; a conveyor assembly tier transferring the product from the inlet through the plurality of zones to the outlet; and a controller in communication with the chamber, the plurality of zones, the heat transfer apparatus, the conveyor assembly and the heat transfer rate atmospheres, the controller having stored therein physical characteristics and a heat transfer profile of the product to adjust and control the heat transfer rate atmospheres for the product such that a heat transfer rate of the product will decrease as the product is transferred from the inlet through each one of the plurality of zones to the outlet.

Abstract: A method and system for controlled rate freezing of biological materials is provided. The presently disclosed system and method provides the ability to rapidly cool the biological materials contained in vials or other containers within a cooling unit via forced convective cooling using a laminar and uniform flow of cryogen in proximity to the plurality of vials disposed within the cooling unit. The rapid cooling of the biological materials is achieved by precisely controlling and adjusting the temperature of the cryogen being introduced to the system as a function of time.

Abstract: A dispensing head for dispensing a cryogenic fluid may comprise a flow passage configured to be placed in flow communication with a reservoir containing a cryogenic fluid, the flow passage defining a flow passage inlet opening configured to receive the cryogenic fluid from the reservoir, and a flow passage outlet opening opposite the flow passage inlet opening. The dispensing head may further comprise a dispensing member configured to dispense the cryogenic fluid, the dispensing member defining a lumen having a lumen inlet opening and a lumen outlet opening; and at least one porous member disposed in the flow passage, the at least one porous member being configured as a primary flow regulation mechanism to limit a flow rate of the cryogenic fluid as it flows from the reservoir to the lumen outlet opening.

Abstract: The injection device according to the invention, intended to be attached to the wall of the bottom of a container containing a product to be cooled in bulk, includes a hollow cylindrical body in which a valve forced by a spring is inserted, a throughchannel appreciably parallel to said valve intended to be fed by pressurized cryogenic fluid, one end of said through-channel being connected to the cryogenic fluid feed system and the opposite end opening into the seat of the valve.

Abstract: Systems and methods are disclosed that expand environmental support for an HVAC system with an HVAC fluid circulating throughout by vaporizing a cryogen; and sparging the vaporized cryogen to dispense sparge bubbles to the HVAC fluid to cool the HVAC fluid.

Abstract: The invention relates to a device for dispensing at least one high-pressure cryogenic fluid stream, said device including a movable tool, comprising one or more fluid-dispensing nozzles for dispensing one or more high-pressure cryogenic fluid streams, and a line for supplying high-pressure cryogenic fluid from the movable tool, said line including a stationary upstream portion and a movable downstream portion that is connected to the movable tool, said stationary upstream portion and movable downstream portion being fluidly connected to each other by means of a rotatable system including a rotating joint. The rotating joint includes a polymer material having a heat expansion coefficient between 10×106 and 160×10?6/K.

Abstract: The invention relates to working equipment that uses one or more jets of high-pressure fluid at a cryogenic temperature, including a source (1) of cryogenic fluid connected to a mobile tool (4) including fluid-dispensing nozzles (11) for dispensing jets of high-pressure cryogenic fluid, and first and second protection enclosures arranged about the mobile tool (4) and connected to suction means (25). The plant further comprises gas sealing means (23) suitable for and designed to form at least one gas protection barrier between the two enclosures (20, 23) due to the supply of a dry gas into the second enclosure (23). The invention also relates to a method for implementing same and to the use thereof for the surface treatment, blasting, or peeling of a material using a high-pressure cryogenic fluid.

Abstract: An apparatus for reducing temperature of items includes an enclosure having an inlet and an outlet for the items within the enclosure; a conveyor for conveying the items within the enclosure from the inlet to the outlet; one or more delivery nozzles positioned to deliver gaseous cryogen and liquid or solid cryogen at supersonic velocity to the items on the conveyor. The apparatus delivers supersonic gaseous cryogen and fine liquid cryogen droplets onto the surface of food items to cool or freeze the food items.

Abstract: Methods and systems are provided for cooling an object with a cryogen having a critical point defined by a critical-point pressure and a critical-point temperature. A pressure of the cryogen is raised above a pressure value determined to provide the cryogen at a reduced molar volume that prevents vapor lock. Thereafter, the cryogen is placed in thermal communication with the object to increase a temperature of the cryogen along a thermodynamic path that maintains the pressure greater than the critical-point pressure for a duration that the cryogen and object are in thermal communication.

Abstract: Apparatus and method embodiments for reducing the temperature of a product include a housing having a chamber therein, and an inlet and an outlet in communication with the chamber; a plurality of zones in the chamber between the inlet and the outlet and arranged in descending order of heat transfer rate atmospheres for the product from the inlet to the outlet; and a conveyor assembly for transferring the product from the inlet through the plurality of zones to the outlet.

Abstract: Systems, methods and apparatus are provided for utilizing a substantially condensed phase cryogenic fluid for the purpose of remediation and retrieval of, e.g., pollutant biomass from marine/aquatic and terrestrial environments. In some implementations, systems and apparatus are provided for applying a substantially condensed phase cryogenic fluid to a volume of biomass, and further having structure for collecting the biomass. Some implementations are environmentally-neutral. Some implementations convert the collected biomass into biofuel. Some implementations initially employ the biomass to remediate an aquatic body.

Abstract: Systems, methods and apparatus are provided for utilizing a substantially condensed phase cryogenic fluid for the purpose of remediation and retrieval of, e.g., spilled crude oil and other “oil spill”-related products from marine/aquatic and terrestrial environments. In some implementations, systems and apparatus are provided for applying a substantially condensed phase cryogenic fluid to a volume of spilled oil, and further having structure for collecting the spilled oil. Some implementations are environmentally-neutral. Substances other than oil may be remediated as well.

Abstract: A feed liquid, for example, a molten fat, is formed into at least one sheet of flowing particles and is cooled by directing cryogen at the particles from both sides of the sheet. By this means, a molten liquid such as fat may be spray crystallised.

Abstract: A rapid cooling system for a rapid thermal processing chamber includes a rapid thermal processing chamber having a wafer support for supporting a wafer. A tank having a supply of cooling liquid is provided in fluid communication with the chamber. A pump is provided in fluid communication with the rapid thermal processing chamber and the tank for pumping the cooling liquid from the tank to the chamber and cooling the wafer during the cooling phase of rapid thermal processing.

Abstract: Systems, methods and apparatus are provided for utilizing a substantially condensed phase cryogenic fluid for the purpose of remediation and retrieval of, e.g., spilled crude oil and other “oil spill”-related products from marine/aquatic and terrestrial environments. In some implementations, systems and apparatus are provided for applying a substantially condensed phase cryogenic fluid to a volume of spilled oil, and further having structure for collecting the spilled oil. Some implementations are environmentally-neutral. Substances other than oil may be remediated as well.

Abstract: In systems and methods for freezing and subsequently thawing liquid samples containing biological components, a sample is fractioned into a very large number of small drops (10) having surface area to volume ratios of 1000 m-1 or greater. The drops are projected at a liquid cryogen (40) or at the solid surface of a highly thermally conducting metal cup or plate, where they rapidly freeze. The cold gas layer that develops above any cold surface is replaced with a dry gas stream (75). The environmental temperature experienced by the sample then abruptly changes from the warm ambient to the temperature of the cryogenic liquid or solid surface. To thaw drops with the highest warming rates, the frozen drops may be projected into warm liquids. The sample is projected with cold gas to the warm liquid, so that again there is an abrupt transition in the environmental temperature.

Abstract: An apparatus for reducing temperature of items includes an enclosure having an inlet and an outlet for the items within the enclosure; a conveyor for conveying the items within the enclosure from the inlet to the outlet; one or more delivery nozzles positioned to deliver gaseous cryogen and liquid or solid cryogen at supersonic velocity to the items on the conveyor. The apparatus delivers supersonic gaseous cryogen and fine liquid cryogen droplets onto the surface of food items to cool or freeze the food items.

Abstract: Systems, methods and apparatus are provided for utilizing a substantially condensed phase cryogenic fluid for the purpose of remediation and retrieval of, e.g., spilled crude oil and other “oil spill”-related products from marine/aquatic and terrestrial environments. In some implementations, systems and apparatus are provided for applying a substantially condensed phase cryogenic fluid to a volume of spilled oil, and further having structure for collecting the spilled oil. Some implementations are environmentally-neutral. Substances other than oil may be remediated as well.

Abstract: Systems, methods and apparatus are provided for utilizing a substantially condensed phase cryogenic fluid for the purpose of remediation and retrieval of, e.g., spilled crude oil and other “oil spill”-related products from marine/aquatic and terrestrial environments. In some implementations, systems and apparatus are provided for applying a substantially condensed phase cryogenic fluid to a volume of spilled oil, and further having structure for collecting the spilled oil. Some implementations are environmentally-neutral. Substances other than oil may be remediated as well.

Abstract: A method and an apparatus for injecting two-phase (gas+solid) carbon dioxide into a gas stream. Liquid carbon dioxide is cryogenically expanded into two-phase carbon dioxide, which is then injected into the center of the stream. An inerting gas is also injected into the stream along with the two-phase carbon dioxide.

Abstract: Systems, methods and apparatus are provided for utilizing a substantially condensed phase cryogenic fluid for the purpose of remediation and retrieval of, e.g., spilled crude oil and other “oil spill”-related products from marine/aquatic and terrestrial environments. In some implementations, systems and apparatus are provided for applying a substantially condensed phase cryogenic fluid to a volume of spilled oil, and further having structure for collecting the spilled oil. Some implementations are environmentally-neutral. Substances other than oil may be remediated as well.

Abstract: Systems, methods and apparatus are provided for utilizing a substantially condensed phase cryogenic fluid for the purpose of remediation and retrieval of, e.g., spilled crude oil and other “oil spill”-related products from marine/aquatic and terrestrial environments. In some implementations, systems and apparatus are provided for applying a substantially condensed phase cryogenic fluid to a volume of spilled oil, and further having structure for collecting the spilled oil. Some implementations are environmentally-neutral. Substances other than oil may be remediated as well.

Abstract: Systems, methods and apparatus are provided for utilizing a substantially condensed phase cryogenic fluid for the purpose of remediation and retrieval of, e.g., spilled crude oil and other “oil spill”-related products from marine/aquatic and terrestrial environments. In some implementations, systems and apparatus are provided for applying a substantially condensed phase cryogenic fluid to a volume of spilled oil, and further having structure for collecting the spilled oil. Some implementations are environmentally-neutral. Substances other than oil may be remediated as well.

Abstract: According to an embodiment of the present invention, a cryogenic fluid delivery system includes a vessel containing a cryogenic fluid at a first pressure and a first temperature, a first heat exchanger coupled to the vessel for receiving the cryogenic fluid and cooling the cryogenic fluid to a second temperature, a first pump coupled to the first heat exchanger for pressurizing the cryogenic fluid to a second pressure, a second pump for pressurizing the cryogenic fluid to a third pressure, a second heat exchanger coupled to the second pump for cooling the cryogenic fluid to a third temperature, and a nozzle coupled to the second heat exchanger for delivering a jet of the cryogenic fluid toward a target.

Abstract: Systems, methods and apparatus are provided for utilizing a substantially condensed phase cryogenic fluid for the purpose of remediation and retrieval of, e.g., spilled crude oil and other “oil spill”-related products from marine/aquatic and terrestrial environments. In some implementations, systems and apparatus are provided for applying a substantially condensed phase cryogenic fluid to a volume of spilled oil, and further having structure for collecting the spilled oil. Some implementations are environmentally-neutral. Substances other than oil may be remediated as well.

Abstract: Systems, methods and apparatus are provided for utilizing a substantially condensed phase cryogenic fluid for the purpose of remediation and retrieval of, e.g., spilled crude oil and other “oil spill”-related products from marine/aquatic and terrestrial environments. In some implementations, systems and apparatus are provided for applying a substantially condensed phase cryogenic fluid to a volume of spilled oil, and further having structure for collecting the spilled oil. Some implementations are environmentally-neutral. Substances other than oil may be remediated as well.

Abstract: Systems, methods and apparatus are provided for utilizing a substantially condensed phase cryogenic fluid for the purpose of remediation and retrieval of, e.g., spilled crude oil and other “oil spill”-related products from marine/aquatic and terrestrial environments. In some implementations, systems and apparatus are provided for applying a substantially condensed phase cryogenic fluid to a volume of spilled oil, and further having structure for collecting the spilled oil. Some implementations are environmentally-neutral. Substances other than oil may be remediated as well.

Abstract: Gases are vented from a waste site such as a landfill, and the gases are separated into at least three streams comprising a hydrocarbon stream, a carbon dioxide stream, and residue stream. At least a portion of the carbon dioxide stream and hydrocarbon stream are liquefied or converted to a supercritical liquid. At least some of the carbon dioxide gas stream (as a liquid or supercritical fluid) is used in a cleaning step, preferably a polymer cleaning step, and more preferably a polymer cleaning step in a polymer recycling process, and most preferably in a polymer cleaning step in a polymer recycling system where the cleaning is performed on-site at the waste site.

Abstract: The present invention includes a nozzle device and method for forming a composite fluid. The nozzle device generally comprises a nozzle portion connected to a main body. The main body includes an inner axial bore extending therethrough. An annular wall extends radially therefore and an annulus extends from an outer perimeter of the annular wall. The annulus and the annular wall define an annular chamber at least partially open to the atmosphere. A portal fluidly communicates the bore with the annular chamber. The nozzle portion includes a converging nose section also having an internal axial bore extending therethrough. An annular collar extends from the nose section and disposes at least partially within the annular chamber. A first tube for transporting a first fluid disposes within the axial bore of the main body and nose section, terminating at an exit port of the nozzle section.

Abstract: Gases are vented from a waste site such as a landfill, and the gases are separated into at least three streams comprising a hydrocarbon stream, a carbon dioxide stream, and residue stream. At least a portion of the carbon dioxide stream and hydrocarbon stream are liquefied or converted to a supercritical liquid. At least some of the carbon dioxide gas stream (as a liquid or supercritical fluid) is used in a cleaning step, preferably a polymer cleaning step, and more preferably a polymer cleaning step in a polymer recycling process, and most preferably in a polymer cleaning step in a polymer recycling system where the cleaning is performed on-site at the waste site.

Abstract: According to an embodiment of the present invention, a rotating nozzle assembly includes a rotatable shaft having a bore to transport a cryogenic fluid therethrough. The rotatable shaft has an upstream portion associated with a feed chamber and a downstream portion. The nozzle assembly further includes a seal disposed within the feed chamber and surrounding at least a portion of the rotatable shaft, and a seal backup disk disposed proximate the seal. The seal backup disk includes an orifice surrounding an outside diameter of the rotatable shaft, the orifice having a diameter such that, when the cryogenic fluid is flowing through the bore of the rotatable shaft, the rotatable shaft can freely rotate while the seal prevents the cryogenic fluid from seeping past the seal.

Abstract: According to an embodiment of the present invention, a cryogenic fluid delivery system includes a vessel containing a cryogenic fluid at a first pressure and a first temperature, a first heat exchanger coupled to the vessel for receiving the cryogenic fluid and cooling the cryogenic fluid to a second temperature, a first pump coupled to the first heat exchanger for pressurizing the cryogenic fluid to a second pressure, a second pump for pressurizing the cryogenic fluid to a third pressure, a second heat exchanger coupled to the second pump for cooling the cryogenic fluid to a third temperature, and a nozzle coupled to the second heat exchanger for delivering a jet of the cryogenic fluid toward a target.

Abstract: A method and apparatus for the efficient and controllable delivery of cryogen liquid droplets into thin walled containers. Discharge of the droplets is facilitated using a horizontal displacement assembly to transport metered droplets from a liquid dosing unit to the point of injection above the container. The horizontal displacement assembly may be provided with internal heaters to prevent freeze up, and a sensor to confirm droplet discharge. It may also be provided with a separate source of heated nitrogen gas, which can be used to back purge the dispensing unit should it become clogged, to melt any frozen liquid occlusions which may have formed in the cryogen supply line.

Abstract: A method and apparatus for producing particles, the apparatus includes a solution source that supplies a solution, and a fluid source that supplies a fluid. The solution includes a solvent and a solute. A mixer receives the solution and the fluid from the sources, and mixes the solution and the fluid together to form a mixture. The mixture is supplied from the mixer to an expansion assembly at first pressure. The expansion assembly sprays and expands the mixture substantially simultaneously to form frozen droplets, and preferably to form a low-density powder of frozen droplets. A freeze-dry apparatus sublimes the solvent from the particles. A high mass-transfer rate and a uniform open-structure of the powder bed enhances the freeze-drying process. Solid particles having a controlled size distribution are obtained. The particles preferably have a hollow or porous morphology suitable for differing drug delivery applications to include aerosol formulations.

Abstract: A system and a method of its use for the accelerated cooldown of at least one reactor by injecting liquid carbon dioxide via a sparger into a pipeline connected to the reactor via a access valve upstream of the reactor. By providing an evenly distributed flow into the system gas prior to entry into the reactor, the system and its method of use efficiently and uniformly cooldown the reactor. In a preferred embodiment, multiple spargers using this technique can cooldown multiple reactors in series.

Abstract: An effects generation system structured to produce a controlled special effects cloud and comprising a cryogenic fluid source including a container wherein a quantity of a cryogenic fluid is stored. The container includes a fluid outlet and a fluid inlet, the fluid inlet being disposed in fluid flow communication with a pressurization assembly that is structured to maintain an outflow of the cryogenic fluid, under pressure, through the fluid outlet and into a delivery assembly operatively connected with the fluid outlet and structured to deliver the cryogenic fluid into a predetermined area through a plurality of delivery ports and into reactive proximity with a quantity of a reactive fluid so as to bring about a phase change in the reactive fluid sufficient to result in the formation of the special effects cloud.

Abstract: The invention relates to a method for directly cooling fine-particle, powdery solid substances by using a cooling medium provided in the form of low-boiling condensed gases or of cold gases obtained therefrom, whereupon bulk material packings are subsequently filled with these solid substances. The invention also relates to a device for directly cooling the fine-particle, powdery solid substances and to fine-particle, powdery solid substances, which are located inside bulk material packings and which, compared to air, have a lower oxygen content in the gas phase between the solid substance particles.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a cooling device (30) of the reverse Carnot cycle-type using a refrigerant, and an areosol generation system including it. The cooling device (30) includes a refrigerator (310, 320) of the reverse Carnot cycle-type, a cleaning medium conduit (120), a temperature sensor (130), and a heater (140). The intermediate portion of the cleaning medium conduit and the evaporator are wound like a coil in the same configuration so as to maximize the contacting area therebetween. The temperature sensor (130) measures the temperature of the carbon dioxide discharged from the cooling device (30), and the heater (140) is arranged to contact the evaporator of the refrigerator and the intermediate portion of the cleaning medium conduit so as to precisely adjust the liquefying rate of the carbon dioxide according to the temperature measured by the temperature sensor. The carbon dioxide is refrigerated at a temperature in the range of ?80° C. to ?100° C.

Abstract: Gases are vented from a waste site such as a landfill, and the gases are separated into at least three streams comprising a hydrocarbon stream, a carbon dioxide stream, and residue stream. At least a portion of the carbon dioxide stream and hydrocarbon stream are liquefied or converted to a supercritical liquid. At least some of the carbon dioxide gas stream (as a liquid or supercritical fluid) is used in a cleaning step, preferably a polymer cleaning step, and more preferably a polymer cleaning step in a polymer recycling process, and most preferably in a polymer cleaning step in a polymer recycling system where the cleaning is performed on-site at the waste site.