Abstract: Binding of a molecule to a molecular receptor is sensed using a transistor having a gate located at a binding site. The channel conductance of the transistor is modified by a charge associated with the molecule when the molecule binds with the molecular receptor. A modified electrical characteristic of the transistor which results is sensed to sense the binding event. Electric field enhancement is provided by applying a voltage to the gate. A second sensing transistor can be coupled to the sensing transistor to form a differential pair. The differential pair allows for enhancing and sensing of differential binding events.

Abstract: A method and system for identifying boundaries of characters in handwritten text by classifying segment strokes provides improved performance in a handwriting recognition system. A segment stroke is a portion of handwritten text which includes a boundary between two characters. The segment stroke is recognized by the same method used to recognized characters. Recognition of a segment stroke is accomplished by training a learning machine to act as a classifier which implements a discriminant function based on a polynomial expansion.

Abstract: Boundaries of spoken sounds in continuous speech are identified by classifying delimitative sounds to provide improved performance in a speech-recognition system. Delimitative sounds, those portions of continuous speech that occur between two spoken sounds, are recognized by the same method used to recognize spoken sounds. Recognition of delimitative sounds is accomplished by training a learning machine to act as a classifier which implements a discriminant function based on a polynomial expansion.

Abstract: A cascade tuning controller and a method for use therefor is provided. The control inputs and the control coefficients are multiplied by scaling values. The scaling values are first tuned and the control coefficients are then tuned using a descent-based optimization method in order to optimize system performance.

Abstract: A lexical processor and its method of use is provided. The lexical processor includes an input interface (300) and a word generator (302) for producing an output as a function of an input word and a confusion matrix. The confusion matrix is a handwriting error model that is based on the recognition capabilities of classifiers used in preprocessing inputs to the lexical processor. The lexical processor output comprises any of the following: the input word, a rejection indicator, a candidate replacement word, or a suggestion list of related words.

Abstract: In a method and system for storing a plurality of data blocks in a memory device, blocks of data elements are stored in a two-dimensional address space such that blocks overlap in the address space. The data elements may be digital words which represent exponents of a polynomial expansion. An overlapping data block is segmented into sub-blocks which are separated by null regions. Common data elements that are shared among the blocks are non-redundantly stored in the memory device.

Abstract: A food storage apparatus comprises a container (140) for containing a food item, and a cover (142) for covering an opening of the container (140). A first electrical component (144) is associated with the container (140). A second electrical component (146) is associated with the cover (142). The first electrical component (144) communicates with the second electrical component (146) to monitor the food item.

Abstract: A continuous logic system using a neural network is characterized by defining input and output variables that do not use a membership function, by employing production rules (IF/THEN rules) that relate the output variables to the input variables, and by using the neural network to compute or interpolate the outputs. The neural network first learns the given production rules and then produces the outputs in real time. The neural network is constructed of artificial neurons each having only one significant processing element in the form of a multiplier. The neural network utilizes a training algorithm which does not require repetitive training and which yields a global minimum to each given set of input vectors.

Abstract: A computer-based method and system selects a plurality of training vectors for a pattern recognition system by creating a plurality of clusters and then uniformly sampling the clusters. Each of the clusters is associated with a particular class and includes a plurality of example signals. The example signals are assigned to the clusters as a function of cluster-example distances. If a cluster includes one or more overlapping example signals, the number of clusters associated with the overlapping cluster is increased and the example signals are re-assigned to the clusters.

Abstract: A neural network, which may be implemented either in hardware or software, is constructed of neurons or neuron circuits each having only one significant processing element in the form of an adder. Each neural network further includes circuits for applying a logarithmic function to its inputs and for applying an inverse-logarithmic function to the outputs of its neurons. The neural network utilizes a training algorithm which does not require repetitive training and which yields a global minimum to each given set of input vectors.

Abstract: An assay dispensing apparatus comprises a plurality of filling ports (366) arranged in a two-dimensional pattern and a plurality of outlets (376) in fluidic communication with the plurality of filling ports (366). The outlets (376) are arranged in a one-dimensional pattern.

Abstract: The invention provides a computer-implementable method for detecting substroke boundaries in handwriting input. The method selects pen tip velocity extremas to represent. substroke boundaries. The method includes steps for generating a velocity profile from the handwriting input; identifying a plurality of peak extrema within the velocity profile; identifying a plurality of in-line extrema within the velocity profile; and detecting the substroke boundaries by filtering the plurality of peak extrema and the plurality of in-line extrema.