Abstract: A mixture of telomers prepared by reacting chlorotrifluoroethylene with 1,1,2-trichlorotrifluoroethane (CCl.sub.2 FCF.sub.2 Cl) is purified by reacting the telomer mixture with potassium hydroxide in the presence of a quarternery ammonium compound and, optionally, a glycol, separating and removing impurities from the telomer mixture, subsequently reacting the telomer with potassium permanganate in the presence of the quarternery ammonium compound in a solvent, and recovering a purified telomer mixture.If additional purity is required, the purified telomer mixture can be heated to a temperature of from about 150.degree. C. to about 250.degree. C. for at least 12 hours, and impurities formed during the thermal treatment are removed.The purified telomers of this invention find uses in applications requiring the use of non-flammable hydraulic fluids.

Abstract: A hot-dip galvanized coating for improved resistance welding of galvanized steel parts or sheets includes particles of a metal phosphide, and preferably ferrophosphorus particles, having a particle size of from about 0.1 to about 30 microns such particles being included in the galvanized coating while the zinc is still molten. The coating can also include up to about 40% by weight of the metal phosphide of an additional metal such as nickel, tin, aluminum or lead, which can be incorporated in the coating as discrete particles or deposited onto the surface of the metal phosphide particles.The advantages of the present invention include a significant reduction in welding current and an increase in electrode life, as well as simplified application of the coating by incorporating the metal phosphide particles directly into existing coating lines.

Abstract: Oxydiphthalic anhydrides of the formula ##STR1## are prepared by reacting a halophthalic anhydride with potassium carbonate in:(1) a solvent-free reaction medium wherein the molar ratio of halophthalic anhydride:potassium carbonate is greater than 2:1; or(2) a high boiling solvent which improves the mixing of the components, and aids in subsequent purification of the product. The molar ratio of halophthalic anhydride to potassium carbonate is about 1.5:1 or greater.The oxydiphthalic anhydride can be purified by filtering or centrifuging a hot solution of the oxydiphthalic anhydride in a high boiling solvent to remove impurities, followed by cooling the solution to precipitate the oxydiphthalic anhydride, which can be removed from the solution by filtration or centrifuging.

Abstract: A method of producing a novolac phenolic resin having quick-curing properties and good fluidity is disclosed, whereby the novolac resin is prepared by reacting a phenol with an aldehyde using an acidic catalyst and thereafter adding an ammonium halide. The ammonium halide is added in amounts of about 0.05 to 3 wt % of the solid resin, and the conversion of aldehyde is not less than 90% and the water content of the resin is not less than 5%.

Abstract: A homogeneous, particulate mixture of alkali metal pyrophosphates and tripolyphosphates is prepared by flash drying an aqueous solution of alkali metal orthophosphates having an alkali metal to phosphorus mole ratio in the range of 5:3 to 6:3, and calcining the resultant dried particles. Preferably, the alkali metal is sodium and the orthophosphate solution is adjusted to provide a major proportion of sodium pyrophosphate and a minor proportion of sodium tripolyphosphate in the final product.

Abstract: Diether diphthalic anhydrides are prepared by reacting fluorophthalic anhydride with an aromatic dihydroxyl compound in the presence of potassium fluoride and a polar, aprotic solvent.

Abstract: A composition having the formula ##STR1## wherein n has an average value of one to about five, is disclosed for use in reducing or eliminating the formation of reactor scale during the polymerization of vinyl chloride and comonomers. The composition is prepared by reacting phenothiazine with formaldehyde in the presence of a liquid diluent that is a solvent for the phenothiazine, but a non-solvent for the dimer of phenothiazine and formaldehyde. The process of the invention is preferably conducted in the presence of a strong acid catalyst. The formaldehyde is preferably added slowly to the reaction mixture over the course of the reaction. The product can be filtered and dried.

Abstract: A composition having the formula ##STR1## wherein n has an average value of one to about five, is disclosed for use in reducing or eliminating the formation of reactor scale during the polymerization of vinyl chloride and comonomers. The composition is prepared by reacting phenothiazine with formaldehyde in the presence of a liquid diluent that is a solvent for the phenothiazine, but a non-solvent for the dimer of phenothiazine and formaldehyde. The process of the invention is preferably conducted in the presence of a strong acid catalyst. The formaldehyde is preferably added slowly to the reaction mixture over the course of the reaction. The product can be filtered and dried.

Abstract: P.sub.2 O.sub.5 values occluded in the crystals which are precipitated during the hemihydrate process for manufacturing phosphoric acid are recovered by dissolving and recrystallizing the hemihydrate crystals as dihydrate crystals in an acidic environment having a P.sub.2 O.sub.5 concentration of from about 0.1% to about 10% and a free sulfate concentration in the range of about 0.1% to about 10%. Water is used to wash the dihydrate filter cake, and the filtrate from this wash is used to redissolve the hemihydrate crystals. The free sulfate values are preferably supplied to the dihydrate crystallizer as sulfuric acid.

Abstract: Substantially fully imidized polyimidesiloxanes which are based on 6FDA and optionally also a mixture of a biphenyl tetracarboxylic dianhydride and a benzophenone tetracarboxylic dianhydride, are soluble in diglyme which gives them particular utility in the micro-electronics industry. The polymers are prepared from the mixture of dianhydrides, a difunctional siloxane monomer and an organic diamine. Diamines can be used to provide an asymmetrical structure in the polyimidesiloxane polymer chain. The polyimidesiloxane can be prepared with functional groups which render them directly curable. The polyimidesiloxanes can also be prepared with functional groups which when reacted with an unsaturated compound renders the polymers curable. The product of the invention can be used in the form of solutions in the micro-electronic industry. The polymers can also be used in wire and cable coating and to prepare films, fibers, and molded and extruded articles.

Abstract: Telomers are prepared by reacting chlorotrifluoroethylene with 1,1,2-trichlorotrifluoroethane (CCl.sub.2 FCF.sub.2 Cl) in the presence of metallic iron or stainless steel, and optionally, a halide-containing compound selected from the group consisting of tetrabutyl ammonium bromide, tetramethyl ammonium chloride, n-chlorosuccinimide, triethylamine hydrochloride, LiCl, MoCl.sub.5 and FeCl.sub.3. The reaction is conducted at a temperature of from about 150.degree. C. to about 200.degree. C. in a nitrile group-containing solvent selected from the group consisting of acetonitrile, propionitrile and ethyl cyanoacetate. Preferably, the CCl.sub.2 FCF.sub.2 Cl and chlorotrifluoroethylene are present in a mole ratio of from about 1:1 to about 3:1. respectively, to minimize the amount of high molecular weight species formed during the reaction. The telomers of this invention are useful for preparing non-flammable hydraulic fluids.

Abstract: Polyvalent cations (e.g., U(IV), Fe(III) can be extracted from aqueous solution using novel organophosphorus compounds of the formulas: ##STR1## wherein R.sup.1 and R.sup.2 are the same or different and are selected from alkyl, alkoxyl, alkylaryl and alkylaryloxyl groups having from 1 to 18 carbon atoms or hydroxyl;R.sup.3 is independently selected from substituted and unsubstituted alkyl and alkylaryl groups having 1 to about 18 carbon atoms or hydrogen;R.sup.4 is independently selected from alkyl and alkylaryl groups having 1 to about 18 carbon atoms; provided that the sum of the carbon atoms of the R.sup.1, R.sup.2, R.sup.3 and R.sup.4 groups is at least 15; andR.sup.5 is independently selected from substituted and unsubstituted alkyl and alkylaryl groups having 1 to about 18 carbon atoms or a polymeric group; provided that the sum of the carbon atoms of the R.sup.1, R.sup.2 and R.sup.5 groups is at least 16.

Abstract: Oxy-diphthalic anhydrides are prepared by reacting a halophthalic anhydride with an hydroxyphthalic anhydride in a polar aprotic solvent and in the presence of an alkali metal compound such as KF, CsF or K.sub.2 CO.sub.3.

Abstract: Substantilly fully imidized polyimidesiloxanes which are based on a mixture consisting essentially of a biphenyl tetracarboxylic dianhydride and a benzophenone tetracarboxylic dianhydride, are soluble in diglyme which gives them particular utility in the micro-electronics industry. The polymers are prepared from the mixture of dianhydrides, a difunctional siloxane monomer and an organic diamine. Diamines can be used to provide an asymmetrical structure in the polyimidesiloxane polymer chain. The polyimidesiloxane can be prepared with functional groups which render them directly curable. The polyimidesiloxanes can also be prepared with functional groups which when reacted with an unsaturated compound renders the polymers curable. The products of the invention can be used in the form of solutions in the micro-electronic industry. The polymers can also be used in wire and cable coating and to prepare films, fibers, and molded and extruded articles.

Abstract: Phenoxy phthalic anhydrides are prepared by the reaction of a fluorophthalic anhydride with a phenol compound in the presence of potassium fluoride and a polar, aprotic solvent.

Abstract: Polyvalent cations (e.g., U(IV), Fe(III) can be extracted from aqueous solution using novel organophosphorus compounds of the formulas: ##STR1## wherein R.sup.1 and R.sup.2 are the same or different and are selected from alkyl, alkoxyl, alkylaryl and alkylaryloxy groups having from 1 to 18 carbon atoms or hydroxyl;R.sup.3 is independently selected from substituted and unsubstituted alkyl and alkylaryl groups having 1 to about 18 carbon atoms or hydrogen;R.sup.4 is independently selected from alkyl and alkylaryl groups having 1 to about 18 carbon atoms; provided that the sum of the carbon atoms of the R.sup.1, R.sup.2, R.sup.3 and R.sup.4 groups is at least 15; andR.sup.5 is independently selected from substituted and unsubstituted alkyl and alkylaryl groups having 1 to about 18 carbon atoms or a polymeric group; provided that the sum of the carbon atoms of the R.sup.1, R.sup.2 and R.sup.5 groups is at least 16.

Abstract: Telomers are prepared by reacting chlorotrifluoroethylene with 1,2-dibromo-2-chlorotrifluoroethane (CBrClFCF.sub.2 Br) in the presence of a redox catalyst system comprising a metal halide selected from the group consisting of FeCl.sub.3, FeBr.sub.3, CuBr.sub.2, CuCl.sub.2, TiCl.sub.4, VCl.sub.3, and NiCl.sub.2, and a reducing agent selected from the group consisting of Fe, Ni, Cu, Ti, V and benzoin. The preferred catalyst system is ferric chloride and nickel. The telomers of this invention have the structural formula ##STR1## where n is in the range of 1 to 10, and are useful for preparing non-flammable hydraulic fluids.

Abstract: Graft polymers are prepared by reacting an ethylenically unsaturated polymerizable monomer with a polymer of an olefin of 2 to about 8 carbon atoms in a process wherein the olefin polymer is substantially insoluble in the monomer but is capable of absorbing the monomer. In a preferred aspect, a vinyl halide polyolefin graft polymer is produced by reacting a solid polyolefin particle with a vinyl halide monomer in which the polyolefin is substantially insoluble, but is capable of absorbing the monomer. The solid particles can be contacted with the monomer in one step or in stages. When the stage-wise reaction is continued until the proportion of polyolefin in the polymer product is about 2 to about 20 weight percent, the resulting product can be formed to a transparent or translucent article.

Abstract: A microorganism is disclosed for degrading toxic waste materials into more environmentally acceptable materials. Processes for utilizing the microorganism in a sequencing batch reactor, and for treating industrial and municipal wastes, such as chemical waste landfill leachate and chemical process wastewater, are also disclosed.

Abstract: A process is disclosed for purifying and stabilizing a mixture of regular chlorotrifluoroethyelne telomers of formula RCXCl(CF.sub.2 CFCl).sub.n Br from bromine-containing irregular telomer impurities of similar molecular weight. The telomer mixture is produced by reacting chlorotrifluoroethylene with a telogen of formula RCXClBr, where R is CF.sub.2 Br, or Cl, and X is Cl or F. The telomer mixture is then chlorinated using either elevated temperature alone (100.degree. C.-350.degree. C.), or a combination of elevated temperatures (100.degree. C.-200.degree. C.) and light energy primarily of the wavelength region greater than about 3000.degree.A. Under these conditions, CFClBr telomer end group of the regular or normal telomer is chlorinated to form --CFCl.sub.2 end groups, while the bromine-containing irregular telomer impurities (whose bromine-containing end groups are substantially only --CF.sub.2 Br) are substantially not chlorinated.