Abstract: A sensor device having a magnetostrictive force sensor is provided. To detect a force, the sensor device contains a TMR force sensor element having a magnetic detection layer of material having a magnetostriction coefficient ??|5·10?6|, a magnetically harder reference layer, and a tunnel barrier disposed between these layers. Established in the detection layer is a starting magnetization that relative to the magnetization of the reference layer, which is directed in the direction of force, forms an angle of other than 0° and thus is rotated out of its starting position under the effect of the force.

Abstract: The invention relates to optical devices for measuring pressure or force, comprising an electromagnetic radiation source, and a pressure membrane or a spiral spring which has a surface that at least partially reflects the electromagnetic rays of the electromagnetic radiation source. The inventive devices are especially characterized in that they allow, inter alia, measurement of even the slightest pressure changes of fluids and other flowable materials in the stationary and/or flowing state or even the slightest mechanical deformations on spiral springs. In order to do this, the rays of an electromagnetic radiation source are incident on the at least partially reflective surface of the pressure membrane or spiral spring. At least one section of a stationarily located body or of a stationarily located body having a reflective layer is disposed in the path of the reflected rays, upstream of a photodetector for said rays, and projects into said rays.

Abstract: A manually operated implement is provided having a housing fixed on a frame and accommodating an internal combustion engine that is adapted to drive a tool. The implement has a front hand grip secured to the frame, and a rear handle secured to a side of the frame that is remote from the tool. The rear handle is mounted to the frame in such a way as to be rotatable about an axis of rotation. A mounting is provided that comprises a pin mounted in a receiver, the receiver being embodied such that it is adapted to be split.

Abstract: A method of removing metallic mercury and ionic mercury from flue gases, especially of a power plant, is provided. A gas that contains sulfur dioxide, or other adequate amounts of sulfur in the form of H2S or COS, and a gas that contains hydrogen, are conveyed to a catalyzer for producing a gas that contains elemental sulfur and hydrogen sulfide. This gas is conveyed to flue gas upstream of a separator, wherein mercury in the flue gas reacts with the sulfur and ionic sulfur in the gas and is separated out in the separator.

Abstract: A supercharged internal combustion engine is provided having a common exhaust manifold and a common combustion air manifold for all engine cylinders. The engine has a plurality of exhaust-driven superchargers that are staggered as a function of the engine output. Each supercharger is engageable or disengageable with the exhaust manifold via its exhaust-driven turbine. Each supercharger, at an input side of its compressor, has a line connection, via a respective valve mechanism, to the output of a charging fan disposed upstream and in series with the compressor. For an oppositely directed changeover between supply air compressed by the charging fan, and ambient air, all of the valve mechanisms are adjusted as a function of the speed of an associated supercharger and a combustion air operating pressure. A processor having a stored requirements profile is provided for the sole release of the valve mechanism of a given supercharger.

Abstract: The aim of the invention is to enable substrates to be thermally treated in a more homogeneous manner. In order to achieve this, a device is provided for thermally treating substrates, especially semiconductor wafers, comprising at least two adjacent, essentially parallel heating elements which respectively have at least one heating wire. The two adjacent heating elements are embodied in such a way that they are quasi-complementary, at least in parts, in terms of the coiled and uncoiled segments of the heating wires pertaining thereto.

Abstract: A manually operated tool such as a parting-off grinder, chainsaw or similar device has a tank housing which contains a fuel tank. The tool has an air cleaning unit, the tank housing being connected to the clean air side of the air cleaning unit via a bleed device. A simple design in which leaks are avoided results if a reservoir wall of the tank housing and a housing wall of the air cleaning unit are positioned adjacent to one another and the bleed device comprises a bleed opening which passes through the reservoir wall and the housing wall.

Abstract: A method and apparatus are provided for supplying liquid gas as fuel to an internal combustion engine. From the liquid gas stream that is supplied to at least one liquid gas injection valve of the internal combustion engine, a portion is branched off and expanded. The liquid gas stream supplied to the internal combustion engine is cooled with coldness that results during the expansion, thus ensuring that the liquid gas stream supplied to the liquid gas injection valve is at least substantially liquid. The expanded liquid gas is supplied in a vaporous state to the internal combustion engine.

Abstract: A two-cycle engine, especially for a portable, manually-guided implement, is provided. The engine has a cylinder with a combustion chamber delimited by a reciprocating piston. An inlet opens into the cylinder for supplying fuel/air mixture into a crankcase. The engine has an outlet for exhaust gases from the combustion chamber and at least one transfer channel, which, in prescribed positions of the piston, fluidically connects the crankcase with the combustion chamber. The engine has a clean air path that includes an air channel, a piston window and a transfer channel. In prescribed positions of the piston the air channel is fluidically connected via the piston window with an inlet window of the transfer channel. The direction of flow in the clean air path from inlet to outlet extends uniformly, in at least one piston position, and in a plane that extends perpendicular to the longitudinal axis of the cylinder.

Abstract: A method and apparatus for joining at least two substrates together, especially to form an optical data carrier, are provided. Substrates are disposed in a spaced-apart manner between two plates that are disposed opposite from, and are movable relative to, one another. At least one of the plates is connected to a flexible membrane. At least the plate to which the flexible membrane is connected is moved in such a way that a pressure difference is produced on opposite sides of the membrane.

Abstract: The aim of the invention is to reduce the formation of scratches in a device for the thermal treatment of substrates, in particular, semiconductor substrates, in a chamber in which the substrate is placed upon support elements. According to the invention, said aim is achieved by means of displaceable support elements.

Abstract: A two-cycle engine is provided, especially in a manually-guided implement such as a power chain saw, a brush cutter, a trimmer or the like, and has a cylinder in which is formed a combustion chamber that is delimited by a reciprocating piston that, via a connecting rod, drives a crankshaft that is rotatably mounted in a crankcase. In prescribed positions of the piston, the combustion chamber is connected with the crankcase via at least two transfer channels. At least one air channel is provided that opens out at an air channel window at the cylinder in the region of the piston, and that, in prescribed positions of the piston, is connected with at least two transfer channels via a piston window formed in the piston. To achieve a good scavenging of the combustion chamber, and hence low exhaust gas values of the engine, structural features are provided on the piston window for the defined distribution of air to the transfer channels.

Abstract: An apparatus for winding a cross-wound bobbin onto a bobbin tube is provided and comprises a bobbin creel including two bobbin creel arms for the mounting of two bobbin tube centering plates, a thread intake device effective in the region of an arm and with which is associated a thread severing device, a drive unit for a bobbin shaft/cross-wound bobbin, and a traversing thread guide adapted to be driven to move back and forth along the bobbin shaft/cross-wound bobbin. A given bobbin creel arm is provided with at least one intake or suction channel that is directed radially inwardly from the periphery of the centering plate and that opens into a hollow shaft guided outwardly through an associated arm. A suction head is adapted to be placed against the hollow shaft and is provided with a thread clamping mechanism and the thread severing device.

Abstract: The invention relates to a dosing pump comprising a chamber, an inlet valve located in an inlet pertaining to said chamber, and an outlet valve located in an outlet pertaining to said chamber. The chamber is divided into two partial chambers (2, 18) by a separating means. Said separating means comprises a separating valve (38) which opens in the direction of conveyance and which connects the partial chambers (2, 18). The separating means can be moved back and forth in the direction of conveyance and is connected to a drive device for this purpose. When the separating means is moved in the direction of conveyance, dosing liquid is sucked in via the inlet valve (6) and is simultaneously discharged via the outlet valve (28). This process is carried out smoothly and continuously.

Abstract: In a method for reducing NOx in the exhaust gas of an externally ignited, explosion-type internal combustion engine that is operated at a lean fuel/air ratio of ?>1 and has a motor control device for controlling ?, the ? value is slidingly controlled as a function of an average mass temperature in the combustion chamber of the externally ignited, explosion-type internal combustion engine, wherein for a low average mass temperature ? is decreased and for a high average mass temperature ? is increased such that the internal combustion engine is operated in any operational state close to the misfiring limit, and thereby, with the most minimal NOx emission possible.

Abstract: A carburetor arrangement is provided for an internal combustion engine that is to be started with a pull cord. A fuel channel that is connected with a fuel-filled storage space opens into and supplies fuel to an intake channel portion as a function of the underpressure in the intake channel portion. The underpressure in the intake channel portion is increased during the start-up process via a start-up mechanism. To keep the engine ready to run with the start-up mechanism engaged, a control valve is disposed between the storage space and where the fuel channel opens into the intake channel portion. The control valve is opened or closed by a control unit as a function of the speed of the internal combustion engine.

Abstract: A method is provided for producing ammonia (NH3) and introducing the produced ammonia (NH3) into an exhaust gas stream as a reduction means for selectively catalytically reducing nitrogen oxides contained in the exhaust gas stream, which is an exhaust stream generated by the combustion process of a motor, a gas turbine, or a burner. The method comprises feeding dry urea from a supply container in a controlled amount to reactor and subjecting the dry urea in the reactor to a sufficiently rapid thermal treatment such that a gas mixture comprising the reaction products of ammonia (NH3) and isocyanic acid (HCNO) is created. Also, the method comprises immediately catalytically treating the thus produced gas mixture in the presence of water such that the isocyanic acid (HCNO) resulting from the rapid thermal treatment is converted, via quantitative hydrolysis treatment, into ammonia (NH3) and carbon dioxide (CO2).

Abstract: A tool head for a motor-driven, manually guided implement for receiving a rotatable cutter tool is provided. The tool head comprises a housing in which is provided a tool shaft that is rotatably mounted via bearings. Secured on the tool shaft so as to turn with it is a tool carrying mechanism for the cutter tool. This tool carrying mechanism includes an engagement plate having an engagement surface, which is oriented perpendicular to the axis of the shaft, and a centering shoulder. The engagement plate and a centering element having the centering shoulder are embodied as separate components. The engagement plate is of light weight construction and is positively connected with the tool shaft. The centering element is made of a material, the hardness of which is adapted to the cutter tool.