Abstract: A device for measuring or testing of an object, for example rolled wire, a tube, or a billet, to detect surface discontinuities employs a sensing transducer which is oscillated backwards and forwards over the surface of the test object by means of a motor, the oscillations taking place in the form of a curved path extending transversely of the longitudinal extent of the object.

Abstract: A method for processing a reflected echo signal which is received from an object and supplied to an ultrasonic binaural sensory aid comprising the step of stretching said reflected signal in time axis, and the step of converting the stretched signal into a signal of audible frequency, and a blind aid which works by the above mentioned method.

Abstract: Apparatus for detecting at least one metallic object in a series of metallic objects lying along a path in a repetitive pattern by a metallic detector mounted on a vehicle movable along the path with the movement of the vehicle controlled by the detector to position the vehicle over a detected metallic object and blocking detection of a previously detected object subsequent to the detection of the previously detected metallic object to prevent erroneous metallic object detections, and further controlled to initiate different travel modes of movement including a fast mode to move the vehicle in a forward direction along the path at an optimum speed and controlling deceleration of the vehicle for accurately positioning it at a detected one of the metallic objects. The apparatus has particular application to the tamping of crossties on railway tracks and includes programs for controlling the movement of the vehicle and the tamping operation.

Abstract: Apparatus for determining the location of surface defects on a test piece of electrically conductive material by scanning the surface with at least one sensor arrangement comprising proximity sensors based on eddy current induction. The test piece may be moveable, e.g. advanced, in relation to the holder arrangement which is arranged to move the sensor arrangement in a sweeping or scanning movement from one side of the test piece to the other. The position of the edge of the test piece, is determined successively, e.g. for each scan cycle and the location of detected cracks is calculated with a starting point from the detected edge position.

Abstract: Pulse conditioning device for electrically controlling valves in hydraulic control apparatus whereby a regulating signal is transmitted to the actuator of the respective electrically controllable valve. A filter is connected to the input side of an isolating transformer and a unidirectional rectifier is serially connected to an input side of the isolating transformer through the filter. An oscillator generates a sinusoidal output signal and a summing amplifier receives both the regulating signal and the sinusoidal signal to provide an output signal which is input to the unidirectional rectifier. To complete a modular pair of identical circuits for the control circuit, a second unidirectional rectifier is serially connected to a second filter and also connected to the output side of the isolating transformer.

Abstract: Two phase-shifted quadrature signals are formed from a reception signal modulated by frequency-shift keying. Instant values of one of the quadrature signals are taken at the instant when the other quadrature signal passes through zero and vice-versa. The readout values obtained during an interval of one data bit are alternatingly inverted in their polarity or left unchanged, so that a sequence of readout values of adapted polarity is formed. The values are algebraically added in an added during each of the bit intervals. The sign of the resultant sum determines the evaluated value of the received information symbol `0` or `1` and the amount of the sum is a measure of the quality of the evaluation.

Abstract: Method and apparatus for winding lengths of flexible material, packages produced by such method and apparatus, as well as endforms forming part of the mandrels on which such windings are formed, incorporate a number of winding parameters which are related to one another by a mathematical formula. Specifically, the mathematical relationship ##EQU1## where: A=the guide stroke,Gd=the guide distance from the spindle center line axis,G=the gain or advance of the wind,Dm=the diameter of the wind or coil, andYm=the wind or coil width;governs the shape of the walls of the endform and such end-forms are used in winding apparatus for producing wound packages of flexible material. From the above equation, the geometrical shape of the wound package can also be determined.

Abstract: A torque transducer with neutral point compensation has a measuring axle formed as a hollow member inside which a slender torsion spring is axially arranged to internally load the hollow member. With this device a constant torque load on the measuring axle can be set with such a direction and magnitude that the zero voltage output from the torque transducer represents zero external torque.

Abstract: In order to eliminate equipment-generated fluctuations during the periodic determination of a quantity to be measured which is effected by forming the difference between a measuring signal which has been altered relative to a source signal by the measurement variable and a reference signal which has remained unaffected relative to the source signal by the measurement variable, a base signal level is determined for each measuring cycle as the difference between the reference level and a zero level in the absence of a source signal, subsequent to which each actual reference signal level and each measuring signal level is compensated with the previously determined reference signal level. By amplifying the compensated reference signals prior to difference formation and standardizing the signal difference to the base signal level, a high degree of accuracy may be achieved even if the attenuations of the measuring signal caused by the quantity to be measured are very small.

Abstract: An intermediate accessory, such as a rear converter, a bellows, and an intermediate ring or the like, can be mounted between an interchangeable lens and a camera body. Information relating to the vignetting amount which takes place in the interchangeable lens is divided in two parts, the respective parts are kept in the interchangeable lens and in the intermediate accessory, respectively.

Abstract: A method and a device for directional detection of a fault on a power transmission line extending between two stations (P, Q). In one of the stations (P) there is a travelling wave model which, by means of currents and voltages measured in the station, calculates the voltage distirbution along the line. The direction to a fault is determined by monitoring changes in calculated voltages in the two stations. If a fault occurs between the stations, the voltage change occurring in a station (Q) between the voltage existing prior to a fault and after a fault can be estimated as .vertline..DELTA.Uq.vertline., and the corresponding voltage change occurring in the other station (P) can be estimated as .vertline..DELTA.Up.vertline., whereby according to the invention the difference .vertline..DELTA.Uq.vertline.-.vertline..DELTA.Up.vertline.>0 signifies a fault on the line side of the station (P), i.e. a fault lying ahead of the measuring point. A fault lying behind station P is evidenced when .vertline..DELTA.Uq.

Abstract: A method and device for range limitation and direct tripping for protection in the event of a fault on an electrical power line extending between two stations (P, Q) involves employing a travelling wave model in one of the stations (P) which, with the aid of measured currents and voltages in that station, to calculate the voltage distribution at a number of control points along the line. The range of the protection device is indicated as the distance between the measuring station and that control point for which a voltage difference (.delta.u) becomes equal to zero. The voltage difference consists of the difference between the absolute value of a voltage differene between the absolute value of a voltage difference (.DELTA.u), formed as the sum of a voltage value (U") calculated with the travelling wave model for the control point at a certain time, and the corresponding voltage value (U') one half-period earlier and the absolute value of the latter voltage value.

Abstract: A broadcast signal transmitter utilizes a klystron and a transmitter amplifier (10) operating in a pulsed mode. Two feedback loops are provided for controlling the output of the amplifier (10). A first feedback loop includes a control circuit (14) for providing automatic gain control of the black level of a vision signal to be transmitted while the second feedback loop includes a further control circuit (18) for improving the linearity of the transmitter. The first feedback loop output control signal at line rate while the second feedback loop output signals at first rate, both being operative during the period when an insertion test signal (I.T.S.) is supplied to the transmitter.

Abstract: As overvoltage protection for a series capacitor (C1-C5) in a high-voltage network a voltage-dependent resistor (Z6), built up of metal oxide varistors, is arranged in parallel with the capacitor. In parallel with the resistor there is a spark gap means consisting of two series-connected spark gaps (G1, G2) for shunting the resistor in case of overload thereof. The energy for triggering the spark gap means is obtained from an auxiliary capacitor (C5), which is charged during operation, and is supplied to one of the spark gaps (G2) via a switching means (T1, T2), controlled by an overload detector (CU), and a pulse transformer (TR). A metal oxide varistor (Z5) is connected in series with the high voltage winding of the transformer. The transformer is connected so that the triggering pulse is in opposition to the voltage across the series capacitor.

Abstract: A method for testing an electrically conductive test object with regard to an imperfection therein uses a transducer supplied with drive signals of two different frequencies so that via inductive coupling between the transducer and the test object, signal information is received from the transducer which can be processed to indicate the presence of an imperfection. The invention is characterized in that the transducer is designed and supplied with drive signals in such wise that the effect of the different depth penetration of currents induced in the test object at the two frequencies can be compensated for.

Abstract: This invention is directed to a power supplier for use, for example, in a portable camera which includes a battery housing for accommodating a set of cylindrical batteries in parallel relationship with each other, and a battery door which is connected to the battery housing by means of a hinge so as to open an opening of the housing and to close the opening so as to axially depress the batteries. The batteries are located in the battery housing at two positions, i.e. one position relatively close to the hinge and the other position relatively remote from the hinge.

Abstract: In a surge arrester comprising a stack of series-connected cylindrical ZnO-varistors in an insulating housing, the envelope surface of each varistor is provided with an insulating protection means, which overlap varistors positioned adjacent to each other. The protection means prevent the varistors from being mechanically damaged during handling, provides guiding for the varistors in the stack, and seals the stack of varistors, so that a local glow discharge or a fault in individual varistors will not lead to an arc flash-over along the stack.

Abstract: In directional wave detector apparatus for electrical power line relay protection devices determining the direction to a fault, the current and voltage of the travelling waves generated by a fault point are combined at a measuring point and the sign of the combined signal is determined. A tripping or blocking signal is emitted depending on whether the sign of the combined signal indicates that the fault lies within or outside the range protection of the relay protection device.