Abstract: A process for treating carbonaceous material with hydrogen including adding the carbonaceous material into a first reaction zone of a reactor having at least two reaction zones; adding hot hydrogen to the stream of carbonaceous material to effect a reaction with same to produce reaction products; quenching the mixture while insuring that the total residence time varies from about 2 milliseconds to about 2 seconds; removing at least a portion of the reaction products from the quenched mixture; and introducing the residual carbonaceous material into a subsequent reaction zone and repeating the steps for the subsequent reaction zone.

Abstract: Intumescent amine-aldehyde copolymer compositions having improved UV stability are obtained by incorporating about 0.5-75% by weight of a polyol polyacrylate or polyol polymethacrylate into an intumescent composition comprising a low molecular weight, water-insoluble amine-aldehyde copolymer consisting essentially of repeating units which correspond to the formula: wherein Q is the residue of an alkanal containing 1-5 carbon atoms and R is hydrogen, alkyl, haloalkyl, alkoxy, haloalkoxy, halo, nitro, acetamido, or sulfonamido. The preferred compositions are those in which the amine-aldehyde copolymer is a sulfanilamide-formaldehyde copolymer and the polyol ester is a liquid ester.

Abstract: Accidental blow out of a producing oil or gas well is prevented by means of a storm choke having a valve disc and seat located in a production tubing which extends from the surface to a producing petroleum reservoir. The valve disc is equipped with an operating means which continuously urges the disc toward a position which is opposite from normal with regard to engagement with the seat, i.e. the disc is continuously urged toward the seat if the valve is normally open and away from the seat if it is normally closed. Mechanical means which can be operated from the surface are employed for selectively securing the valve disc in a normally opened or closed position and for releasing the disc for the automatic movement thereof into or out of the valve seat.

Abstract: In a combustion process for recovering hydrocarbons from a subterranean formation vertically traversed by an injection well through which an oxygen-containing gas is injected and a plurality of production wells through which liquid hydrocarbons and gaseous products of combustion are produced; oil recovery is improved by throttling of the production wells to increase the steam pressure in the locus ahead of the combustion zone, and according to a preferred mode, the combustion front advance is controlled by selectively throttling and increasing the gas pressure of production wells in the vicinity of the greatest advance of the combustion front.

Abstract: Crushed coal is mixed with hot hydrogen, at 500.degree. to 1,500.degree. C. and 0 to 250 psig., in a reactor, and then, after a short reaction time, rapidly quenched. The total heat-up, reaction, and quench time is less than 2 seconds. This short residence time results in a high yield of coal tars.

Abstract: An apparatus and a method is disclosed for determining the crushing strength of pellets of a powdered material by compressing individual pellets between one pellet-contacting face on a force-exerting means and another pellet-contacting face on a force-measuring transducer. The transducer provides an output current at a voltage which varies in correspondence to the compressive force that is applied to a pellet during the crushing thereof. Accordingly, a pellet is first placed between the aforesaid pellet-contacting faces and the force exerting means is then driven toward the transducer at a controlled rate for compression and crushing of the pellet. Current voltage from the transducer is recorded permanently on a chart or else temporarily by means of a peak voltage remembering module in conjunction with a voltmeter having a digital read-out.

Abstract: The flow path of petroleum in underground reservoirs is monitored by injecting a stable free radical, or spin label, into the reservoir as a tracer which becomes detectable in a sample taken from a producing well. Detection of the spin label is by electron spin resonance (ESR) spectroscopy. Spin label tracers are, on the average, detectable at dilutions 1 million times lower than is possible with standard chemical tracing methods.

Abstract: A water-insoluble amine-aldehyde copolymer intumescent agent having a number average molecular weight of about 350-2000 and consisting essentially of repeating units corresponding to the formula: ##SPC1##Wherein Q is the aldehyde residue and R is hydrogen, alkyl, haloalkyl, alkoxy, haloalkoxy, halo, nitro, acetamido, or sulfonamido is mixed with about 10-100% by weight of 1,2-dibromo-4-(1,2-dibromoethyl)cyclohexane as a synergist to increase the foam volume obtainable from the intumescent agent. The compositions comprising the intumescent agent and synergist may be applied to substrates by conventional techniques.

Abstract: A water-insoluble amine-aldehyde copolymer intumescent agent having a number average molecular weight of about 350-2000 and consisting essentially of repeating units corresponding to the formula: ##SPC1##Wherein Q is the aldehyde residue and R is hydrogen, alkyl, haloalkyl, alkoxy, haloalkoxy, halo, nitro, acetamido, or sulfonamido is mixed with about 10-50% by weight of a synergist corresponding to the formula: ##SPC2##Wherein X is chloro or bromo, T is halo, hydrogen, or a hydrocarbyl or hydrocarbyloxy group, and Z is a monocyclic divalent saturated polybromocycloalkylene group containing 5-16 carbon atoms and 2-6 bromine atoms: said valences being on adjacent carbon atoms; to increase the foam volume obtainable from the intumescent agent. The compositions comprising the intumescent agent and synergist may be applied to substrates by conventional techniques.

Abstract: Furnace black products are disclosed which have a particle size of at least 15 millimicrons, a dibutylphthalate absorption (DBP) not exceeding 120 c.c./100 gms., a nitrogen surface area of at least 500 m.sup.2 /gm., and a volatile content no greater than about 3 weight percent. The volatile and oxygen content of these blacks can be substantially increased by reaction with an oxygenating agent, such as nitric acid, to provide oxygenated carbon blacks which are useful in xerographic toner compositions.In accordance with the present invention, the furnace black products can be produced in an oil furnace process wherein a stream of liquid water intersects a liquid stream of feedstock hydrocarbon after streams of both liquids have been injected into a heated carbon black furnace. When the water stream contacts the liquid feedstock stream it is relatively cold in comparison to the temperature of the feedstock.

Abstract: Wet pellets of carbon black are dried to produce dry pellets by means of a two-step process. In the first step a bed of wet pellets is fluidized by means of a heated gas and the pellets are thus partially dried. In the second step the partially dried pellets from the first step are subjected to additional drying while in a nonfluidized state, e.g. pellets from the fluidized bed are heated and subjected to a mild, mechanically produced tumbling action during the second step.

Abstract: In a combustion process for recovering hydrocarbons from a subterranean hydrocarbon-bearing formation comprising an upper permeable hydrocarbon-bearing stratum overlying a lower permeable hydrocarbon-bearing stratum and separated therefrom by a semi-permeable stratum which is substantially permeable to oxygen but not substantially permeable to water; the strata are traversed by injection and production wells, the lower hydrocarbon-bearing stratum is ignited near an injection well and oxygen-containing gas is injected into the lower hydrocarbon-bearing stratum to combust hydrocarbons near the injection well and form a combustion front, an oxygen-containing gas is injected into the lower hydrocarbon-bearing stratum and an aqueous fluid is injected into the upper hydrocarbon-bearing stratum to move the combustion front between the injection and the production wells and to prevent or mitigate channeling through the upper hydrocarbon-bearing stratum, and hydrocarbons are recovered from the strata.

Abstract: A vulcanizing agent for rubber is incorporated into a polymer which is substantially noncrosslinkable by the agent but which is fusible with rubber upon milling. The resulting polymeric mixture and a vulcanizable rubber are formed into strips which are joined together along the lengths thereof to form an elongated, two-component tape wherein the rubber vulcanizing agent is carried in the nonreactive polymer. Sections of the tape can be milled to produce a vulcanizable compound by blending the polymeric component with the rubber component, thus obviating any need for separate addition of a rubber vulcanizing agent. The tape can be wound on a reel and stored until the need for blending arises. Premature reaction of the vulcanizing agent with the rubber is prevented since it is bound within the noncrosslinkable polymer.

Abstract: Ferrous hydroxide, formed from ferrous sulfate and sodium hydroxide at high alkalinity, is air-oxidized at a high rate to form ferric hydroxide seed crystals. The air rate is then decreased, and the seeds are allowed to grow to the desired acicular hydrated yellow ferric oxide.

Abstract: A process for halogenating rubber wherein a fluid halogen is dissolved in a flowing stream of the rubber dissolved in an organic solvent. The flow of the stream is maintained at a Reynold's number below 100 while maintaining a pressure which assures complete dissolving of the halogen while also preventing vaporization of volatile constituents in the stream during reaction of the halogen with the rubber.

Abstract: Crushed coal is mixed with hot hydrogen, at 500.degree. to 1,500.degree.C. and 600 to 3,000 psig., in a reactor, and then, after a short reaction time, rapidly quenched. The total heat-up, reaction, and quench time is less than 2 seconds. This short residence time results in less gas production and less polymerization of the liquid components.

Abstract: Oxygenated furnace black products are disclosed which have a particle size of at least 15 millimicrons, a dibutylphthalate absorption (DBP) not exceeding 120 c.c./100 gms., a nitrogen surface area of at least 450 m.sup.2 /gm., and an oxygen content of at least 4 weight percent.These products can be produced by treating a furnace carbon black feedstock with an oxidizing agent, such as nitric acid, in order to substantially increase the volatile and the oxygen content of the black.

Abstract: In displacement processes for recovery of liquid hydrocarbons from a hydrocarbon bearing formation having zones of different permeability wherein such displacement processes comprise injecting a drive fluid through an injection well vertically traversing the formation and recovering by means of a production well the liquid hydrocarbons which are displaced by the injection of the drive fluid; this invention involves an improvement comprising injecting a water insoluble liquid into the permeable zone to increase drive efficiency in the less permeable zone.

Abstract: A continuous process for producing granular ferric sulfate significantly reduces manufacturing time, increases product output through the elimination of the curing stage employed in batch-type processes, and because of reduced heat requirements consumes less energy during the final drying phase. At the initial aqueous phase of the process a low water-containing slurry or dispersion of iron oxide is reacted with only a portion of the total sulfuric acid required in the process to produce a ferric sulfate-containing slurry having unreacted iron oxide. That quantity of acid withheld from the aqueous phase is employed at the time of agglomeration of the ferric sulfate-containing slurry. By delaying use of the remaining acid to a later step in the process the heat of reaction generated from the conversion of the unreacted iron oxide in the slurry may be utilized for completing the reaction and for drying the granules. Thus, drying time is shortened and the consumption of supplemental fuel is greatly reduced.

Abstract: An improved two-cycle and rotary combustion engine lubricant comprising a 2-cycle engine oil, an additive comprising between about 54 wt. % and 74 wt. % of a mixture of alkylated aryl ammonium salts of alkyl phosphate and between about 15 wt. % and 27 wt. % of a mineral oil having a viscosity at 100.degree.F of between about 100 N SUS and 650 N SUS. The additive additionally includes between about 5 wt. % and 15 wt. % of alkylated diarylamines having a formula selected from the group consisting of ##SPC1##And mixtures thereof, wherein R has between about 4 and about 20 carbon atoms, and between about 1 wt. % and 9 wt. % of a lithium dialkylarylsulfonate, the additive comprises from about 0.1 wt. % to about 1.0 wt. % of the lubricant.