Abstract: An arrangement for monitoring an alternating signal with respect to its state as mark-to-space ratio or direct-current component, in which the alternating signal is modified so that its mark-to-space ratio or direct-current component can be detected by simple comparison with reference signals. Various information is then transmitted over a line, and the operation of the stage that generates the alternating signal can also be monitored.

Abstract: Power amplifier circuit for an inductive load including a supply voltage applied to the inductive load via a series circuit comprising a first transistor electronically coupled to a second transistor for conducting current from the supply voltage through the first and second transistors to the inductive load, wherein a reference potential smaller than the supply voltage is coupled at a center point of the series circuit.

Abstract: An arrangement for reducing interference in tuned circuits in integrated circuits as a result of the reception and transmission of high frequencies. An external tuned circuit is integrated in the integrated circuit and the interference which is otherwise produced by the connecting pins is eliminated.

Abstract: Control circuit for producing output voltages from a plurality of sensor signals, wherein each of the sensor signals are identical and mutually phase shifted. The control circuit comprises a plurality of comparators for producing the output voltages, wherein each comparator is respectively supplied with one of the sensor signals and with an amount of hysteresis which depends on the amplitude of one or more of the respective other sensor signals. The control circuit further comprises electronic circuitry for deriving the respective amount of comparator hysteresis for each of the comparators from the amplitude of one or more of the respective other sensor signals.

Abstract: A high-voltage transformer for a television receiver is known to be tuned to a specific harmonic of the frequency of the flyback oscillation in order to reduce the internal resistance of the high-voltage source. In certain cases such as, for example, a channel change, a particularly high beam current of the order of magnitude of 3 to 5 mA briefly occurs. As a result of such a current surge, overshoots are produced at the transformer which may increase the flyback voltage at the switching transistor by approximately 150 V and thus endanger the transistor. The object is to design the transformer in such a way that overshoots of this type are reduced. According to the invention, the number of partial windings (W2-W5) is greater than the number of diodes (3-5), and separate partial windings (W2-W5) are tuned to different harmonics. This tuning causes the quality factor to be reduced and the attenuation and the bandwidth to be increased in the system.

Abstract: A process and arrangement for tracking and eliminating disturbances which occur in particular while scanning optical information carriers. The invention avoids the inconvenience of disturbance elimination using time-delayed auxiliary beam signals by influencing the auxiliary beams of a scanner working according to a three-beam principle in such a way that they hit the information carrier to be scanned as two auxiliary beams which lie next to each other on the track radius, so that disturbances due to subtraction between the auxiliary light spot signals formed by the auxiliary light spots are eliminated. A birefringent crystal is preferably used in order to direct the auxiliary beams in this manner. The invention is preferably suitable for optical information carrier scanning devices.

Abstract: When digital data are being transmitted, parts of these data can be irreversibly destroyed by channel interference. Gaps produced in this way in the bit stream must be indicated and the respective decoder must be resynchronized. When encoding in accordance with the MPEG2 standard is used, the timing of this resynchronization is heavily dependent on the contents of the bit stream elements which have been lost. Thus, in the event of failure of the picture start codes or extension start codes of the frame layer which are important for the decoding, although the decoder will resynchronize to the slice-start code of the following slice layer, important information such as the time reference of the frame, for example, the frame type (I-, P-, B-frame) or else important parameters relating to the decoding of movement vectors may be false in this case, however.

Abstract: A method and apparatus for the transmission of digital signals comprises the steps of forming at least two data channels carrying data packets, and eventually header data. The channels have different levels of error protection and include picture data, wherein the data packets within one of the channels have the same level of error protection, and wherein a super-ordinate channel has a higher error protection than a subordinate channel. Important information of a subordinate channel is then transmitted in a super-ordinate channel. The important information allows following erroneous reception of the digital signals an improved recovery of picture data decoding.

Abstract: Machine for recording and playing back information with a tape-storage medium comprising a tape-counting device for determining locations on the storage medium representing a beginning, an end or a section of a recorded information and labeling the locations as data. The labeled locations are stored in memory and marked. Selective winding to a chosen recording section which is associated with one of the marks occurs by means of the tape-counting device and the stored labeled data, together with another one of the marks which is detected and used as a reference, wherein, due to the detection of this reference mark, the tape-counting device is set to the data which was determined with the setting of the reference mark, and wherein the mark associated with the chosen recording section is dependent on the data of this reference mark. A tolerance window arranged symmetrically with respect to the reference mark is included to assist in the detection of the reference mark.

Abstract: For interference-free transmission of high-frequency signals, the receiver must be terminated with the characteristic impedance of the transmission line. This can be achieved by a single base-connection circuit, but in this case the input impedance is dependent on the current flow and is therefore not exactly constant. Adding a second base-connection circuit makes the circuit symmetrical, so that opposite effects are canceled, which makes the input impedance constant. Production in both bipolar technology and in MOS technology is possible.

Abstract: The invention concerns a high storage capacity ROM-RAM disk and a process for reading and writing to the ROM-RAM disk. T he aim of the invention is to devise a ROM-RAM disk and a process making it possible to read ROM and RAM simultaneously, to read the ROM area and at the same time write to the RAM area and to provide the largest possible volume of memory. The invention comprises two alternative designs. In a first design a ROM-RAM disk contains an area having both ROM and RAM memory structures as of a certain radius or diameter, establishing therein, at a constant rotational speed, a scanning/writing speed which ensures a reading/separation of the data stored in the ROM-RAM structures. In a second design, the available storage area is taken up entirely by a ROM-RAM storage area, where RAM memory structures have a reduced data rate in order to form, a length of memory structures necessary for separating the data stored in the ROM-RAM storage area.

Abstract: The invention relates to the classification of such parts of television signals which are commercials so that those parts can be eliminated during recording or playback. Known methods for the detection of commercials during a TV program suffer from the drawbacks that one or two features of the TV signals are observed to decide whether the TV signal is part of a commercial or not. In the present invention of a method and apparatus, a classification of TV signals results on a plurality of information gathered from the TV signals and a plurality of rules using a rule system. Such a rule system permits the modeling of uncertainties so that for the definition of the rules, no strict values or strict limits need be given. In particular, fuzzy rules and linguistic variables are used.

Abstract: In a plasma display screen them is a circuit which alternately applies a positive and negative voltage to the general capacitance of the screen or panel for a reset process. In the current path there is an inductance to ensure the recovery of the energy to the total capacity. The aim is to improve the drive and the erase process of a pixel in such a circuit The capacity (Cp) is cyclically connected via a third switch (T3) to such a third operating voltage that the voltage (UCp) at the capacitance (Cp) has a period of zero voltage between those of positive and negative voltage. Especially for a control circuit for a plasma display screen for a television receiver.

Abstract: A system for rapidly rewinding a tape from a first spool onto a second spool of a recording device. First and second sensors respectively sense the rotational speed of the first and second spools. The thickness of the tape, the radius of a core of the spool and the total thickness of tape present on the core are stored. A calculator receives the rotational speeds, the tape thickness, the radius and the total thickness, and calculates the remaining rewinding time and provides a deceleration signal while the remaining rewinding time is sufficient to decelerate the first spool to a final rotational speed.

Abstract: A reproduction and/or recording device for optical recording media which is compatible in respect of varying storage density, despite an interdependence between pit or domain size, and the light spot size. Use is made of a track guidance signal generation device which can be changed over according to the storage density type and is connected to a detector which can be used for recording media of varying storage density, i.e. in the form of the standardized CD, minidisk or MOD, and for optical recording media, which have a comparatively higher information storage density, or smaller track spacings and smaller dimensions of the pits or storage structures.

Abstract: Components for analog or digital input signals are in each case connected by switchable means to a controllable oscillator. The switch condition of the switchable means is set automatically and/or manually as a function of the input signal.

Abstract: In the case of a motor controller for electronically commutated DC motors, an additional current and/or an additional voltage is passed at the commutation instant to that winding of the motor which is active at that time, in order to prevent torque drops. In order to compensate for torque drops at different motor loads, the duration and/or amplitude of the additional current and/or of the additional voltage are/is determined from the actual motor load.

Abstract: Equalizers, used for equalizing distorted signals, are calibrated with the aid of the so-called "eye" pattern on the oscilloscope. Data bits are traced with their edges above one another by triggering to the amplitude so that an "eye" opening is produced. The "eye" is wide open and sharply delimited in the case of correct equalization. However, this method does not provide for automatic calibration of the equalizer. In order to automatically calibrate an equalizer in an optimal manner, a Lissajous figure is formed from in each case of two successive samples of the signal to be equalized. A fuzzy logic control loop compares the Lissajous figures generated with a circle in the case of a sine oscillation and with a square in the case of a square wave oscillation. From this comparison, the fuzzy logic control loop derives the parameters for the equalizer. The equalizer is optimally calibrated when a circle or, respectively, a square is formed as Lissajous figure.

Abstract: When a power supply unit supplies power to a plurality of power amplifiers, an appreciable power loss is produced in the power supply unit and in the amplifiers. According to the present invention, the output voltage of the power supply unit is regulated so that it is high enough at any instant for the amplifier which at that instant has an output signal having the largest amplitude.

Abstract: An optical scanning device having a holographic optical element for receiving a scanning beam which has been influenced by a recording medium. One aspect of the invention is to use an optical spatial filter to obtain the information signals. A further aspect is to image the entire area of the scanning spot on only one detector and to use the complete light component, as a result of which the power component is increased and the requirements for adjustment of a plurality of elements with respect to one another are reduced.