Abstract: An element together with a prospective shunt load is magnetized to become a permanent magnet whereafter the magnet is stepwise demagnetized, actually along the demagnetization curve but due to load along a load line passing through a point inside the demagnetization curve independently from any variations thereof. This point will serve as operating point of the magnet in the system and the load line is characterized by identifying the operating point establishing a minimum induction on the basis of the shunt so that during normal operation of the magnet in a system smaller flux will not be extracted. The demagnetization steps are tracked by interspersed measuring steps to monitor approach of the desired operating point. The system is preferable a relay and magnetization, demagnetization, measurement and termination are carried out in a different, closed loop system.

Abstract: The digit rolls of a counter a connected through transfer pinions in that pins extending axially from one roll towards another one engage a pinion once per revolution and the pinion turns the other roll by one step. The pins of the two rolls overlap axially with a slight radial clearance so that the gap between the rolls is just slightly larger than the length of either pin. The pins have semicircular, triangular, trapezoidal or rectangular cross-section.

Abstract: The relay as disclosed has a pivotable armature with self-balancing action and electromagnetic action which produces uniformly directed position changing action.

Abstract: A system for a relay is disclosed having a permanent magnet for bias and electromagnetic energization for changing the disposition of an armature. A magnetic shunt path is provided for the permanent magnet serving as a basic load on the magnet, in that the magnetic resistance of magnet plus parallel shunt is lower than the resistance of the remainder of the magnetic circuit. The shunt has preferably resistance that declines with field strength and the flux at the work point (external excitation zero) plus field as set up by the magnet times its permeability should exceed 6000 Gauss.

Abstract: Contact springs are damped against resilient bouncing in that thin plastic foil covers one or both sides of the spring. The foil, when extending into the zone of clamping one end of the spring, is used to maintain specific tolerances in contact positioning. The foil should have low cold flow characteristics and high reversible elasticity, such as folacron or polysulphonic plastic.

Abstract: A handset for connection to a communication system to serve as peripheral equipment apparatus is constructed as a two-part unit, in which the casing parts are hinged together and when folded down audio and manual access parts and elements are covered, but are accessible when the casing parts are folded up. In the folded up position, the microphone and speaker have particular position to each other for optimizing use as regular telephone or as a loud-speaker phone (walki-talki).

Abstract: An electro-magnetic synchronous motor has an E-shaped stator linear or partially wrapped around an axis, the legs being the pole shoes. The middle leg includes a permanent magnet and one or both outer legs have coils. A movable displacement element has poles spaced further apart than the stator poles. The movable element has a stable position for zero energization in which one of its poles aligns with the stator pole having the permanent magnet. Coil energization disturbs magnetic field symmetry to move the element always in the right direction.

Abstract: A relay with two quadrilateral, superimposed yokes, a pivotal armature with stiff contact carriers extending laterally from the ends of the armature and cooperating with contacts mounted on springs. The contact making and braking action takes place between aligned yoke arms.

Abstract: The relay as disclosed has a pivotable armature with self-balancing action and electromagnetic action, which produces uniformly directed position changing action.

Abstract: A relay of rather flat construction has contacts arranged along its narrow sides and is received in a circumscribing frame of the same or smaller height with downwardly projecting terminals extending from contact springs which make contact with the relay contacts. These contact springs are disposed in grooves of the frame and ridges between the grooves hold the frame on the relay body in frictional engagement therewith.This is a continuation in part application of my application Ser. No. 485,322 filed July 3, 1974.

Abstract: A relay is constructed to have movable contacts on flat contact carriers extending e.g. from a swivel armature and moving in a space between corresponding flat yoke legs. The contacts on the carrier cooperate with fixed but resiliently mounted contacts. The carriers have permanent magnets to obtain magnetic blowing of any arc, and air flow around the carrier is confined to run transverse thereto also across the carrier contact surfaces. Both actions on the arc extend transverse to the direction of carrier movement upon relay actuation.