Abstract: A cathode for use in electrolytic processes and a process for preparing such cathodes is described. The cathode has a cathodically active surface comprising a codeposit of a first metal selected from the group consisting of iron, cobalt, nickel, and mixtures thereof, a leachable second metal or metal oxide preferably selected from the group consisting of molybdenum, manganese, titanium, tungsten, vanadium, indium, chromium, zinc, their oxides, and combinations thereof, and a third metal selected from the group consisting of cadmium, mercury, lead, silver, thallium, bismuth, copper and mixtures thereof. Such cathodes are prepared by initially forming a codeposit of the three metals or metal oxides, and subsequently removing at least a portion of the second metal or metal oxide from the codeposit. The second metal or metal oxide component can be conveniently removed by leaching, utilizing an alkaline solution.

Abstract: Described is a low temperature low foaming alkaline cleaner composition comprising:(a) an alkaline portion containing at least 75% by weight (PBW) of alkaline materials selected from the group consisting of alkali or alkaline earth metal borate, silicate, carbonate, hydroxide, phosphate and mixtures thereof;(b) an ethoxylated alkyl phenol in an amount from about 0.1 to about 15 PBW; and(c) an ethoxylated and propoxylated alkyl phenol in an amount from about 1 to about 15 PBW;wherein the sum of (a), (b) and (c) equals 100 PBW.The compositions are useful as low temperature low foaming cleaners in solid or liquid form. A variety of oils and soaps may be removed from soiled substrates. Cleaning temperatures in the range of 60.degree. F. and above are obtainable.

Abstract: Improved electroplating bath for depositing bright, metallic tin wherein divalent tin, in the form of stannous sulfate or fluoroborate, is present in conjunction with sulfuric or fluoroboric acid, brighteners including an aromatic amine and an aliphatic aldehyde, a polyalkylene ether surfactant, and an aromatic sulfonic acid to ensure bath stability as well as the requisite brightness. The divalent tin-containing electroplating bath may also be provided with copper or rhodium salts to achieve codeposition of tin with at least one of these alloying metals. The method of utilizing such divalent tin electroplating baths to plate substrates with bright metallic tin is also described and claimed.

Abstract: A process for the preparation of fluoroaniline compounds comprises the steps of(A) reacting an ammonium fluorophthalamate or a fluorophthalamic acid of the formula ##STR1## where n is 1 or 2 with an alkali or an alkali earth metal hypochlorite to form the corresponding fluoroanthranilic acid; and(B) decarboxylating the fluoroanthranilic acid by reaction with a mineral acid to form the corresponding fluoroaniline of the formula ##STR2## where n is as previously defined.

Abstract: The present invention relates to production of vinyl halide-polyolefin graft copolymers by a liquid phase bulk polymerization process wherein the process is carried out in the presence of a diluent. Suitable diluents preferably have vaporization pressure characteristics, within 100 psi., and similar liquid state viscosity, as vinyl halide monomer. The diluents are soluble in vinyl halide monomer under reaction conditions and are inert to the polymerization mass. The diluents are straight or branched chain, or cyclic saturated hydrocarbons having from about 3 to about 15 carbon atoms and, more preferably, from about 4 to about 8 carbon atoms. Particularly useful diluents are n-propane, n-butane, isobutane or mixtures thereof. The diluents are utilized in amounts from about 0.2 to less than about 50.0 percent based upon the total weight of the reaction charge.

Abstract: A porous polyfluoroalkylene sheet, very preferably of polytetrafluoroethylene, which is suitable for use as a separator in an electrolytic cell, such as one used for the electrolysis of brine, has a porosity in the range of 70 to 90%, a thickness in the range of 0.2 to 3.5 mm. and at least one of (a) an A X-ray ratio in the range of 0.1 to 0.35 and (b) a B X-ray ratio in the range of 0.75 to 0.98. Preferably the A X-ray ratio is in the range of 0.1 to 0.3, the B.sub.2 X-ray ratio is in the range of 0.75 to 0.98 and the B.sub.1 X-ray ratio is in the range of 0.1 to 0.32. The porous sheets are incorporated in separators or diaphragms for electrolytic cells and the uses of such separators and cells in electrolysis processes, preferably in the electrolysis of brine, are described. Also shown in the specification are a method for the manufacture of the porous sheets and a method for ascertaining which milled, sintered and leached porous sheets are more suitable for use in electrolytic processes.

Abstract: Electrolytic cells demonstrate improved performance through use of an internal brine distribution system. A brine distributor located in the interior of the cell and positioned either at the cell bottom or above the cell's electrodes has individual brine outlets for feeding electrolyte directly to each of the cell's anolyte compartments for electrolysis. By comparison with conventional brine feed systems, e.g. cell top feed, the internal brine distributor produces higher purity gas, e.g. chlorine, at reduced power consumption and higher current efficiencies.

Abstract: In filter press electrolytic cell assemblies, gasketing materials are frequently used for sealing the cell contents between individual frames. An improved design of gasket is disclosed, having a bulb profile at one surface with a hollow or indented profile on the opposite. Use of this specific profile gasket, positioned in properly molded or machined sealing grooves in the mating surfaces of electrolytic cell frame members, permits repeated disassembly and reassembly of cell frame components without leakage of electrolytic fluids between cell compartments, or leakage from cell interior to exterior.

Abstract: A composition and process are useful for imparting corrosion resistance and paint receptivity to metal surfaces. The process involves application of an aqueous wet film which is dried in place and thus avoids effluent problems from conventional processes involving rinsing. The composition contains a water soluble titanium zirconium compound, an inositol 2-6 phosphate ester and silica.

Abstract: An aqueous chromium-free composition is useful for imparting a corrosion resistance paintable coating to a tin surface. The composition contains a titanium or zirconium compound, a pyrazole derivative, a myoinositol phosphate ester and a silicon compound. The surface is either chemically coated via contact with the composition or electrolytically coated via immersion in the composition.

Abstract: An aqueous acidic composition provides improved corrosion resistance to a metal, e.g., ferrous, zinc or aluminum surface upon contact. The composition contains dissolved hafnium and/or zirconium, fluoride, preferably a vegetable tannin compound, and optionally phosphate ions.

Abstract: A process for the purification of crude thionyl chloride wherein the crude thionyl chloride is distilled in the presence of sulfur and a sulfur-aluminum chloride catalyst to convert the impurities, sulfuryl chloride and sulfur dichloride and remove them from the distillate of thionyl chloride. The thionyl chloride collected will contain less than 0.01% sulfuryl chloride, less than 0.1% sulfur monochloride and less than 0.01% sulfur dichloride.

Abstract: Improved electroless or autocatalytic gold plating baths wherein the gold ingredient is a water soluble trivalent gold component selected from an alkali metal auricyanide, an alkali metal aurihydroxide, and an alkali metal aurate. The bath contains an amino borane, an alkali metal borohydride, or an alkali metal cyanoborohydride as the reducing agent; an alkaline agent such as an alkali metal hydroxide; and an alkaline buffering agent. Optionally, the bath may contain added alkali metal cyanide. The method of utilizing such electroless or autocatalytic plating bath for depositing gold on metallic substrates such as gold, copper, copper alloys, electroless copper, electroless nickel, nickel, nickel alloys, etc. and on a non-metallic substrates is also described and claimed.

Abstract: A composition and method for electrodepositing ductile, bright, level copper deposits from an aqueous acidic copper plating electrolyte particularly suited for plating electronic circuit boards containing a brightening and leveling amount of a brightening and leveling system comprising (a) a bath soluble substituted phthalocyanine radical, (b) a bath soluble adduct of a tertiary alkyl amine with polyepichlorohydrin, (c) a bath soluble organic divalent sulfur compound, and (d) a bath soluble reaction product of polyethyleneimine and an alkylating agent which will alkylate the nitrogen on the polyethyleneimine to produce a quaternary nitrogen. The electrolyte optionally also contains bath soluble polyether compounds as a supplemental brightening agent.

Abstract: An improved electrolytic cell for the electrolysis of alkali metal halide solutions to produce halides and alkali metal hydroxides is provided wherein current reductions are obtained by the passage of an oxidizing gas, such as oxygen, into a porous cathode to depolarize the cathode and eliminate the porduction of hydrogen. The cathode is provided with small diameter pores for diffusion of said oxidizing gas, and larger diameter pores or holes for liquid product flow through the cathode. The cathode, separator, and anode may be in direct contact with each other in a sandwich configuration, thus eliminating the need for a catholyte compartment and external H.sub.2 O feed lines.

Abstract: A process and aqueous composition for electro-depositing a uniform, adherent substantially black nickel deposit on a conductive substrate. The aqueous solution is of a pH ranging from about 4 to about 12 and contains nickel ions, borate ions, conductivity salts and a controlled effective amount of a selected class of bath soluble amines to attain the black nickel deposit. The aqueous solution may further optionally contain supplemental darkening enhancing agents and wetting agents of the types conventionally employed in nickel electroplating solutions.

Abstract: An improved electrolytic apparatus for the production of an alkali metal halate, such as sodium chlorate, from an aqueous solution of alkali metal halide, such as sodium chloride, includes modular, vertical anodes and cathodes in alternating relationship in a housing, and an upwardly oriented flow directing funneling chimney structure in a cylindrical shaped housing and over the electrodes, through which, electrolyte between the electrodes rises, passing from a wider portion of the funnel to a narrower part thereof, and a connected chimney passageway, from which it is returned from recirculation to a location below the electrodes after removal of gas from it. Different structures of the electrolytic apparatus or cell are specifically disclosed in one of which the electrolyte, after having passed through the funnel structure, moves longitudinally with respect to the cell, and in the other of which it moves transversely.

Abstract: An electrolytic apparatus for the production of an alkali metal halate, such as sodium chlorate, from an aqueous solution of alkali metal halide, such as sodium chloride, includes vertical anodes and cathodes in alternating relationship in a housing, and an upwardly oriented flow directing funneling chimney structure in the housing and over the electrodes, through which, electrolyte between the electrodes rises, passing from a wider portion of the funnel to a narrower part thereof, and a connected chimney passageway, from which it is returned for recirculation to a location below the electrodes after removal of gas from it. Different structures of the electrolytic apparatus or cell are specifically disclosed, in one of which the electrolyte, after having passed through the funnel structure, moves longitudinally with respect to the cell, and in the other of which it moves transversely. Also disclosed are apparatuses of the types mentioned which include a plurality of the described funnel devices.

Abstract: A work conveying apparatus for transporting work pieces through a plurality of treating stations including a work rack for supporting the work pieces which is tiltable, according to one embodiment of the invention, in one direction when in a raised position to facilitate drainage of solution from the work pieces and is tiltable in an opposite direction to facilitate escape of gases from the work pieces when the work rack is immersed in a treating solution. The work rack further includes pivotally mounted work holders thereon which are movable to and from a work piece supporting position to a work piece discharge or unloading position to facilitate automatic loading and unloading of work pieces therefrom. The conveying apparatus further includes an unload station including a guide for retaining the work rack in a fixed position and includes a device for aligning the rack with the guide during its descending movement.

Abstract: An aqueous based coating composition comprises a flow control agent, a water solubilized epoxy adduct of an epoxy compound and an amino-substituted aromatic carboxylic acid, and a curing agent. The coating composition is applied to conversion coated steel parts to provide an improved corrosion resistant organic coating thereon.