Abstract: A diesel fuel composition comprising as an additive an ester compound which is the reaction product of an optionally substituted polycarboxylic acid or an anhydride thereof and a polyhydric alcohol of formula H—(OR)n—OH, wherein R is an optionally substituted alkylene group and n is at least 1.

Abstract: A gasoline fuel composition comprising as an additive an ester compound which is the reaction product of an optionally substituted polycarboxylic acid or an anhydride thereof and an alcohol or formula H—(OR)n—OR1, wherein R is an optionally substituted alkylene group; R1 is hydrogen or an optionally substituted hydrocarbyl group, and n is 0 or a positive integer; wherein n is not O when R1 is hydrogen.

Abstract: A compound of formula (I): wherein p is at least 1, n is at least 1 and less than or equal to p; Ar is a polycyclic aromatic moiety, R1 is hydrogen or an optionally substituted hydrocarbyl group and each of R2, R3 and R4 is independently an optionally substituted hydrocarbyl group, provided that at least one of R2, R3 and R4 has at least 6 carbon atoms.

Abstract: A method of reducing deposits in a diesel engine, the method comprising combusting in the engine a diesel fuel composition comprising a detergent additive which is not a quaternary ammonium salt or a Mannich reaction product; and a quaternary ammonium salt additive comprising the reaction product of nitrogen containing species having at least one tertiary amine group and a quaternizing agent; wherein the nitrogen containing species is selected from: (i) the reaction product of a hydrocarbyl-substituted acylating agent and a compound comprising at least one tertiary amine group and a primary amine, secondary amine or alcohol group; (ii) a Mannich reaction product comprising a tertiary amine group; and (v) a polyalkylene substituted amine having at least one tertiary amine group.

Abstract: A stable flowable aqueous composition comprising at least two component surfactants, each component surfactant having a maximum solubility in water at which a saturated solution forms, wherein the total concentration of all surfactants present in the composition is greater than would be obtained by combining equivalent amounts of saturated solutions of the component surfactants; wherein at least one component surfactant includes a compound of formula (I): wherein R1 represents a C4-36 alkyl group; each of R2, R3, R4 and R5 independently represents a hydrogen atom or a C1-4 alkyl group and wherein at least one of R2, R3, R4 and R5 is not hydrogen and M? represents a cation.

Abstract: A method of treating a material, the method comprising contacting the material with a composition comprising a hydroxy-substituted aldehyde.

Abstract: A quaternary ammonium compound of formula (I): wherein R0, R1, R2 and R3 is each independently an optionally substituted hydrocarbyl group, X is a linking group, R4 is an optionally substituted alkylene group, R5 is hydrogen or an optionally substituted alkyl, alkenyl or aryl group, and n is 0 or a positive integer, provided that n is not 0 when R5 is hydrogen.

Abstract: A method of combating internal diesel injector deposits caused by carboxylate residues and/or lacquers in the injectors of a diesel engine, the method comprising combusting in the engine a diesel fuel composition comprising (a) the reaction product of a carboxylic acid-derived acylating agent and an amine and (b) a quaternary ammonium salt additive.

Abstract: Quaternary ammonium salts of formula: wherein each of R1 and R2 is independently selected from an optionally substituted alkyl, alkenyl or aryl group having less than 8 carbon atoms, R together with N forms an aliphatic or aromatic heterocycle having less than 12 carbons atoms and R5 is hydrogen or an optionally substituted hydrocarbyl group. The use of these compounds as fuel or lubricant additives, especially as diesel fuel additives.

Abstract: A quaternary ammonium compound of formula (I): (I) wherein R0, R1, R2 and R3 is each independently an optionally substituted hydrocarbyl group, X is a linking group, R4 is an optionally substituted alkylene group, R5 is hydrogen or an optionally substituted alkyl, alkenyl or aryl group, and n is 0 or a positive integer, provided that n is not 0 when R5 is hydrogen.

Abstract: A diesel fuel composition comprising as an additive an ester compound which is the reaction product of a polyhydric alcohol of formula H—(OR)n—OH and at least 1.5 molar equivalents of an optionally substituted polycarboxylic acid or an anhydride thereof, wherein R is an optionally substituted alkylene group and n is at least 1.

Abstract: A quaternary ammonium compound which is the reaction product of: (a) a tertiary amine having a molecular weight of less than 1000; (b) an acid-activated alkylating agent; and (c) a diacid including an optionally substituted hydrocarbyl moiety having at least (5) carbon atoms.

Abstract: A diesel fuel composition comprising as an additive an ester compound which is the reaction product of an optionally substituted polycarboxylic acid or an anhydride thereof and an alcohol or formula ROH, wherein R is an optionally substituted hydrocarbyl group.

Abstract: A quaternary ammonium salt of formula (I): wherein X is a linking group; Y is O, NH or NR1 wherein R1 is H or an optionally substituted hydrocarbyl group; Q+ is a moiety that includes a quaternary ammonium cation; A? is an anion; R2 is an optionally substituted alkylene group; R3 is hydrogen or an optionally substituted hydrocarbyl group; and n is 0 or a positive integer; provided that n is not 0 when R3 is hydrogen.

Abstract: A method of combating colour loss from a dyed material, the method comprising contacting the material with a composition comprising a compound of formula (I): (I) wherein R is an optionally substituted hydrocarbyl group having at least 5 carbon atoms, and R is hydrogen or a solubilising group.

Abstract: A method of treating a material, the method comprising the steps of: (1) contacting the material with a composition comprising an electrophilic species selected from aldehydes, succinimidyl esters, and mixtures thereof; (2) contacting the material with a composition comprising a chelating agent and/or a salt of an amine and/or a carboxylic acid.

Abstract: A method of combatting colour loss from a dyed material, the method comprising the steps of: (1) contacting the material with a composition comprising an electrophilic species selected from aldehydes, succinimidyl esters, and mixtures thereof; (2) contacting the material with a composition comprising a chelating agent and/or a salt of an amine and/or a carboxylic acid.

Abstract: A quaternary ammonium salt of formula (I): (I) where in X is a linking group; Y is O, NH or NR1 wherein R1is H or an optionally substituted hydrocarbyl group; Q? is a moiety that includes a quaternary ammoniumcation; A? is an anion; R2 is an optionally substituted alkylene group; R3 is hydrogen or an optionally substituted hydrocarbyl group; and n is 0 or a positive integer; provided that n is not 0 when R3 is hydrogen.

Abstract: A diesel fuel composition comprising as an additive an ester compound which is the reaction product of an optionally substituted polycarboxylic acid or an anhydride thereof and a compound or formula H—(OR)n—OR1, wherein R is an optionally substituted alkylene group, R1 is an optionally substituted hydrocarbyl group and n is at least 1.

Abstract: A composition comprising: (a) an acyl isethionate surfactant; (b) a cationic polymer; and (c) a water insoluble benefit agent: wherein the composition comprises less than 3 wt % amphoteric or zwitterionic surfactants.