Abstract: In high spatial resolution imaging, a structure in a specimen is marked with a substance which, in a first electronic state, is excited by light of one wavelength to emit fluorescent light, which is also converted from its first into a second electronic state by that light, and which returns from its second into its first electronic state. The specimen is imaged onto a sensor at a spatial resolution not resolving an average spacing between neighboring molecules of the substance, and exposed to the light at such an intensity that the molecules in the first state are alternately excited to emit fluorescent light and converted into their second state, and that at least 10% of the molecules presently in their first state lie at a distance from their closest neighboring molecules in their first state which is greater than the spatial resolution of the imaging onto the sensor.

Abstract: The invention relates to a method for producing an anti-reflection surface on an optical element, said method comprising the following steps: a) the optical element is prepared; b) uncharged, spherical, micellar polymer units comprising an inner core region and an outer shell region are prepared; and c) at least one region of the surface of the optical element is coated with polymer units in such a way that the polymer units are essentially regularly dispersed in a film-type layer over the surface of the optical element. The invention also relates to an optical element having an anti-reflection surface (28a, 28b, 28c) comprising spherical micellar polymer units (16a, 16b, 16c) having an inner core region (18) and an outer shell region (20) and being essentially regularly dispersed in a film-type layer (26a, 26b, 26c) over the surface of the optical element (22).

Abstract: The present invention relates to a method for the preselection of shotgun clones, e.g., cosmids, PACs, BACs, etc. of a genome of an organism, or of parts of the genome of an organism that significantly reduces the time and workload associated with the further processing of shotgun clones, for example, in sequencing projects such as the human genome project. The invention relies on a combination of steps including the transfer of shotgun clones to a carrier. e.g., nylon membrane, glass chip, etc. where the clones bind, preferably hybridize to a set of specifically selected probes, e.g., DNA oligonucleotides, PNA oligonucleotides or pools of DNA or/and PNA oligonucleotides, further antibodies, fragments or derivatives thereof which are labeled or unlabeled. Each probe of said set interacts to 1 to 99% (ideally 50%) of all shotgun clones (nucleic acid fragments) in all investigated shotgun libraries.

Abstract: A recombinant protein comprised of an amino acid sequence of a motor protein, a target protein of interest, and optionally, a linker sequence between the two proteins, is disclosed. Also disclosed are a DNA sequence encoding such a recombinant protein, a vector expressing such a recombinant protein, a host cell transformed with such a vector, a method for producing such a recombinant protein, and methods for purification, crystallization and structure elucidation of such a recombinant protein. In preferred embodiments of the invention, the motor protein is a member of the kinesin or myosin superfamilies, or an analog, fragment or derivative thereof.

Abstract: A photo multiplier tube is connected through a wave shaping and coupling cuit to an evaluation circuit; to provide for simple evaluation, for example, in an integrator, the coupling and wave shaping circuit includes an amplifier and a limiter, preferably a Zener diode connected through suitable coupling resistors to the integrator. Switches are provided to close the circuit from the photomultiplier tube (PMT) to the integrator, connected with a photon emission event trigger circuit so that, under non-event producing conditions, the integrator is disconnected from the PMT to prevent evaluating and possibly indicating spurious dark current noise pulses.