Abstract: A solution to be evaporated is passed through one or several evaporation stages. In each evaporation stage, the solution is circulated between a heat exchanger and an evaporating vessel, and steam is withdrawn from the evaporating vessel. For removing crusts, the evaporation in the respective evaporation stage is interrupted, and a cleaning suspension containing at least 3 wt % granular solids is circulated through the heat exchanger and the evaporating vessel. The solids, which have an abrasive effect, remove the crusts. Preferably, the solution to be evaporated is circulated through the evaporation stage for removing the crusts, where the heat exchanger is heated and the cleaning solution is evaporated to such an extent that solids crystallize out and a cleaning suspension is formed.

Abstract: A water-based adhesive is disclosed which contains an aqueous dispersion of one or more phenol resins stabilized by one or more polyacrylates, one or more latexes with one or more halogenated polyolefins and one or more cross-linking agents. The invention also includes a method of priming a substrate in which the substrate is coated with the adhesive as a primer and then with a cover cement and finally bonded to rubber under vulcanization.

Abstract: An opening arrangement in which a sliding plate accommodates a soot blower lance to be inserted into a medium-pressure gas-accommodating space through a tube cage in a boiler heated by waste heat. A soot blower box is provided with an elongated slotted hole. A frame is located between the sliding plate and the slotted opening, and a sheet of ceramic fiber is secured in the frame.

Abstract: A reactor comprises at least one burner, to which hydrocar-bonaceous gas and gas rich in 0.sub.2 are supplied. The hydrocar-bonaceous gas is supplied to the burner through a transfer line at temperatures of 100 to 1300.degree. C. and a pressure in the range from 10 to 70 bar. Adjacent the orifice end of the transfer line, which is connected with the burner, there is provided a screen-like perforated wall through which the hy-drocarbonaceous gas can flow. This wall ensures a uniform gas flow in the burner, and at the same time it prevents solid matter from a certain size onwards from penetrating into the sensitive portion of the burner and settling there.

Abstract: A method is disclosed for applying phosphate coatings to surfaces of zinc, iron, aluminum, and the alloys thereof by wetting with a phosphatizing solution containing divalent cations and phosphate to form a liquid film, and subsequently drying on the liquid film wherein the metal surfaces are wetted with a phosphatizing solution, which is free from elements of sub-groups 5 and 6 of the Periodic Table, said phosphatizing solution containing:0.5 to 8 g/l nickel;2 to 20 g/l manganese;18 to 170 g/l of phosphate (calculated as P.sub.2 O.sub.5);and has an acid number of 0.4 to 0.8, such that after drying on, a phosphate layer having a weight per unit area of 0.3 to 3.0 g/m.sup.2, is obtained, where in the case of phosphatizing surfaces of iron, aluminum or the alloys thereof, the phosphatizing solution necessarily contains 0.5 to 5 g/l of zinc, and in the case of phosphatizing surfaces of zinc or zinc alloys the phosphatizing solution either contains zinc or is free from zinc.

Abstract: The process for preparing a cesium and rubidium salt-containing solution includes a hydrothermal digestion of an uncalcined pollucite and/or calcined lepidolite particulate having an average particle size up to 0.5 mm with an aqueous solution of Ca(OH).sub.2 in a suspension with a mole ratio of SiO.sub.2 to CaO of from 1:2.5 to 1:1.25 in a rotary tubular autoclave at a digestion temperature of 200 to 280.degree. C., under a pressure of from 15 to 65 bar and at a suspension density between 8 and 18% by weight for from 0.

Abstract: The exhaust gas stream is passed through a bed of a granular adsorbent for separating noxious substances. The bed consists of the mixture of a granular high-carbon material and a granular inert material. The bulk density of the inert material is 0.8 to 3 times the bulk density of the carbonaceous material. Preferably, the content of the high-carbon material in the bed is 5 to 80 wt-%. The high-carbon material may for instance be activated carbon, activated coke or lignite coke. As inert material there may for instance be used siliceous rock, pumice, lava, slag, vitrification residues or fine gravel.

Abstract: Methanol is catalytically produced from a synthesis gas containing hydrogen and carbon oxides on copper-containing catalysts at pressures in the range from 20 to 120 bar and temperatures in the range from 130.degree. to 350.degree. C. The synthesis gas is first of all passed through a first synthesis reactor, in which the catalyst is provided in tubes surrounded by water as a coolant which is boiling at an elevated pressure. From the first reactor a first mixture containing gases and methanol vapor is withdrawn and passed through a second synthesis reactor. In the second reactor the catalyst is cooled with synthesis gas.

Abstract: The apparatus for separating toxic organic substances from a dust-containing exhaust gas of a sintering plant, includes a clay adsorption agent, advantageously consisting of kaolinite, bentonite, illite and/or mixtures thereof, having a mean particle diameter of from 5 to 100 micrometers; a solids-entraining reactor (4) connected to the sintering plant (1) to receive the exhaust gas containing dust from it and a supply device (5) with feed line (6) for supplying the clay adsorption agent to the solids-entraining reactor (4) to bring the entire exhaust gas containing dust into contact with the clay adsorption agent for a reaction time of from 0.5 to 10 seconds above a dew point of the exhaust gas at a temperature from 90.degree. to 180.degree. C. and at a velocity from 6 to 20 meters per second to thus form a gas-solids suspension having a mean suspension density of from 5 to 500 g solids per sm.sup.

Abstract: A process is disclosed for preparing a compound of the FormulaM (R.sup.1 R.sup.2 N.BH.sub.3)or a complex thereof of the FormulaM (R.sup.1 R.sup.2 N.BH.sub.3).xLwhereinM is Li, Na, K, Rb or Cs;R.sup.1 is H, an aliphatic C.sub.1 to C.sub.5 residue, an aromatic residue, or a cycloaliphatic residue;R.sup.2 is H, an aliphatic C.sub.1 to C.sub.5 residue, an aromatic residue, or a cycloaliphatic residue; orR.sup.1 and R.sup.2 form a common cyclic residue;L is a dipolar aprotic solvent; andx is a numerical value from 0.1 to 5, which comprises the steps of:(a) where the compound of the Formula M(R.sup.1 R.sup.2 N.BH.sub.3) is prepared, reacting a compound of the FormulaR.sup.1 R.sup.2 NH.BH.sub.3with an alkali metal or an alkali metal amide in a non-polar aliphatic or aromatic solvent; or(b) where the complex of the Formula M(R.sup.1 R.sup.2 N.BH.sub.3).xL is prepared, reacting the compound of the FormulaR.sup.1 R.sup.2 NH.BH.sub.

Abstract: The ore which contains gold and at least one of the metals silver, copper, nickel, zinc or iron is calcined at temperatures in the range from 500.degree. to 900.degree. C. with the addition of oxygen-containing gas, thereby producing a metal-oxide-containing solids mixture and a SO.sub.2 -containing exhaust gas. The SO.sub.2 containing exhaust gas is brought in contact with aqueous solution, thereby producing a sulfite-containing solution. The solids mixture from the calcination is cooled to temperatures in the range from 50.degree. to 300.degree. C. and is stirred up with the sulfite-containing solution. Metal oxides are dissolved, and a sulfate-containing solution os formed. In a first separating zone, the sulfate-containing solution is separated from the solids, and either the solids are supplied to a gold leaching or the sulfate-containing solution is subjected to a further treatment for the separation of nonferrous metals.

Abstract: The process forms a phosphate coating on a steel strip or sheet having a galvanized or alloy galvanized side and a steel side so that the phosphate coating is only present on the galvanized or alloy galvanized side. This process includes contacting the galvanized or alloy galvanized side of the steel strip or sheet with a phosphatizing solution for 4 to 20 seconds at a temperature of from 45.degree. C. to 80.degree. C. The phosphatizing solution has an S value of from 0.08 to 0.30 and contains 0.5 to 5 g/l zinc, 3 to 20 g/l P.sub.2 O.sub.5, 0.020 to 0.2 g/l nitrite, 3 to 30 g/l nitrate and 0.2 to 2.5 g/l complexing agent for iron. Chelate forming substances, such as tartaric acid, citric acid, ethylenediamine-tetraacetic acid, nitrilotriacetic acid and/or oxalic acid, may be used as the complexing agent for iron. The phosphatizing solutions may also contain other bivalent cations, particularly manganese and/or nickel cations.

Abstract: A discharge electrode for electrostatic precipitators has a support composed of an electrically non-conductive material, a fabric composed of crossed and twisted threads and disposed on an exterior of the support, the support having an upper end and a lower end, and further comprising an additional layer of a synthetic elastomer which covers at least one of the ends over a length of 400-600 mm. Also, an electrostatic precipitator for treatment of exhaust gasses containing SO.sub.2, SO.sub.3, HF or HCL is proposed with the new discharge electrode.

Abstract: The ore which contains gold and/or silver and as accompanying metal at least iron is calcined at temperatures in the range from 500.degree. to 900.degree. C. with the addition of oxygen-containing gas. There is obtained a metal-oxide-containing solids mixture and a SO.sub.2 -containing exhaust gas. The solids mixture from the calcination is cooled, the temperature being reduced by at least 50.degree. C. The cooled solids mixture is added to a fluidized-bed reactor, and SO.sub.2 -containing exhaust gas is introduced into the fluidized-bed reactor. In the reactor, metal sulfate is produced in the solids mixture, so that at least 10% of the sulfur content are bound in the exhaust gas. Solids mixture containing metal sulfate is withdrawn from the fluidized-bed reactor, is stirred up with an aqueous acid solution, thereby dissolving metal sulfate. The remaining solids are supplied to a recovery of gold and/or silver.

Abstract: Disclosed is a process for the electroless deposition of a copper coating on an iron or iron alloy surface wherein the workpiece surface is contacted with a solution which contains hydrogen ions, 5 to 30 g/l Cu as well as 0.2 to 5 g/l Mg and preferably copper and magnesium with a weight ratio of Cu:Mg of (35 to 5):1 for a treatment time of 3 sec to 15 min at a temperature of the solution of 20.degree. to 65.degree. C.The invention also comprises a solid concentrate for preparing and replenishing the solution for carrying out the process, which consists of at least 85 wt-% CuSO.sub.4.5H.sub.2 O and MgSO.sub.4 (anhydrous) with a weight ratio of (35 to 5):1, and preferably contains in addition a maximum of 10 wt-% polyglycol and a maximum of 5 wt-% sodium chloride.

Abstract: The present invention describes a process for the disposal of residual substances from waste incineration plants as well as activated coke and/or activated carbon. For this purpose the residual substance as well as activated coke and/or activated carbon is introduced into the annular shaft (3) of the primary chamber (2) of the furnace (1). In the primary chamber (2) a temperature of 1250.degree. C. to 1500.degree. C. is set. The molten material flowing off leaves the primary chamber (2) together with the flue gases through the central outlet (4). The molten material is passed through the secondary chamber (5) and is discharged as slag.

Abstract: The process for preparing an aqueous alkaline solution containing a peroxide and/or percarbonate includes providing an electrochemical cell comprising a porous oxygen diffusion cathode including a carbon woven or nonwoven fabric, a gas diffusion anode containing a carbon woven or nonwoven fabric and fed gaseous hydrogen or an anode including a metal grid coated with a noble metal catalyst and coated on a side facing the cathode with a proton-permeable membrane acting as a solid polymer electrolyte, an electrolyte-containing chamber between the cathode and the anode containing an electrolyte and a direct current source connected across the anode and cathode; feeding an aqueous feed solution containing at least one alkali hydroxide and/or alkali carbonate in a concentration of from 30 to 180 g/l into the electrolyte-containing chamber to provide the electrolyte; supplying an oxygen-containing gas containing molecular oxygen to the carbon woven or nonwoven fabric of the cathode; operating the direct current sour

Abstract: A process is disclosed for preparing an organic acid and/or its salts from a solution obtained through fermentation. In this process, a pure carbohydrate-containing raw material is used. The acid-containing solution prepared by means of fermentation is supplied to a cell separation, and the acid-containing permeate is supplied to a protein precipitation, where it is mixed with a silicon-containing precipitant at temperatures between 2.degree. and 70.degree. C. The solution thus obtained is supplied to a protein separation, and the acid-containing permeate is concentrated and then supplied to a single- or multi-stage crystallization or a granulation.

Abstract: Continuous steel making is carried out in an elongated approximately horizontal reactor by providing an iron-rich feed more than half of which is an iron-rich material containing a fine iron ore metallized by more than half of its weight to elemental iron by prereduction. The iron-rich feed and a carbonaceous material are smelted and the melt is covered by a slag layer. By submerged injection a carbonaceous material and a tonnage oxygen gas preferably of at least 95% by volume oxygen is introduced and a gas preferably of at least 95% by volume oxygen is introduced into the smelting zone without penetrating the slag layer. Moderate turbulence is introduced in the reactor bath and the iron layer and slag layer flow countercurrently with the iron flowing into a refining zone and the slag flowing from the refining zone into the smelting zone.

Abstract: Phenols are extracted from a phenol-containing waste water by means of two solvents A and B. The waste water is first of all passed through a first extraction zone, and then through a second extraction zone. To the first extraction zone a mixture of the solvents A and B is supplied, and into the second extraction zone at least one of the two solvents is introduced. From the first extraction zone, solvent-mixture loaded with phenols is withdrawn, phenols am separated therefrom, and the solvents are used again in at least one of the extraction zones. Solvent B is lower-boiling and has a lower water solubility at a temperature in the range from 10.degree. to 60.degree. C. than solvent A. Solvent B has a water solubility at 40.degree. C. of up to 2 wt.-% and a boiling point at 1 bar of 50.degree. to 100.degree. C., and it is miscible with solvent A. Solvent A has a boiling point at 1 bar of not more than 172.degree. C. and a water solubility at 40.degree. C. of not more than 5 wt.-%.