Abstract: Nanostructured non-stoichiometric materials are disclosed. Novel catalysts and their applications are discussed. More specifically, the specifications teach the use of nanotechnology and nanostructured materials for developing novel catalysts for petrochemical, polymers, plastics, specialty chemicals, environmental and pharmaceutical applications.

Abstract: Nanostructured non-stoichiometric non-equilibrium materials are disclosed. Novel electromagnetic materials and their applications are discussed. More specifically, the specifications teach the use of nanotechnology and nanostructured materials for developing novel electrical devices and products.

Abstract: Illustrations are provided on applications and usage of electrically activated catalysts. Methods are disclosed for preparing catalysts from nanomaterials. Processes and devices are described that utilize catalysts. The invention can also be applied to improve the performance of existing catalysts, to enhance the performance of substances by inducing or applying charge in nanostructured forms of substances, and to prepare novel devices. Example processes for hydrogen production are discussed. Finally, the invention can be utilized to engineer the thermal, structural, electrical, magnetic, electrochemical, optical, photonic, and other properties of nanoscale substances.

Abstract: Sensors for monitoring environmental variables such as chemical composition are disclosed. These low-cost sensors comprise multiple layers in a laminated stack. Very high numbers of sensing layers (e.g., 500) may be incorporated into a single laminated sensor device. The sensors may be produced from nanostructured materials. Additionally, multilayer magnetic, optical, photonic, thermal and biomedical sensors are disclosed.

Abstract: This invention describes a method of rapidly monitoring the temperature of a medium and a method of preparing a quantum confined device that can enable such measurements. The monitoring principle uses changes in impedance of nanostructured devices, i.e. devices in which one or more materials have the domain size precision engineered to less than 500 nanometers, preferably to dimensions less than the domain sizes where quantum confinement effects become significant and modify the electrical or thermal properties of the materials. The invention can be used to monitor absolute values of and changes in temperature of gases, inorganic and organic liquids, solids, suspensions, and mixtures of one or more of the said phases. The invention can be used to monitor radiation, power, heat and mass flow, charge and momentum flow, and phase transformation.