Abstract: Disclosed is a positive-working resist composition which demonstrates improved photospeed and rate of development. The resist composition contains a solvent and select proportions of a novolak resin, a naphthoquinone diazide sensitizer, a dye which absorbs light at a maximum wavelength of from about 330 to about 460 nm and an effective proportion of a trihydroxybenzophenone compound. Also disclosed is a method of forming a resist pattern on a substrate by employing the positive-working resist composition.

Abstract: Disclosed are antireflective layers for use in the manufacture of semi-conductor devices, methods and solutions for making such antireflective layers, and the use of such antireflective layers to absorb light in ultraviolet photolithography. The antireflective layers that are utilized comprise a polyphenylquinoxaline.

Abstract: Cresol-formaldehyde novolak resins made from a mixture containing meta- and paracresol or ortho-, meta- and paracresol in a ratio selected from a given range for use in fast positive photoresist compositions together with one or more sensitizing compounds. When dissolved in a mixture of organic solvents, the photoresist compositions are suitable for application as a thin coating to a substrate. After the coating has been dried, the coated substrate can be exposed to image-wise modulated actinic radiation and developed in alkaline solution, yielding a relief pattern of resist on substrate useful for a number of applications.

Abstract: Oxidation inhibiting amounts of alkylated diphenyl oxide disulfonates are incorporated into photographic color developers containing primary aromatic amino color developing agents to increase clarity and inhibit the formation of tar-like precipitates in these developers. Typical disulfonates include sodium dodecyl diphenyl ether disulfonate, sodium decyl diphenyl ether disulfonate, sodium cetyl diphenyl ether disulfonate, monocetyl diphenyl ether disulfonate, dicetyl diphenyl ether disulfonate and mixtures thereof. The use of disulfonates of this type substantially eliminates the need for cosolvents such as alkanolamines to inhibit the formation of tar-like particles in the developers.

Abstract: Cresol-formaldehyde novolak resins made from a mixture containing meta- and paracresol or ortho-, meta- and paracresol in a ratio selected from a given range for use in fast positive photoresist compositions together with one or more sensitizing compounds. When dissolved in a mixture of organic solvents, the photoresist compositions are suitable for application as a thin coating to a substrate. After the coating has been dried, the coated substrate can be exposed to image-wise modulated actinic radiation and developed in alkaline solution, yielding a relief pattern of resist on substrate useful for a number of applications.

Abstract: Fast positive photoresist compositions employing cresol-formaldehyde novolak resins made from a mixture containing meta- and paracresol or ortho-, meta- and paracresol in a ratio selected from a given range and one or more of a selected group of naphthoquinone diazide sensitizing compounds. When dissolved in a mixture of organic solvents, the photoresist compositions are suitable for application as a thin coating to a substrate. After the coating has been dried, the coated substrate can be exposed to image-wise modulated actinic radiation even in the deep ultra-violet range and developed in alkaline solution, yielding a high-resolution relief pattern of resist on substrate useful for a number of applications.

Abstract: An improvement in an etching process in which the etched product, the surface of which is covered with a film of aqueous etching liquid containing ions of the material etched, is rinsed with an aqueous liquid and the resulting liquid, now containing said ions in dilute concentration, is passed through an ion exchanger to selectively remove the ions from the rinse liquid which thereupon can be reused or discharged, without ecological damage, from the ion exchanger. The ion exchanger when laden with such ions is regenerated by passage therethrough of at least a portion of an etcher make-up aqueous replenishing solution which contains a zero or low concentration of said ions. The resulting replenishing solution portion, now containing a small concentration of these ions, is passed to the etcher, e.g., to the etcher sump.

Abstract: A one-step powderless high-speed process for producing photoengraved letter-press printing and pattern plates from magnesium and alloys thereof by etching such plates in a machine that directs against a surface of the plate droplets of an etching liquid comprising an aqueous solution of a strong inorganic acid and adjuvants.

Abstract: A hybrid liquid toner composed of a mixture of two different types of liquid toner. One type is a liquid toner that includes a complex amphipathic molecule of which at least a fixer and a dispersant are polymeric moieties and which additionally includes a charge director and optionally includes a color agent, all of these being carried by a volatile organic solvent of high electrical resistivity. The other type of liquid toner is one that includes a fixer and a dispersant as separate chemical entities and further includes a charge director, a pigment type color agent and a carrier solvent such as mentioned above. The two toners can be mixed in a very wide range of proportions and when so mixed have several advantages which makes the hybrid toner particularly useful in connection with preparation of lithographic masters and microfiche reproductions by electrostatography as well as useful as an all purpose liquid toner.

Abstract: A hybrid liquid toner composed of a mixture of two different types of liquid toner. One type is a liquid toner that includes a complex amphipathic molecule of which at least a fixer and a dispersant are polymeric moieties and which additionally includes a charge director and optionally includes a color agent, all of these being carried by a volatile organic solvent of high electrical resistivity. The other type of liquid toner is one that includes a fixer and a dispersant as separate chemical entities and further includes a charge director, a pigment type color agent and a carrier solvent such as mentioned above. The two toners can be mixed in a very wide range of proportions and when so mixed have several advantages which makes the hybrid toner particularly useful in connection with preparation of lithographic masters and microfiche reproductions by electrostatography as well as useful as an all purpose liquid toner.

Abstract: A one-step powderless high-speed process for producing photoengraved letter-press printing and pattern plates from magnesium and alloys thereof by etching such plates in a machine that directs against a surface of the plate droplets of an etching liquid comprising an aqueous solution of a strong inorganic acid and adjuvants.