Abstract: A physiological sensor includes a light source in optical communication with a light detector. A controller is in communication with the light detector via a connector. A booster circuit is in communication with the light detector and the connector. The booster circuit may be configured to buffer signals generated by the light detector and reduce an input capacitance on either the controller or terminals of the connector. In various embodiments, the booster circuit may be disposed on the connector for a reusable cable or a disposable sensor pad.

Abstract: A method and apparatus for spectrophotometric in vivo monitoring of blood metabolites such as hemoglobin oxygen concentration at a plurality of different areas or regions on the same organ or test site on an ongoing basis, by applying a plurality of spectrophotometric sensors to a test subject at each of a corresponding plurality of testing sites and coupling each such sensor to a control and processing station, operating each of said sensors to spectrophotometrically irradiate a particular region within the test subject; detecting and receiving the light energy resulting from said spectrophotometric irradiation for each such region and conveying corresponding signals to said control and processing station, analyzing said conveyed signals to determine preselected blood metabolite data, and visually displaying the data so determined for each of a plurality of said areas or regions in a comparative manner.

Abstract: A spectrophotometric instrument for conducting in vivo patient examinations has a sensor which is applied to the patient target area, e.g. the forehead, which includes a source for emitting electromagnetic energy e.g. selected wavelengths in the near infrared range, such that the energy passes through the underlying tissue and is emitted at other locations spaced from the point of entry. The sensor also includes detectors for receiving the resulting light energy at two or more such other locations and sending corresponding signals to a processor for analysis, by which characteristics of the tissue transmissed by the examination wavelengths may be determined.

Abstract: A method of conducting clinical examination procedures by use of electrically actuated spectrometric apparatus, of the type which uses a sensor that is placed in contact with the patient to transmit and receive electromagnetic energy of selected wavelengths for non-invasive in vivo examination of a selected area on the body, in which a conductive member is placed in contact with the patient near or at the location of the sensor and connected to the signal-processing circuitry of the processor for the spectrometric signals in a manner such that the examination signals have significantly less noise content than would otherwise be true. In so doing, the signal-processing circuitry is isolated from the power supply circuitry, and the sensor and conductive member are preferably coupled to the processor by use of an isolation preamplifier, such that the signal-processing ground potential reference is maintained separate and distinct from the power supply ground.

Abstract: A specially grounded sensor for improving signal-to-noise ratios in clinical spectrometric procedures includes a sensor body carrying electrically actuated spectrometric signal-producing and receiving components, e.g., electro-optical components, for transmittal and reception of particular examination energy wavelengths, in which the sensor body has an electrically conductive portion or element associated therewith for contacting the patient. This electrically conductive, member is coupled to the signal ground potential of associated signal-processing apparatus to thereby equalize the electrical potential of the patient surface area to which the sensor is applied with the aforementioned signal ground potential.

Abstract: An optical sensor for use in clinical patient examination by spectrophotometric apparatus, having a body with softly deformable material which is conformable to a selected area on the body of the patient and internally-mounted electro-optical source and receivers for obtaining patient pathology data by transmission of selected wavelengths through a tissue volume adjacent the selected area, including substantially non-deforming light-transfer members disposed in alignment with the source and detectors and between them and the patient, to provide substantially constant and unchanging light-transfer passages or conduits therebetween. In the most preferred form, the light-transfer members comprise generally tubular elements having light-reflective interior walls, and the sensor body comprises either a layered structure of opaque, soft polymeric foam or the like (e.g. , cellular urethane) or a substantially one-piece, molded or other such structure of generally comparable or analogous material and characteristics.

Abstract: Spectrophotometric apparatus and related methodology, including a sensor having a source and at least two receivers of electromagnetic radiation such as red and/or near-infrared light, which is applied non-invasively to the outer periphery of a patient or other animate test subject to examine a particular internal region to which is disposed beyond a peripheral extremity of specifically indeterminant thickness lying immediately inwardly of the outer periphery of the test subject.

Abstract: An apparatus and method which detects temperature variations of an LED used with spectroscopic devices. The apparatus and method uses a source to supply a signal to the LED. A detector coupled to the LED detects a signal at the LED. A controller is coupled to the detector to determine variations in operating characteristics of the LED resulting from changes in temperature.

Abstract: An electro-optical sensor for spectrophotometric clinical examination devices includes a thin, flexible, lightweight, elongated support frame having at least a pair of integral mounting bases. Each base is shaped and located to separately receive and position structurally independent and relatively free-standing electro-optical components including a light source and a detector. Each mounting base includes cup-like walls defining sockets of predetermined configuration of varying diameter to receive a correspondingly configured electro-optical component. An attachment device secures each component in a nested position at its respective mounting base. A plurality of discrete flexible electrical conductors extends along the support frame, each conductor being connected to a component. A shield shields at least some of the conductors from ambient sources of electrical and/or magnetic noise. A softly compliant outer cover is disposed over the support frame, components, conductors and shield.

Abstract: Methodology and apparatus for the clinical evaluation of biological matter, in particular human anatomy, examined in situ and in vivo, by selective spectral light transmissivity. An optical probe introduces selected light spectra into the examination subject at a first position and resulting light intensity at a second position located some distance from the infusion point is measured; also, light reception preferably occurs at at least one other location, and the effective distances between these locations and the infusion point are determined.

Abstract: A sensor for use in medical patient examination and monitoring by spectrophotometric apparatus, including a main body having a soft, resilient outer cover on at least one side for conformably contacting a selected area on the patient, in particular the forehead, also having and an electro-optical light source and a plurality of electro-optical light detectors spaced from the source and from one another, and exposed to the selected site on the patient by light-transmissive passages extending through the resilient cover, in which the resilient cover is formed of a thin, softly compressible member of light-absorbing and moisture-transmissible material, preferably of resilient cellular polymeric foam.

Abstract: An examination instrument for optical apparatus, including a pair of optical heads mounted for relative movement toward and away from one another upon an elongated support, and having means (e.g., an electrical transducer) for producing an electrical signal which is specifically representative of the distance between the optical heads at various positions of relative movement therebetween, for use in analyzing test data obtained by the optical heads. The instrument also includes a test sequence actuation switch disposed in a position where the operator may readily initiate a test sequence without changing his grip upon the instrument as it is held in place on the test subject. The optical heads are mounted on stand-off members which position the heads in spaced relation alongside the elongated support and at an angle relative to one another, to facilitate use on the human breast.

Abstract: Methodology and apparatus for the clinical evaluation of biological matter, in particular human anatomy, examined in situ and in vivo, by selective spectral light transmissivity. An optical probe introduces selected light spectra into the examination subject at a first position and resulting light intensity at a second position located some distance from the infusion point is measured; also, light reception preferably occurs at at least one other location, and the effective distances between these locations and the infusion point are determined.

Abstract: The internal physiological compositional state of an individual examination subject for example a human breast is assessed by transmission of selected light energy spectra into the interior of such subject, detecting the selected spectra after transversal of a distance within the object, quantifying the detected light energy at selected wavelengths, conditioning the obtained value sequence on the basis of distance, determining at least one composite averaged value from the conditioned value, and using such as a characterizing value in comparison with analogously obtained values representative for example of a norm in order to asses the internal state of the subject.

Abstract: The specification discloses a method for determining the nature (e.g., physiological and compositional state) of internal tissue or other such biological material within a human organ or extremity, or other such individual examination subject, by use of selected light energy spectra. The selected light energy is applied to infuse the light throughout the interior of the area to be examined and the relative intensities of the infused light spectra are detected after having traversed the interior of the examination area. The detected intensities are computer-analyzed in a manner which conditions the raw magnitudes initially detected on the basis of the internal distance traversed by the infused light energy and also on the basis of broad averages of such conditioned wavelength-specific detection data representative of a number of comparable examination subjects.