Abstract: An electronic instrument is created in a computer-based method for effecting a transfer of funds from an account of a payer in a funds-holding institution to a payee. The electronic instrument includes an electronic signature of the payer, digital representations of payment instructions, the identity of the payer, the identity of the payee, and the identity of the funds-holding institution. A digital representation of a verifiable certificate by the institution of the authenticity of the instrument is appended to the instrument. This enables a party receiving the instrument, e.g., the payee or a bank, to verify the authenticity of the account or account holder. The invention may be generally applied to any financial electronic document.

Abstract: A non-destructive testing technique, particularly suitable for the non-invasive examination of human body tissue, wherein the object of interest is sequentially transilluminated within light having different wavelengths. Apparatus for practicing the technique alternately generates light of different colors and the light which passes through the tissue is detected by a video system synchronized with the source of the different wavelength light. The video system provides information bearing signals to data processing circuitry which determines the transmissivity at each wavelength of each point of the object within the viewing field.