Abstract: A mask for use with radiation including one of X-rays and vacuum ultraviolet rays. The mask includes a transmissive member for supporting a pattern of a radiation absorptive material, and a phase shifter material provided on the transmissive member. The phase shifter material has a radiation absorptivity less than that of the radiation absorptive material. The thickness of the transmissive member at a portion where the phase shifter material is provided is less than that of another portion thereof.