Abstract: Thiocarbamates such as N,N-oxydiethylenecarbamyl 1-dodecyl disulfide are used to affect the vulcanization characteristics of sulfur vulcanizable polymers by increasing the state of vulcanization and/or improving scorch resistance and/or increasing the rate of vulcanization.

Abstract: Polymers comprising repeating units which contain groupings of the formula --CH.sub.2 OOCR.sub.1, wherein R.sub.1 is hydrogen or alkyl with 1 to 14 carbon atoms and the --CH.sub.2 --group is directly bonded to a quaternary nitrogen atom. The polymers are useful in photographic materials as mordants for anionic compounds especially for anionic dyes.

Abstract: A horizontal autoclave for the bulk preparation of polymers and copolymers on a basis of vinyl chloride. It is equipped with a stirrer system of the frame type comprising one or more coaxial frames. The axis of the frames in eccentric with respect to the axis of the autoclave and the periphery of the active portion of the frames forming blades passes in the vicinity of the wall of the autoclave substantially along its lower generatrix.

Abstract: A gel polymer of vinyl compounds suitable for use as a coating is prepared by mixing the following four components [A], [B], [C] and [D],Component [A], an aqueous composition comprising an aqueous solvent and at least one selected from the group consisting of water-soluble or water-dispersible vinyl compounds,Component [B], at least one compound having at least one functional group selected from the groups consisting of hydroxyl group, amino group, quaternary ammonium group, aldehyde group, mercapto group and a group capable of producing a hydroxyl group aldehyde group, mercapto group or amino group in an aqueous medium,Component [C], at least one compound capable of producing ferric ion or ceric ion in an aqueous medium and,Component [D], at least one sulfur compound capable of producing S.sub.x O.sub.y.sup.

Abstract: A process for sulfonating polymers which are prepared by solution polymerization using a Friedel-Crafts or Ziegler-type catalyst is disclosed. The reactor effluent containing polymer, unreacted light monomers, diluent-solvent and active catalyst is first treated to remove substantially all unreacted light monomer, e.g. by flashing. The effluent is then treated with a sulfonating agent (e.g. acetyl sulfate and acetic acid) which simultaneously deactivates catalyst. Thereafter, the sulfonated polymer is neutralized, e.g. by exposure to metal salts, organic amines, etc., and subjected to normal finishing operations, e.g. deashing, steam stripping, stabilizing and drying.

Abstract: Crosslinked polyacrylamides containing silyl groups are disclosed which are prepared in a simple and economical manner by polymerizing silylated acrylic acid amides in the presence of a crosslinking agent such as 1,4-butanediol-diacrylate. The resultant crosslinked silylated polyacrylamides are insoluble in customary solvents and are useful for the transfer of silyl groups to compounds which contain at least one mobile hydrogen atom. They may be employed, e.g., in gas chromatography, mass spectroscopy and chemical syntheses (for instance for the introduction of protective silyl groups).

Abstract: A novel polymer of a vinyl benzyl ether monomer and at least one other copolymerizable monomer, at least one of which other monomers has a carboxylic acid group, an anhydride group, a sulfate group, a sulfonate group or a hydroxyl group is disclosed. The vinyl benzyl ether monomer has the formula ##STR1## wherein R is hydrogen or methyl, m is about 10 to 100 and Y is --OR.sub.1, --SR.sub.1, ##STR2## where R.sub.1 is an alkyl, aralkyl or alkaryl hydrophobic group of 10 to about 22 carbon atoms, R.sub.2 is an alkyl group of 1 to about 22 carbon atoms and R.sub.3 is hydrogen or an alkyl group of 1 to about 22 carbon atoms, provided R.sub.2 and R.sub.3 in combination have at least 10 carbon atoms.

Abstract: In the polymerization of at least one ethylenically unsaturated monomer other than vinyl chloride, deposition of polymer scale on the inner walls of a polymerization reactor and other surfaces coming into contact with the monomer is effectively prevented (regardless of the type of polymerization used, so long as it takes place in a heterogeneous phase) by coating the surfaces of the reactor with at least one compound selected from organic electron donor compounds and organic electron-acceptor compounds prior to polymerization; the compound or compounds having been or being brought into contact with an oxidizing agent, a reducing agent, an acid or a base, or having been or being irradiated with ultraviolet light.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a process for dyeing or printing natural protein fibres in deep, black, brown, and navy blue shades, wherein protein fibres are dyed from an aqueous liquor, in the presence of a levelling agent, with a metal complex of the formula ##STR1## wherein R.sub.1 represents hydrogen, an alkyl, aralkyl or aryl radical, R.sub.2 represents an acryloyl, acetyl or a propionyl radical which is substituted by one or two halogen atoms, Me represents a chromium-III or cobalt-III ion and X represents hydrogen, nitro, chlorine, methyl, methoxy, acetylamino, chloroacetylamino or propionylamino, or the dyestuff is transferred from a support by transfer printing.

Abstract: A method for reducing the vinyl chloride monomer content of polyvinyl chloride resins. The polyvinyl chloride-water slurry is placed in a vessel, and heat is applied to the vessel for a sufficient time to raise it to a suitable temperature for removal of vinyl chloride monomer from the resin. The resin slurry is agitated and also subjected to a vacuum to reduce the temperature during the heat stripping step. In a preferred method, the polvinyl chloride-water slurry is agitated in a closed vessel, heat is applied to rapidly heat the slurry to a temperature of at least about 50.degree. C, and vacuum is applied to the vessel. The slurry is then rapidly cooled by suitable means. The slurry is then dewatered and dried. Dried polyvinyl chloride resins produced by this process have been found to have a vinyl chloride monomer content below a detectable limit of about 2.0 ppm.

Abstract: At least one vinylidene halide monomer is polymerized in an aqueous emulsion medium in admixture with ammonium persulfate and at least one ammoniated anionic emulsifier, preferably also together with hydrogen peroxide. The polymerization process is maintained at a pH of at least about 8.5 using ammonium hydroxide. The polymerization process is conducted in the substantial absence of alkali metal ions. Polymerization is both rapid and linear. The resulting polymers have excellent heat stability and water whitening resistance.

Abstract: Polymers containing anti-oxidant functionality have been found to be useful as viscosity index (VI) improvers for high temperature service. The anti-oxidant moiety prevents extensive oxidative decomposition of the polymer making the polymers particularly useful with lubricating oils used in diesel engines.

Abstract: An improvement in the suspension polymerization of a polymerizate containing at least 90% polyvinyl chloride by the steps of mixing monomers selected from the group consisting of vinyl chloride and mixtures of vinyl chloride with up to 10% of olefinically unsaturated compounds copolymerizable with vinyl chloride, with water in the presence of a polymerization catalyst and suspension stabilizers, heating said mixture under continuous agitation to polymerization temperatures and recovering said polymerizate. The improvement comprises utilizing a gas containing molecular oxygen as the sole catalyst or catalyst-forming substance. The so-prepared polymerizate forms sheets with a lower content of "fish eyes" and a greater heat stability.

Abstract: A process for the polymerization of vinyl chloride which comprises adding to an aqueous dispersion of vinyl chloride polymer prepared by a suspension polymerization process, optionally containing vinyl chloride monomer, or a bulk polymerization process the additives necessary for emulsion polymerization, then effecting the polymerization of the vinyl chloride monomer present in the reactor prior to introducing the emulsion polymerization additives and/or vinyl chloride monomer added after the introduction of these additives.Vinyl chloride polymers comprising vinyl chloride polymer particles produced by suspension or bulk polymerization having vinyl chloride granules agglutinated thereon said granules having the dimensions of vinyl chloride granules obtained by conventional emulsion polymerization.

Abstract: Vinyl chloride is polymerized in aqueous dispersion, preferably in aqueous dispersion, preferably in aqueous suspension, in a reactor with walls coated with a layer of a cross-linked polymeric material containing polar groups formed from a reaction mixture having an aldehyde, preferably formaldehyde, as one component thereof.

Abstract: The use of an anthraquinone sulfonate as an additive in an aqueous suspension or emulsion medium containing a vinyl chloride monomer substantially reduces the formation of polymer scale which is normally deposited on the inner walls of the polymerization vessel after a suspension or emulsion polymerization has been conducted.

Abstract: Unreacted monomer or monomers and any other volatile organic compounds contained in an aqueous dispersion of polymerizate are removed or separated by a method comprising circulating the aqueous polymerizate dispersion from the bottom of its container to the upper part of the container located over the surface of the dispersion via an exterior conduit. The pressure in the container is maintained at a level reduced to about the saturated vapor pressure of water at the temperature of the dispersion. This manner of separation of monomer from polymer serves to improve the working environment as well as the resulting polymer quality, and the monomer or monomers thus recoverd can be advantageously recycled.

Abstract: Micro-suspension polymerization of vinyl chloride monomers and comonomers with a seed in the form of a previously prepared dispersion of the polymer or copolymer containing all of the organo-soluble initiator required for the polymerization, in which the initiator is activated during the polymerization by the addition of an organo-metallic complex of a water-soluble metal salt reacted with a complexing agent.

Abstract: A method for reducing the vinyl chloride monomer content of polyvinyl chloride resins suspended as a slurry in an aqueous medium. The polyvinyl chloride-water slurry as produced in a conventional suspension resin autoclave, or a resin-water slurry prepared subsequent to suspension polymerization, is placed in a vessel and heated to a suitable temperature for removal of vinyl chloride monomer from the resin. In this operation, the polyvinyl chloride-water slurry is agitated in a vessel and steam is injected directly into the slurry to rapidly heat the slurry up to a minimum temperature of at least about 180.degree. F. The slurry is cooled immediately, or optionally it can be maintained for a period of time at the selected maximum temperature and then rapidly cooled by applying vacuum to the vessel and condensing the vapor phase removed from the vessel. Dried polyvinyl chloride resin produced by this process has been found to have a vinyl chloride monomer content below a detectable limit of 0.5 ppm.

Abstract: A method for removing a vinyl halide, e.g. vinyl chloride, from a polyvinyl halide-containing slurry is disclosed. Briefly, the method comprises counter-currently contacting the slurry with hot water.