Abstract: A two-color fluorescence localized super-resolution biological microscopy method and system are disclosed. The method includes: performing two-color fluorescence labeling on a biological sample by using Alexa647 and Alexa750 fluorescent molecules or Cy5 and Cy7 fluorescent molecules, and soaking the biological sample in an imaging buffer solution; illuminating the biological sample by laser to generate a flashing fluorescent signal of a first channel and a flashing fluorescent signal of a second channel respectively; constructing a super-resolution image of a first biological structure and a super-resolution image of a second biological structure respectively; and aligning the super-resolution image of the first biological structure and the super-resolution image of the second biological structure so as to construct a super-resolution image of a third biological structure.

Abstract: To provide a gas sensor kit and a gas measurement system in which a problem in arrangement of a signal processor and an atmospheric pressure sensor at the time of measuring a gas is solved. A gas sensor kit includes a sensor and a connector. The connector includes an atmospheric pressure sensor measuring an atmospheric pressure and a signal processor. The signal processor receives a measurement signal indicating a transmitted light quantity of a target gas from the sensor and obtains a measurement value of a concentration or a partial pressure of the target gas based on the measurement signal. The signal processor corrects the measurement value of the concentration or the partial pressure of the target gas by using an atmospheric pressure value measured by the atmospheric pressure sensor.

Abstract: A method of making pixelated scintillator arrays employs a first jig comprising a plurality of recesses and a second jig comprising a plurality of recesses. A plurality of or N scintillator pixels are placed in a plurality of or N recesses of the first jig. The N scintillator pixels have a shape such that a portion of each of the N scintillator pixels is conformably received in one of the N recesses of the first jig, e.g. a portion of each of the N scintillator pixels is received in and conforms to the shape of one of the N recesses. The remaining portion of each of the N scintillator pixels protrudes out from the recess, forming N protrusions substantially conforming to the shape of the recesses of the second jig. An adhesive layer is applied on the N protrusions of the N scintillator pixels. A reflective layer is placed over the N protrusions of the N scintillator pixels.

Abstract: Methods and systems for operating a flow cytometer can include forward scatter values, side scatter values, and fluorescence intensity values for events of an unstained sample and associating the fluorescence intensity values with forward scatter-side scatter side scatter plot regions. Methods and systems for operating a flow cytometer can also include measuring forward scatter values, side scatter values, and fluorescence intensity values for events of a stained sample, determining forward scatter-side scatter plot locations for the events of the stained sample, and for each event of the stained sample, subtracting the fluorescence intensity value associated with the forward scatter-side scatter plot region that contains the forward scatter-side scatter plot location of the stained sample event from the measured fluorescence intensity value of the stained sample event at that forward scatter-side scatter plot location.

Abstract: A heat source detection device includes a processor configured to calculate, as a single-wavelength temperature, one of a first temperature obtained by converting a first output output from the infrared sensor in accordance with an incident amount of infrared rays in a first infrared wavelength band into a temperature, a second temperature obtained by converting a second output from the infrared sensor in accordance with an incident amount of infrared rays in a second infrared wavelength band into a temperature and an average value of the first and second temperatures, and calculate a dual-wavelength temperature obtained by converting the ratio between the first and second outputs into a temperature; and to determine a temperature of the heat source based on the dual-wavelength temperature and determine a distance to the heat source from the infrared sensor based on a comparison result between the single-wavelength temperature and dual-wavelength temperature.

Abstract: Determining a value indicative of hydrogen index. At least some of the example embodiments are methods including obtaining an inelastic count rate and a capture count rate of a first gamma detector for a particular borehole depth, obtaining an inelastic count rate and a capture count rate of a second gamma detector for the particular borehole depth, calculating a ratio of an inelastic count rate to a capture count rate for the first gamma detector, thereby creating a first value, calculating a ratio of an inelastic count rate to a capture count rate for the second gamma detector, thereby creating a second value, calculating a ratio of the first and second values, and determining a value indicative of hydrogen index based on the ratio of the first and second values.

Abstract: A digital radiographic detector uses an IGZO active layer in the switching element for each imaging pixel in a two-dimensional array of imaging pixels. Each imaging pixel has a photo-sensitive element and the switching element. Read-out circuits electrically connected to the two-dimensional array generate a radiographic image by reading out image data by switching on and off the switching elements. The IGZO active layer may be formed having a thickness less than about 7 nm.

Abstract: Methods and related systems are described for gamma-ray detection. A gamma-ray detector is made depending on its properties and how those properties are affected by the data analysis. Desirable properties for a downhole detector include; high temperature operation, reliable/robust packaging, good resolution, high countrate capability, high density, high Z, low radioactive background, low neutron cross-section, high light output, single decay time, efficiency, linearity, size availability, etc. Since no single detector has the optimum of all these properties, a downhole tool design preferably picks the best combination of these in existing detectors, which will optimize the performance of the measurement in the required environment and live with the remaining non-optimum properties.

Abstract: A method and system for luminescence molecular imaging or tomography of a region of interest in a scattering medium is disclosed. The system comprises a non-linear luminescent marker material arranged in the scattering medium, one or more light sources positioned by at least one light source position for exciting said luminescent marker by excitation light emitted by said one or more light sources into an excitation volume, a detector at a luminescent light detection position detecting luminescence from said luminescent marker due to said excitation light, wherein said excitation light comprises pulsed excitation light.

Abstract: A superconducting thermal detector (bolometer) of THz (sub-millimeter) wave radiation based on sensing the change in the amplitude or phase of a resonator circuit, consisting of a capacitor (Csh) and a superconducting temperature dependent inductor where the said inductor is thermally isolated from the heat bath (chip substrate) by micro-suspensions. The bolometer design includes a thin film inductor located on the membrane, a single or/and multi-layered thin film capacitor, and a thin film absorber of incoming radiation. The bolometer design can also include a lithographic antenna with antenna termination and/or a back reflector beneath the membrane for optimal wavelength detection by the resonance circuit. The superconducting thermal detector (bolometer) and arrays of these detectors operate in a temperature range from 1 Kelvin to 10 Kelvin.

Abstract: Disclosed is a temperature distribution measuring device for measuring the temperature distribution or the heat generation distribution in a sample. An embodiment collects a reflection signal the reflectivity of which changes on the basis of a bias signal applied to a sample, detects a signal of interest, which has been reflected from a region of interest in the sample, from the reflected signal, converts the signal of interest to a frequency range signal, calculates the relative amount of change in reflectivity of the sample by using a direct current component extracted on the basis of filtering of the frequency range signal and a frequency component of the bias signal, and acquires a thermal image of the sample on the basis of the relative amount of change in reflectivity.

Abstract: A system and method for authenticating an item, including a photoluminescent material disposed on or in a substrate and capable of absorbing an incident radiation from a radiation source and emitting an emitted radiation having a spectral signature with a decay time after removal of the radiation source, and a photoauthentication device capable of being disposed in contact with the substrate and including the radiation source and a camera, where, in connection with providing the incident radiation and measuring the emitted radiation, the photoauthentication device is translated across the substrate while the photoauthentication device is disposed in contact with the substrate, and after translation across or over the substrate and the radiation source is not providing the incident radiation, the photoauthentication device is static with respect to the substrate and the camera is disposed over the photoluminescent material emitting the emitted radiation when the emitted radiation is measured.

Abstract: A system and method detects an obstruction in the path of a vehicle access control member moving from an open position to a closed position. The method includes transmitting a detection signal along an edge of the member towards a reflective surface mounted on the member. The detection signal includes a sequence of pulses having different amplitudes with the amplitudes varying linearly moving from a first pulse to a final pulse of the sequence of pulses. The method further includes receiving a detection response signal corresponding to the detection signal following reflection of the detection signal by one of the reflective surface and the obstruction. The detection response signal includes another sequence of pulses and the method further includes generating an obstruction signal indicating whether the obstruction is in the path of the access control member responsive to differences in amplitude between adjacent pulses in the sequence of pulses.

Abstract: A system and method for authenticating an item such as a banknote, including a photoluminescent material absorbing an incident radiation from a radiation source and emitting an emitted radiation having a spectral signature with a decay time after removal of the radiation source, and a sensor detecting the spectral signature in the emitted radiation during the decay time.

Abstract: Methods and systems for performing non-contact temperature measurements of optical elements with long wavelength infrared light are described herein. The optical elements under measurement exhibit low emissivity to long wavelength infrared light and are often highly reflective or highly transmissive to long wavelength infrared light. In one aspect, a material coating having high emissivity, low reflectivity, and low transmission at long wavelength IR wavelengths is disposed over selected portions of one or more optical elements of a metrology or inspection system. The locations of the material coating are outside the direct optical path of the primary measurement light employed by the metrology or inspection system to perform measurements of a specimen. Temperature measurements of the front and back surfaces of an IR-transparent optical element are performed with a single IR camera. Temperature measurements are performed through multiple optical elements in an optical path of a primary measurement beam.

Abstract: A method for determining a corrected neutron gamma density of a formation includes emitting neutrons into a formation using a neutron source to generate gamma-rays. Additionally, the method includes detecting a first count rate of gamma-rays and a gamma-ray spectrum using at least a gamma-ray detector of the downhole tool. The method also includes detecting a second count rate of neutrons using a neutron detector. The method includes using a processor to perform a gamma-ray spectroscopy analysis on the formation based on the gamma-ray spectrum and determining a correction based on results of the gamma-ray spectroscopy analysis. The method includes applying the correction to the first count rate or the second count rate and determining a neutron gamma density of the formation based on a first corrected count rate of gamma-rays or a second corrected count rate of neutrons. The method also includes outputting the determined density of the formation.

Abstract: An apparatus for measuring radiation includes a plurality of detectors (2), each detector (2) including: a scintillating material (4) for emitting light in response to incident radiation (6), and a photodetector (8) for receiving light emitted by the scintillating material (4) and outputting an electrical pulse in response to light received from the scintillating material (4), wherein a parameter characterising the electrical pulse is related to an energy associated with the incident radiation (6); and a power supply (10) for supplying power to a plurality of the photodetectors (8). The apparatus reduces the volume of hardware to be transported to the measurement location and therefore provides particular advantages for scanning pipelines and other structures located deep underwater.

Abstract: A multi-radiation identification and dosimetry system and method that allows for monitoring of alpha, beta, and gamma radiation is disclosed. The system/method incorporates a segmented silicon drift detector (SSDD) that allows measurement of directly absorbed radiation in the semiconductor (betas, conversion electrons, Lx lines, and alphas) on one SSDD segment and radiation from a radiation scintillation detector (RSD) on multiple segments of the SSDD. With the anode side of the SSDD directed toward the radiation inspection surface (RIS), the SSDD+RSD stacked radiation detector collects radiation which is processed by a charge sensitive amplifier (CSA) and then processed by a time stamping differentiator (TSD). A computing control device (CCD) may be configured to collect the time stamp differentiation data from the various SSDD segments to permit the simultaneous discrimination of several types of radiation by and presentation of these radiation types and counts on a display monitor.

Abstract: A wearable system configured to collect thermal measurements related to respiration. The system includes a frame configured to be worn on a user's head, and at least one non-contact thermal camera (e.g., thermopile or microbolometer based sensor). The thermal camera is small and lightweight, physically coupled to the frame, located close to the user's face, does not occlude any of the user's mouth and nostrils, and is configured to take thermal measurements of: a portion of the right side of the user's upper lip, a portion of the left side of the user's upper lip, and a portion of the user's mouth. The thermal measurements are forwarded to a computer that calculates breathing related parameters, such as breathing rate, an extent to which the breathing was done through the mouth, an extent to which the breathing was done through the nostrils, and ratio between exhaling and inhaling durations.

Abstract: A method is provided including obtaining an infrared (IR) spectrum of a blood plasma sample by analyzing the blood plasma sample by infrared spectroscopy, and based on the infrared spectrum, generating an output indicative of the presence of a solid tumor or a pre-malignant condition. Other applications are also described.