Abstract: In one embodiment, a radiation detection system is provided including a radiation detector and a first enclosure encapsulating the radiation detector, the first enclosure including a low-emissivity infra-red (IR) reflective coating used to thermally isolate the radiation detector. Additionally, a second enclosure encapsulating the first enclosure is included, the first enclosure being suspension mounted to the second enclosure. Further, a cooler capable of cooling the radiation detector is included. Still yet, a first cooling interface positioned on the second enclosure is included for coupling the cooler and the first enclosure. Furthermore, a second cooling interface positioned on the second enclosure and capable of coupling the first enclosure to a cooler separate from the radiation detection system is included. Other embodiments are also presented.

Abstract: A scintillation element comprises a scintillation material, and a reflective layer, wherein the reflective layer is formed as an intrinsic part of the scintillation material. Preferably, a plurality of scintillation elements may be arranged to form a scintillation array. A method for producing a scintillation element comprises providing a scintillation material, and producing a reflective layer at the scintillation material by exposing the scintillation material to physical and/or chemical conditions in such a way that the reflective layer is formed out of a part of the scintillation material.

Abstract: Attenuation correction data is obtained from one or more transmission sources to calculate the attenuation factors of a reconstruction area of an object being imaged by a nuclear medicine apparatus, such as a SPECT gamma camera. The transmission sources are capable of swiveling the direction of the transmission to correspond with the direction of capture of the gamma detectors. Additionally, the transmission sources are capable of linear movement to correspond with any linear movement of the detectors. The transmission sources are able to follow the same path as the detectors in order to determine the attenuation factors through the same reconstruction area being scanned by the detectors.

Abstract: A method and apparatus for calibrating a PET scanner is provided. First phantom sinogram data is acquired from a scan of a solid cylinder phantom within a PET scanner imaging FOV; second phantom sinogram data is acquired from a scan of a second solid plane or scanning line phantom within the PET scanner imaging FOV; and a PET scanner detector component scanner efficiency normalization is determined from at least one of the first and second sinogram data. In one aspect a crystal determining efficiency factor is determined as a function of phantom sinogram data without a solid angle correction, and a detector geometry factor is determined as a function of the crystal efficiency factor and phantom sinogram data. In one aspect a smoothed crystal efficiency normalization factor is determined from a noisy crystal efficiency factor through an iterative smoothing technique.

Abstract: To provide a toner recovery apparatus including: a toner transporting duct; and an endless toner transporting belt; wherein the toner transporting belt is rotated in a loop form in such a way that it descends in a region where the outer circumferential surface faces a ceiling surface of the toner transporting duct and that it rises in a region where the outer circumferential surface of the toner transporting belt faces a bottom surface of the toner transporting duct, the toner recovery apparatus transports the residual toner to the outlet by holding the toner by the convex parts, spaces formed between convex parts and the bottom surface of the toner transporting duct, and the toner comprises a binding resin, releasing agent, coloring material and external additive, and torque T (mNm) measured by torque measurement method using a conical rotor in a space ratio of 50% to 60% is 1.0 to 2.5.

Abstract: An infrared solid state imaging device includes a pixel area with arranged infrared detection pixels and a integration circuit for modulating output current based on the output of the pixel. The integration circuit contains an integrating transistor that modulates a current based on the difference in potential between first and second constant current devices, a integration capacitor for storing the modulated current and being reset periodically, a bias current supply transistor, a switch for connecting the drain with the gate of the bias current supply transistor, a capacitor providing AC coupling between the output of the integrating transistor and the integrating capacitor, a gate bias switch for providing the integrating transistor with a bias voltage, a switch for selecting, as input to the integrating transistor, either one of outputs from the first and second constant current devices, and a capacitor for providing AC coupling between the switch and the gate of the integrating transistor.

Abstract: An infrared gas sensing apparatus for sensing gas includes an infrared source for emitting infrared light, a wavelength tunable filter for selectively allows passage of the infrared light at a specific wavelength, an infrared detector for detecting the amount of the filtered infrared light, and a control circuit for controlling the wavelength tunable filter. The control circuit has a check circuit that checks whether the wavelength tunable filter selects a collect wavelength. The check circuit controls the wavelength tunable filter so that the wavelength tunable filter allows passage of the infrared light at a wavelength within a wavelength range where atmospheric gases do not absorb the infrared light. The check circuit checks whether the wavelength tunable filter operates normally by comparing the amount of the filtered infrared light with a reference value.

Abstract: A method of and apparatus for identifying the presence of thin photocatalytic (PCAT) coatings on glass surfaces. An apparatus is disclosed that can determine whether a PCAT coating (which may comprise titanium dioxide, for example) having a thickness of less than about 100 ? is present on the surface of a substrate such as glass. The apparatus may measure the reflectance of electromagnetic energy (such as light energy) at the surface of a substrate using energy at selected wavelengths or wavelength ranges. The apparatus may determine reflectance values for PCAT coated surfaces of any thickness, as well as for uncoated surfaces.

Abstract: Apparatus and method for directing a laser beam at an object. Some embodiments include generating direction-control information, based on the direction-control information, directing laser energy into a first fiber at a first end of a first fiber bundle during a first time period, forming an output beam of the laser energy from the second end of the first fiber bundle, and steering the output beam of the laser energy from the first fiber in a first selected direction of a plurality of directions during the first time period, and optionally modulating an intensity of the laser energy according to a predetermined pattern. The direction-control information is based on sensing electromagnetic radiation from a scene. Some embodiments use a remote camera wire-connected to the image processor to obtain scene information, while other embodiments use a second fiber bundle to convey image information from an external remote lens to a local camera.

Abstract: A multi-photon microscope has an illumination source, an objective lens unit arranged in an optical path of the illumination source, a first light collection system arranged to collect a first portion of light emitted from a sample when the sample is illuminated by light from the illumination source, and a second light collection system arranged to collect a second portion of light emitted from the sample when the sample is illuminated by light from the illumination source. The first portion of light when collected by the first light collection system and the second portion of light when collected by the second light collection system, together provide a means of collecting as much light from as many angles as possible emanating from an emitting point source. This collection scheme has the potential to approach the total emission collection of light from an emitting point source depending on the optical properties of the sample being imaged.

Abstract: A reflectometer calibration technique is provided that may include the use of two calibration samples in the calibration process. Further, the technique allows for calibration even in the presence of variations between the actual and assumed properties of at least one or more of the calibration samples. In addition, the technique utilizes a ratio of the measurements from the first and second calibration samples to determine the actual properties of at least one of the calibration samples. The ratio may be a ratio of the intensity reflected from the first and second calibration samples. The samples may exhibit relatively different reflective properties at the desired wavelengths. In such a technique the reflectance data of each sample may then be considered relatively decoupled from the other and actual properties of one or more of the calibration samples may be calculated. The determined actual properties may then be utilized to assist calibration of the reflectometer.

Abstract: A device for detecting radiation includes a substantially transparent substrate with one or more substantially transparent scintillating films patterned onto the surface and with one or more integrated waveguides such that radiation of differing species may be detected by an optical light detector and such that the composition of the radiation may be analyzed. A scintillating material for detecting individual species of radiation and including one or more groups of nanoparticles mixed with a fast electron scintillating material and extruded into a transparent film such that a light pulse is emitted when said transparent film is exposed to the species of radiation targeted by the nanoparticle groups.

Abstract: A fluorescence detecting system includes a stimulating light projector which projects onto an object part which has been dosed with a fluorescence agent first stimulating light in the exciting wavelength range of the fluorescence agent and second stimulating light which differs from the first stimulating light in the wavelength band and is in the exciting wavelength range of the auto-fluorescence material contained in the object part, and a fluorescence information obtainer which obtains the fluorescence from the fluorescence agent information based on the fluorescence from the fluorescence agent emitted from the object part in response to projection of the first stimulating light and the auto-fluorescence information based on the auto-fluorescence emitted from the object part in response to projection of the second stimulating light. The fluorescence agent is a fluorescence agent which does not emit fluorescence in response to projection of the second stimulating light.

Abstract: A radiation imaging apparatus has a pixel region arranged on a substrate. Arranged in a matrix pattern in the pixel region are pixels, each pixel including a conversion element which converts radiation to electrical charges, and a switching element which is connected to the conversion element therein. The radiation imaging apparatus has, in a region outside the pixel region of the substrate, an intersection at which a signal line connected to the switching element and a bias line connected to the conversion element intersects. At the intersection, a semiconductor layer is arranged between the signal line and the bias line, and a carrier blocking portion is arranged between the semiconductor layer and the signal line.

Abstract: A novel method for measuring airborne radon and thoron capable of separately measuring radon and thoron with high sensitivity, having a small-sized device structure, and free of the influence from its measurement environment. In the method, by measuring Cherenkov light generated when airborne radon and thoron are adsorbed to an absorbent and then ? rays emitted in process of disintegrations of radon and thoron pass through the absorbent, radon and thoron are measured. Based on a decay time of the Cherenkov light, a mixture ratio between radon and thoron is measured. As the absorbent, porous glass is preferably employed which is provided with fine pores of 0.3 to 30 nm in diameter.

Abstract: A method of detecting a fire condition in a monitored region including the operations of: concurrently monitoring the region using: a plurality of fire combustion product emission band sensors, each band sensor sensitive to radiation within a respective waveband which includes at least part of a respective fire combustion product emission band of a plurality of fire combustion products, the plurality of fire combustion products equal to n; a first reference band sensor sensitive to radiation within a first reference waveband which includes at least some wavelengths shorter than the n fire combustion product emission bands; and a second reference band sensor sensitive to radiation within a second reference waveband which includes at least some wavelengths longer than the n fire combustion product emission bands; and using the band sensors to obtain n+2 measurement values of radiation intensity emitted from the monitored region in determining the presence or absence of the fire condition.

Abstract: The invention provides methods and apparatus for detecting radiation including x-ray, gamma ray, and particle radiation for nuclear medicine, radiographic imaging, material composition analysis, high energy physics, container inspection, mine detection and astronomy. The invention provides detection systems employing one or more detector modules (102) comprising edge-on scintillator detectors (101) with sub-aperture resolution (SAR) capability employed, e.g., in nuclear medicine, such as radiation therapy portal imaging, nuclear remediation, mine detection, container inspection, and high energy physics and astronomy. The invention also provides edge-on imaging probe detectors for use in nuclear medicine, such as radiation therapy portal imaging, or for use in nuclear remediation, mine detection, container inspection, and high energy physics and astronomy.

Abstract: A thermal measurement system includes a number of detectors configured to receive radiation within respective wavelength ranges. The system also includes a mirror configured to selectively direct the radiation from an object to each of the detectors. The system further includes an actuator mechanically coupled to the mirror and configured to rotate the mirror through a number of angles. The system also includes an optical and probe subsystem disposed between the object and the mirror to focus the radiation on to the mirror.

Abstract: In a method for analyzing photoresist, light having a wavelength which responds to a photoresist film is selected. The photoresist film is exposed to the selected light. Changes of components and properties of the photoresist film are analyzed while the photoresist film is being exposed to the selected light.

Abstract: The invention refers to X-ray devices, an X-ray detector and a method of correcting intensity signals. An X-ray detector then comprises for determining the intensity of X-rays, which comprise a proportion of primary radiation having an irradiation direction and a proportion of scattered radiation, at least a first sensor elements, which are each provided for converting the X-rays into first and second intensity signals, and a filter element, which is provided for decreasing the proportion of scattered radiation in the intensity of the X-rays, wherein the second sensor elements are arranged in irradiation direction behind the filter element and wherein the first sensor element fastened to the filter element is provided for determining the intensity of the X-rays before leaving the filter element. The proportion of the scattered radiation calculated from the measuring data of the first and second sensor elements is provided for correcting the second intensity signals for the following image generation.